LINGUO-STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE “GUOFENG” POEMS IN THE “SHIJING” CANON AND SPECIFICS OF THEIR TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN
Keywords:
Shijing, Guofen, translation, linguo-stylistics, poems, shi, ancient Chinese poetry, anthology
Abstract
The article explores issues raised by scholars when studying the Shijing canon, particularly the Guofeng section. The genre, composition, stylistics, and rhythmic-melodic aspects are examined, as well as the problem of rhyme loss due to changes in word pronunciation over centuries since the creation of the Shijing. The article explains the concept of “liu yi” studied by Chinese researchers, and the genre-stylistic categories: fu, bi, and xing, which are important terms for linguo-stylistic analysis of the poems. The translation features highlighted include the presence of culture-specific words and lacunae with no direct equivalents in the target language, the polysemy of hieroglyphs and their ability to transition between parts of speech, a complex system of service word meanings that changed over time, and the need to preserve the laconism and artistic features of the original text. The success of translating the Shijing poems depends on the translator's skills, cultural awareness, ability to balance different translation strategies, preserve the communicative function of the original text, and understand the sociocultural context of ancient Chinese poetry. Five texts in the translation conducted by the author (Moskalenko M.) are compared with existing English translations, considering compositional and stylistic characteristics such as parallelism, rhetorical questions, anaphora, epiphora, and rhythmicity, despite occasional rhyme absence. The poems are usually divided into three parts, though full repetitions make precise demarcation challenging. Stanzas are symmetrically organized, with line and hieroglyph numbers varying. Traditional concepts of fu (direct narration), bi (comparison), and xing (allegorical introduction) intertwine in a complex system of artistic techniques forming the stylistics of the examined poems. Techniques like onomatopoeia, homophones, and hyperbole are used. The research resulted in developing translation rules for ancient Chinese poetry, applied to the author's translation.
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References
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Berehovenko, N. S. (2019). Linhvokulturna adaptatsiia pid chas perekladu leksykofrazeolohichnykh odynyts novynnoho materialu kanalu “Yevro N’yuz” ukrainskoiu movoiu. Naukovyi Visnyk Mizhnarodnoho Humanitarnoho Universytetu, 3(42), 37–40.
Bizais-Lillig, M. (2020). Comment envisager une lecture littéraire du Shijing 詩經. Fabula / Les Colloques. Retrieved from https://www.fabula.org/colloques/document6556.php (Accessed: September 12, 2024).
Bondar, M. V. (2014). Opysovyi pereklad yak sposib vidtvorennia bezekvivalentnoi turetskoi
leksyky v ukrainskykh khudozhnikh perekladakh. Science and Education a New Dimension.
Philology, 2(28), 42–46. (In Ukrainian)
Burch, M. R. (n.d.). Shijing or Shi-Jing: Translations from the Chinese. Retrieved from https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/member/shijing-or-shi-jing-translations-chinese (Accessed: September 11, 2024).
Chen, Y. (2013). Zhongguo gudian shige zhong de meiren fangcao. Wenming feng. Retrieved from https://wmf.fjsen.com/ygsn/2013-10/30/content_12869762_all.htm (Accessed: September 12, 2024). (In Chinese)
Cheremska, O. S. (2015). Nenormatyvne kalkuvannia yak problema perekladu terminoleksyky ekonomichnoi sfery. Linhvokulturnyi dyskurs u paradyhmi profesiinoi osvity, 208–215. (In Ukrainian)
Chinese Grammar Wiki (n.d.). Emphasizing. Chinese Grammar Wiki. Retrieved from https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Emphasizing (Accessed: 18.09.2024).
Du, X. (2013). “Shijing” “Shang song”, “Zhou song” yunlü xingtai ji qi yu yue wu zhi guanxi. Wenxue yanjiu, (110), 1–28. (In Chinese)
Fuller, M. A. (2017). An Introduction to Chinese Poetry: From the Canon of Poetry to the Lyrics of the Song Dynasty. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. 496 s.
Geng, Y. (2020). Characteristics of Chinese Poetic-Musical Creations. Education, Research, Creation, 6(1), 137–144.
Haidar, D. (2015). Metodychni rekomendatsii do napysannia kvalifikatsiinykh robit za spetsialnistiu “Pereklad”: Bazovi teoretychni poniattia. Kharkiv: Kh. nats. un-t im. V. N. Karazina. 67 s. (In Ukrainian)
Han, F. (2017). Metaphors in English and Chinese. Academic Exchange, 21(1), 72–77.
