Foreign Policy Orientation of the Bithynian King Ziaelas in Light of New Inscriptions from Kos
Keywords:
Ziaelas of Bithynia, Laodice I, Ptolemy III, Antiochus Hierax, Kos, Third Syrian War, Fratricidal War
Abstract
The appearance of this article was prompted by the discovery of a new block of inscriptions from the island of Kos, published in the 50th volume of the journal Chiron by D. Bosnakis and K. Hallof. Among these inscriptions, dating to 243 BC, of particular interest are two royal letters concerning the recognition of the right of asylum possessed by the temple of Asclepius in Kos. The first letter belongs to the king of Bithynia Ziaelas, and the second – to the Seleucid queen Laodice I, the mother of Seleucus II and Antiochus Hierax. Analysis of the contents of these documents compels us to rethink the commonly held assumptions about the foreign policy orientation of King Ziaelas from the second half of the 240s BC. Based on the already known earlier letter of Ziaelas to the citizens of Kos (IGXII, 4, 1, 209), together with the evidence of the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea (Euseb. Chron. Schoene, I, 251), many researchers believe in the existence of a long-term alliance between this Bithynian king and Ptolemy III Everget, formed at the beginning of the second half of the 240s BC and lasting at least until the mid-230s BC. Instead, given the observations made on the basis of the new royal letters by D. Bosnakis, K. Hallof, and the author of this article, we can speak of only a very shortlived political partnership between Ziaelas and Ptolemy III. Afterwards, Ziaelas quickly returned to the Seleucid political orbit. This conclusion follows from the absence of references to Ptolemy III in the new letter of the Bithynian king, combined with indications of contacts between the latter and Laodice I, openly hostile to Everget. This move by Ziaelas was probably dictated by the lack of tangible military or political support from the Alexandrian ruler. The fact of the rupture of the short-lived relationship between Ziaelas and Ptolemy III, together with the testimony of the already known sources, suggests that the king of Bithynia continued permanently in the Seleucid sphere of influence.
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References
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Herzog, R. Griechische Königsbriefe. Hermes, Bd. 65, 1930, S. 463-471.
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Huss, W. Untersuchungen zur Aussenpolitik Ptolemaios IV. München, 1976.
Huss, W. Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit: 332-30 v.Chr. München, 2001.
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Knäpper, K. Hieros kai Asylos. Territoriale Asylie im Hellenismus in ihrem historischen Kontext. Stuttgart, 2018.
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Кузьмин, Ю. Н. Селевкидский якорь в Патарах. Мнемон, № 1 (18), 2018, с. 363-372.
Kuz’min, Yu. N. «Novye» i «starye» dekrety makedonskikh polisov po povodu asilii sviatilishcha Asklepiya na Kose. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies], № 4, 2021, s. 215-236. (In Russian)
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Will, É. Histoire politique du monde hellénistique (323–30 av. J.-C.): in 2 t. T. 1. 2nd éd. Nancy, 1979.
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Berzon, E. M., Gabelko, O. L. Metonomasiia kak sredstvo dinasticheskoi politiki v ellinisticheskom mire. Vestnik drevnei istorii [Journal of Ancient History], № 2, 2018, s. 234-256. (In Russian)
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Bosnakis, D., Hallof, K. Alte und neue Inschriften aus Kos VI. Chiron, Bd. 50, 2020, pp. 287-326.
Buraselis, K. Some remarks on the Koan Asylia (242 B.C.) against its International Background. In: K. Höghammar (ed), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos. State, Economy and Culture. Uppsala, 2004, pp. 15-20.
Carlsson, S. Hellenistic Democracies: Freedom, Independence and Political Procedure in Some East Greek City-States. Stuttgart, 2010.
Chambers, M. The First Regnal Year of Antigonus Gonatas. The American Journal of Philology, No. 4, 1954, pp. 385-394.
Chaniotis, A. Conflicting Authorities. Asylia between Secular and Divine Law in the Classical and Hellenistic Poleis. Kernos, Vol. 9, 1996, pp. 65-86.
Chrubasik, B. Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire. The Men who would be King. Oxford, 2016.
Coşkun, A. Laodike I, Berenike Phernophoros, Dynastic Murders, and the Outbreak of the uThird Syrian War (253–246 BC). In: A. Coşkun, A. McAuley (Eds), Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire. Stuttgart, 2016. pp. 107-134.
