The Analysis of Saline Soils Formation on Different Continents and Bioclimatic Zones: Regional Aspect
Abstract
Purpose. To detect patterns of solonetz and solonchak spread according to bioclimatic zones and their global and regional ecological problems.
Methods. descriptive, analytical, field method, calculational, statistical, correlational analysis.
Results. The given paper mentions the most important milestones in saline soils studies. It is determined, that all kinds of soil salination are found on five continents of the world with the natrium salts being the most influential one. Natrium salts occur as a result of sea water getting into and minerals escaping soil in the past geological eras, as well as, irrigation and drainage. It was calculated, that Australia has the largest area of saline soil (357568 ths. ha.), while Africa has the smallest one (80448 ths. ha.), and the correlation of overall continent area to saline soils area presents the following descending order: Australia (50%) → Northern America (7%) → South America (7%) → Eurasia (6%) [Asia (7%) → Europe (4%)] → Africa (4%, 60% of area consists of deserts and arid regions).The most important role in the process of salination and desalination is played by climate and vegetation. The processes of salination and salinization differ depending on bioclimatic zone, which is reflected in chemical components, physical properties, weathering rind. All of the above-mentioned variables define how fertile the saline soil is. Peculiarity of each bioclimatic zone and the conditions of soil formation influence the composition and properties of saline soils, which can differ within one zone. Most of saline soils are found in tropical and subtropical bioclimatic zones.Decrease of the fertile soil area due to salination is the most important ecological problem. The physico-chemical properties are worsening and the level of humus in soil is decreasing. Saline soils make approximately 600 ths. ha. of Kharkiv oblast area. Samples of cultivable layer of soil from Oleshkivsky and Kahovsky regions were taken, in which there were mainly heavily salinized soils (25-63%), moderately salinized soils (77-76%) and mildly salinized solonchaks (4,44-4,54%). The correlational dependency of saline soils was determined:summary indicator of salinity increases with the growth of pH balance; the amount of humus in soil decreases as the level of pH balance rises, especially in the diapason of 8,3-8,5; the amount of humus decreases as the level of soil salinity increases.
Conclusions. It is determined, that all kinds of soil salination are found on five continents of the world with the natrium salts being the most influential one.Most of saline soils are found in tropical and subtropical bioclimatic zones.The discovered correlational patterns will enable us to make operative evaluation of the salinity levels, as well as, substantiate and implement highly effective measures, predict possible changes of main indicators, and improve their ecological condition.
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