Retrieved from https://www.rapidintellect.com/AE/ec5783z6.pdf (Accessed: September 12, 2024).
Hanlin xueku. (n.d.). Shijing de fu bi xing. Zhihu Zhuanlan. Retrieved from https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/110504355 (Accessed: September 11, 2024). (In Chinese)
Hawthorn, J. (2000). A Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory. London: Arnold. 416 s.
He, Y. (2000). Xiuci mantan. Taiwan: Taiwan shangwu. (In Chinese)
Huang, X. (2011). Stylistic Approaches to Literary Translation: With Particular Reference to English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation [Dissertation]. Birmingham. 317 s.
Huba, L. V. (2016). Osnovni problemy poetychnoho perekladu. Naukovyi visnyk Khersonskoho derzhavnoho universytetu, (3), 12–16. (In Ukrainian)
Jennings, W. (1891). The Shi King, the Old Poetry Classic of the Chinese: A Close Metrical
Translation with Annotations. London: Routledge. 383 s.
Jinhua, J. (2004). An Interpretation of the Term Fu in Early Chinese Texts: From Poetic Form to Poetic Technique and Literary Genre. Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews, 26, 55–86.
Karaban, V. I. (2018). Pereklad anhliiskoi naukovoi i tekhnichnoi literatury: Navch. posib. Vinnytsia: Nova kn. (In Ukrainian)
Karlgren, B. (1944). Glosses on the Siao ya Odes. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 16, 25–139.
Kelly, A. B. (1992). Translating French Song as a Language Learning Activity. Équivalences, 22(1), 91–112.
Legge, J. (1879). The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 492 s.
Legge, J. (n.d.). Shi Jing [Book of Odes]. Retrieved from https://cti.lib.virginia.edu/shijing/AnoShih.html (Accessed: September 11, 2024).
Li, J., et al. (2023). Exploring challenges in translating Li Bai's classical Chinese poems to English. Online Journal of Language, Communication, and Humanities, 6(1), 48–60.
Lin, Q. (2015). Philology, Anthropology, and Poetry in Arthur Waley's Translation of the Shijing [Dissertation]. Hong Kong: Lingnan University. 214 s.
Liu, Y. (2001). Shiyong xiandai hanyu yufa. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan. (In Chinese)
Low, P. (2003). Singable Translations of Songs. Perspectives, 11(2), 87–103.
Lü, S., & Sun, D. (1956). Zhuci shuolüe. Hanyu yufa lunwenji, 277–278. (In Chinese)
Ma, G. (1983). Chengyu. Huhehaote: Neimenggu renmin chubanshe. (In Chinese)
Man, S. (2023). Zasoby ta sposoby vyrazhennia emfazy u khudozhnikh tvorakh kytaiskoi movy: Kursova robota. Kyiv. (In Ukrainian)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Metonymy. In Merriam-Webster: America's most trusted dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metonymy (Accessed: September 11, 2024).
Minli, Zh., & Ridgway, B. (2015). A Discussion of the Principles for the Combination of “Feet” in the Pentasyllabic Shi Genre. Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture, 2(2), 286–323.
Naumenko, L. P., & Hordieieva, A. Y. (2011). Praktychnyi kurs perekladu z anhliiskoi movy na ukrainsku: Navch. posib. Vinnytsia: Nova kn. (In Ukrainian)
Navalna, M. I. (2018). Slovo na perekhresti styliv: Monohrafiia. Ternopil: Osadtsa Yu. V. (In Ukrainian)
Nykyri, S. (2010). Equivalence and Translation Strategies in Multilingual Thesaurus Construction. Åbo: Åbo akademis förlag. 413 s.
Pikhtovnikova, L. S. (2015). Samoorhanizatsiia movlennievykh tvoriv: Informatsiinokohnityvnyi aspekt. In T. I. Dombrovan, S. M. Yenikeieva, L. S. Pikhtovnikova, & O. O. Semenets (Eds.), Synerhetyka u filolohichnykh doslidzhenniakh: Monohrafiia (pp. 102–134). Kharkiv: KhNU imeni V. N. Karazina. (In Ukrainian)
Pikhtovnikova, L. S. (2021). Informatyvnist tekstu i styl. In L. S. Pikhtovnikova, Evoliutsiia nimetskoi virshovanoi baiky (XIII–XXI stolittia): Stylistyko-synerhetychnyi ta zistavnyi aspekty: Monohrafiia (pp. 357–363). Kharkiv: KhNU imeni V. N. Karazina. (In Ukrainian)
Pound, E. (1954). The Confucian Odes: The Classic Anthology Defined by Confucius. New York: New Directions. 306 s.