Coşkun, A. The war of Brothers, the Third Syrian War, and the Battle of Ankyra (246-241 BC): a Re-Appraisal. In: K. Erickson (ed.), The Seleukid Empire, 281-222 BC: War within the Family. Swansea, 2018. pp. 197-252.
Coşkun, A. The Chronology of the Asylia Dossier from Kos Revisited in Light of Some Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. Philia, Vol. 7, 2021, pp. 29-46.
D'Agostini, M. The Shade of Andromache: Laodike of Sardis between Homer and Polybios. Ancient history bulletin, № 1/2 (28), 2014, pp. 37-60.
D'Agostini, M. The Multicultural Ties of the Mithridatids: Sources, Tradition and Promotional Image of the Dynasty of Pontus in 4th-3rd centuries B.C., With an appendix on The Earliest Issues of Pontic Coins and Laodice III’s Dowry. Aevum, F. 1 (90), 2016, pp. 83-96.
D'Agostini, M. Representation and agency of royal women in Hellenistic dynastic crises. The case of Berenike and Laodike I. In: A. Bielman-Sanchez, I. Cogitore, A. Kolb (eds), Femmes influentes dans le monde hellénistique et à Rome. IIIe siècle avant J.-C. Grenoble, 2016, pp. 35-59.
D'Agostini, M. Antioco II, Laodice I e il network matrimoniale anatolico. Rivista di Diritto Ellenico, Vol. VIII, 2018, pp. 21-42.
D'Agostini, M. Seleukid marriage alliances. In: E.D. Carney, S. Müller (Eds), The Routledge Companion to Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean World. London – New York, 2021. Pp. 198-209.
Dodd, R. Coinage and Conflict: The Manipulation of Seleucid Political Imagery: diss. PhD. / University of Glasgow. Glasgow, 2009.
Erickson, K. The Early Seleukids, their Gods and their Coins. London – New York, 2019.
Gabelko, O. L. Istoriia Vifinskogo tsarstva. Sankt-Peterburg, 2005. (In Russian)
Gabelko, O. The Dynastic History of the Hellenistic Monarchies of Asia Minor According to the Chronography of George Synkellos. In: J. Højte (ed), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom. Aarhus, 2009. pp. 47-61.
Gabelko, O. L. Eshche raz o reskripte «neizvestnogo tsaria» iz arkhiva kosskogo khrama Asklepiia. 1. Kritika «bosporskoy versii". V sb.: D. V. Zhuravlev, O. L. Gabelko (red), S Mitridata duet veter. Bospor i Prichernomor'e v antichnosti. K 70-letiiu V.P. Tolstikova. Moskva, 2015. s. 126-134. (In Russian)
Gabelko, O. L., Kuz'min, Yu. N. Matrimonial’naia politika Demetriia II Makedonskogo: novye resheniia starykh problem. Vestnik drevnei istorii [Journal of Ancient History], № 1, 2008, ss. 141-164. (In Russian)
Geisau, V. Preieteios. Pauly — Wissowa Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. XXII, 1954, pp. 1831-1836.
Grabowski, T. Achaeus, the Ptolemies and the Fourth Syrian War. Electrum, Vol. 18, 2010, pp. 115-124.
Grainger, J. D. The Syrian Wars. Leiden – Boston, 2010.
Grainger, J. D. The Galatians: Celtic Invaders of Greece and Asia Minor. Barnsley – Philadelphia, 2020.
Habicht, Ch. Ziaelas, König von Bithynien. Pauly — Wissowa Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. XVIX, 1972, Sp. 387-397.
Hatzopoulos, M. Macedonian institutions under the kings: in II vol. Vol. I. Athens, 1996.
Hatzopoulos, M. Quatre nouveaux décrets macédoniens: géographie historique et institutions. Revue des études grecques, no. 1 (134), 2021, pp. 199-213.
Herzog, R. Griechische Königsbriefe. Hermes, Bd. 65, 1930, S. 463-471.
Herzog, R., Klaffenbach, G. Asylieurkunden aus Kos. Berlin, 1952.
Höghammar, k. International Networks of an Island Port in the Hellenistic Period—the Case of Kos. Boreas, Vol. 34, 2016, pp. 95-165.
Huss, W. Untersuchungen zur Aussenpolitik Ptolemaios IV. München, 1976.
