Ionospheric effects of the shock wave generated by the explosion of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022.
Abstract
Background. Volcanoes belong to high-energy sources capable of causing significant disturbances in all subsystems of the Earth – atmosphere – ionosphere – magnetosphere (EAIM) system. An outstanding event was the explosion of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʼapai volcano (hereinafter Tonga for short) on January 15, 2022. The explosion caused a moderate earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8, the generation of two types of tsunami with speeds of ~ 200 and of 315 m/s and a height that gradually decreased from 90 m above the crater of the underwater volcano to 2–3 dm at a distance of ~ 20 Mm; the spectrum of waves in the atmosphere (explosive, Lamb, atmospheric gravity, infrasound, sound waves); appearance of an ionospheric «hole», wave processes in the ionosphere with a speed from ~ 250 m/s to ~ 1000 m/s, electrification of particles in the volcanic jet and plume, a significant increase in the volume density of the electric charge, its separation, an increase in the atmospheric current density, disturbance of the global electric circuit; the generation of numerous (up to 20000 min–1) lightning in the plume, electromagnetic radiation of which disturbed the temperature and electron density in the lower ionosphere, propagated along the magnetic field lines to the magnetosphere and the radiation belt, causing the precipitation of high-energy particles from the radiation belt. The explosion of the Tonga volcano caused a whole complex of physical processes in the EAIM system. The study of variations of the total electron content (TEC) and parameters of traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by the explosion of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022 is an urgent task.
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of analysis of the temporal aperiodic and quasi-periodic variations of TEC generated by the powerful explosion of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022, and estimation of their parameters.
Techniques and Methodology. Transionospheric sounding data based on GPS technologies were used to analyze the ionospheric disturbances caused by the explosion of the Tonga volcano. According to the pseudorange measurements, the TEC in the ionosphere in the vertical column was calculated. The total error was about 0.1 TECU.
Results. The analysis of TEC temporal variations for stations located at distances of about 500–4400 km from the epicenter of the volcanic explosion showed the following. Three groups of disturbances in the ionosphere were observed, the time delay of which increased with increasing distance from the epicenter. Three groups of horizontal apparent speeds corresponded to these disturbances: ~ 1000 m/s and slightly more, ~ 170–477 m/s and 133–338 m/s. These speeds are related to the blast wave, atmospheric gravity wave, and Lamb wave. It has been proven that the deficiency of TEC (ionospheric «hole») is caused by the explosion of the volcano, since the time delay in relation to the moment of the explosion and the time of existence of the «hole» increased with increasing distance from the epicenter of the explosion. The magnitude of the detected effects depended significantly on the location of the station, position of the equatorial ionization anomaly, time of day, the illumination of the ionosphere, etc. The decrease in TEC reached 10–15 TECU, and the relative decrease was 25–60%. Wave disturbances usually had a period of 10–15 min and an amplitude of 0.5–1 TECU.
Conclusions. The shock wave generated by the explosion of the Tonga volcano caused aperiodic and quasi-periodic disturbances in the ionosphere.
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