Protopopova, Y. P. (2021). Inversiia dodatku u tekstakh publitsystychnoho styliu. Skhodoznavstvo. Aktualnist ta perspektyvy, 35–36. (In Ukrainian)
Rakitina, M. I. (2015). Motyvno-obrazna paradyhma narodnykh pisen “Shytszinu”. Movni i kontseptualni kartyny svitu, 51, 429–435. (In Ukrainian)
Shekera, Y. V. (2007). Do pytannia perekladu kytaiskykh narodnykh pisen u konteksti yikh porivniannia z ukrainskymy. Movni i kontseptualni kartyny svitu, (23), 199–202. (In Ukrainian)
Shekera, Y. V. (2008). Do problemy perekladu kytaiskoi poezii doby Sun (X - XIII st.) u zhanri tsy ukrainskoiu movoiu. Skhodoznavstvo, (41/42), 182–192. (In Ukrainian)
Shekera, Y. V. (2008). Viddzerkalennia prostorovykh uiavlen u naidavnishii kytaiskii poezii (na prykladi himniv “Knyhy pisen”). Skhidnyi svit, (4), 126–130. (In Ukrainian)
Shekera, Y. V., & Kolomiiets, N. V. (Eds.). (2008). Khrestomatiia kytaiskoi literatury (vid naidavnishykh chasiv do III st. n. e.). Kyiv: Kyiv. un-t. (In Ukrainian)
Shi, S. (1986). Hanyu xin chengyu cidian. Shaanxi: Shaanxi renmin jiaoyu chubanshe. (In Chinese)
Shie, J.-S. (2001). Simile and Metaphor: Seemingly Similar. Journal of Da-Yeh University, 10(2), 61–67.
Skobnikova, O. V. (2014). Vykorystannia pryiomiv emfatyzatsii ta neitralizatsii pry perekladi khudozhnikh tekstiv. Vzaiemodiia odynyts movy ta movlennia: Komunikatyvnokohnityvnyi, sotsiokulturnyi, perekladoznavchyi i metodychnyi aspekty, 143–145. (In Ukrainian)
Sohu. (n.d.). Suyu he yanyu, dou shi richang yongyu, you shenme butong_changjing. Retrieved from https://www.sohu.com/a/457323097_121004740 (Accessed: September 11, 2024). (In Chinese)
Tkachuk, T. I. (2016). Perekladatski adaptyvni stratehii u suchasnii transliatolohii yak mekhanizm adekvatnoi peredachi komunikatyvno-prahmatychnoho znachennia. Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho universytetu, 2(24), 135–137. (In Ukrainian)
Vorobkalo, V., & Sitko, A. (2021). Aspekty zaminy prahmatychnykh funktsii pry perekladi. Hraal nauky, 7, 197–200. (In Ukrainian)
Wang, D. (1987). Xiucixue cidian. Zhejiang: Zhejiang jiaoyu chubanshe. (In Chinese)
Wei, R. (2011). Renzhi yinyu shijiao xia “Shijing” yixiang yinyu ji qi fanyi yanjiu: Shuoshi xuewei lunwen. Nanchang. (In Chinese)
Xu, S. (2023). Zhi shu qi shi, yuyan xie wu ── “Shijing” “fu” de duoyuan yihan yu yishu zuoyong. 2023 Feiyan Zhongguo zhexue yanjiusheng lunwen yantaohui, (06/21), 1–21. Retrieved from https://www.cl.ntpu.edu.tw/ntpu-20/2023B1.pdf (Accessed: September 11,
2024). (In Chinese)
Yablochnikova, V. O. (2019). Perekladatska adekvatnist ta ekvivalentnist. Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho universytetu, 1(38), 177–179. (In Ukrainian)
Ye, J. (n.d.). Zhongxi wenlun shiyu zhong de “fu, bi, xing”. Douban. Retrieved from
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Published
2025-06-10
How to Cite
PIKHTOVNIKOVA, L., & MOSKALENKO, M. (2025). LINGUO-STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE “GUOFENG” POEMS IN THE “SHIJING” CANON AND SPECIFICS OF THEIR TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN. Accents and Paradoxes of Modern Philology, 1(9), 46-86. Retrieved from https://periodicals.karazin.ua/accentsjournal/article/view/26537
Section
Literary Studies