Huss, W. Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit: 332-30 v.Chr. München, 2001.
Karttunen, K. Laodike (II). Der neue Pauly Enzyklopädie der Antike, Bd. VI, 1999,S. 1128-1131.
Knäpper, K. Hieros kai Asylos. Territoriale Asylie im Hellenismus in ihrem historischen Kontext. Stuttgart, 2018.
Kuz'min, Yu. N. Selevkidskii iakor' v Patarakh. Mnemon, № 1 (18), 2018, s. 363-372. (In Russian)
Кузьмин, Ю. Н. Селевкидский якорь в Патарах. Мнемон, № 1 (18), 2018, с. 363-372.
Kuz’min, Yu. N. «Novye» i «starye» dekrety makedonskikh polisov po povodu asilii sviatilishcha Asklepiya na Kose. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies], № 4, 2021, s. 215-236. (In Russian)
Mari, M. Citta vecchie e nuove. In: M. Mari (ed), L’eta ellenistica: Societe, politica, cultura. Roma, 2019, pp. 173-210.
Mari, M. Quando il mondo parlava Greco. In: M. Mari (ed), L’eta ellenistica: Societe, politica, cultura. Roma, 2019, pp. 15-46.
Nelson, E. D. Coan Asylia: Small-State Diplomacy and the Hippocratic Legend. In: F. De Angelis (ed), Regionalism and Globalism in Antiquity. Exploring Their Limits. Leuven – Paris – Walpole (Ma), 2013, pp. 247-266.
Olbrycht, M. J. Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.c.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History. Leiden – Boston, 2021.
Ogden, D. Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties. London – Swansea, 1999.
Ogden, D. The legend of Seleucus. Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in Ancient World. Cambridge, 2017.
Paganoni, E. Forging the Crown. A History of the Kingdom of Bithynia from its Origin to Prusias I. Roma – Bristol (CT), 2019.
Paschidis, P. Between city and King. Prosopographical Studies on the Intermediaries Between the Cities of the Greek Mainland and the Aegean and the Royal Courts in the Hellenistic Period (322-190 BC). Athens, 2008.
Ramsey, G. Seleukid Land and Native Populations: Laodike II and the Competition for Power in Asia Minor and Babylonia. In: R. Oetjen (ed), New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics. Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen. Berlin – Boston, 2020. pp. 243-263.
Raynor, B. Theorodokoi, Asylia, and the Macedonian Cities. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, Vol. 56, 2016, pp. 225-262.
Rea, J. R. A New Bithynian Month List. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 90, 1992, pp. 289-291.
Rigsby, K. J. Asylia. Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London, 1996.
Rigsby, K. J. Theoroi for the Koan Asklepieia. In: K. Höghammer (ed.), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos: State, Economy and Culture. Uppsala, 2004. Pp. 9-14.
Rutherford, I. State Pilgrims and Sacred Observers in Ancient Greece: A Study of Theorid and Theoroi. Cambridge, 2013.
Schottky, M. Ziaelas. Der neue Pauly Enzyklopädie der Antike, Bd. XII, T. 2, 2002, S. 795.
Sherwin-White, S. M. Ancient Cos: An Historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period. Göttingen, 1978.
Virgilio, B. Lancia, diadema e porpora. Il re e la regalità ellenistica. 2do ed. Pisa, 2003.
Walbank, F. A historical commentary on Polybius: in III vol. Vol. I. Oxford, 1957.
Will, É. Histoire politique du monde hellénistique (323–30 av. J.-C.): in 2 t. T. 1. 2nd éd. Nancy, 1979.
Wöss, F. Das Asylwesen Ägyptens in der Ptolemäerzeit und die spätere Entwicklung. München, 1923.
Zelinskyi, A. L. Vid basylevsiv-faraoniv do faraoniv-basylevsiv: pershi 100 rokiv ptolemeivs'koi monarkhii. Vinnytsia – Kyiv, 2020. (In Ukrainian)
Zhigunin, V. D. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia ellinisticheskikh gosudarstv v 280–220 gg. do n.e. Kazan', 1980. (In Russian)
Published
2021-12-10
How to Cite
Zelinskyi, A. (2021). Foreign Policy Orientation of the Bithynian King Ziaelas in Light of New Inscriptions from Kos. The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, (60), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2021-60-02
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