U.S. administration’s press communications on Tunisia after the July 25, 2021 ‘state of exception’: The shaping of urgency discourse
Keywords:
U.S. press communications, Tunisia, July 25, crisis, urgency, CADS, framing, keyness, collocation network
Abstract
July 25, 2021 was an exceptional day in Tunisia, ushering in a new chapter in its contemporary political history and triggering a wave of global responses to the declared ‘state of exception’. This research examines the U.S. administration’s press communications on Tunisia following this event. Specifically, it explores (i) the dominant crisis frames permeating these communications and their underlying political agenda and (ii) the extent to which the discourse they imparted signals a change in U.S. foreign policy towards Tunisia in crisis situations. To meet these research objectives, a corpus-based investigation was undertaken using an integrative framework combining qualitative (frames) and quantitative (keyness and collocations) approaches. Results revealed changing discourses around the theme of crisis, moving from a sense of togetherness to urgency. This may echo the cautious attitude of the American government and its heightened concern about Kais Saied’s transitional measures. In broad terms, the exploration offered a glimpse of how the dynamics of global politics unfold discursively. Importantly, the Biden administration’s construction of Tunisia’s political-democratic crisis in terms of urgency can have real-life consequences for international perceptions of the country’s future. Theoretically, the study’s implications touch primarily upon Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS, henceforth), particularly the evolving corpus linguistics concepts of keyness and collocation networks.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
An, S. K., & Gower, K. K. (2009). How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010
Anagnostou, N. K., & Weir, G. R. S. (2007). Review of software applications for deriving collocations. In G. R. S. Weir & T. Ozasa (Eds.), Texts, Textbooks and Readability (pp. 63–72). Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Publishing.
Ancarno, C. (2020). Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies. In A. De Fina & A. Georgakopoulou (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies (pp. 165–185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, P. (2016). The shapes of collocation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(2), 139–164. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1075/ijcl.21.2.01bak
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., & McEnery, T. (2013). Sketching Muslims: A corpus driven analysis of representations around the word ‘Muslim’ in the British press 1998–2009. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 255–278.
Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2015). Who benefits when discourse gets democratised? Analysing a Twitter corpus around the British Benefits Street debate. In P. Baker & T. McEnery (Eds.), Corpora and discourse studies: Integrating discourse and corpora (pp. 244–265). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Ben Ghozlen, B. (2023). Crisis construction in the contemporary communication environment: a dynamic, complex, and mis/disinformation-rich process. Lyuboslovie, 23, 195–205. doi:10.46687/IXXR3433
Bogetić, K. (2013). Normal straight gays: Lexical collocations and ideologies masculinity in personal ads of Serbian gay teenagers. Gender and Language, 7(3), 333–367.
Bondi, M., & Scott. M. (Eds.). (2010). Keyness in texts. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bos, L., Lecheler, S., Mewafi, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016). It's the frame that matters: Immigrant integration and media framing effects in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.002
Brezina, V., Weill-Tessier, P., & McEnery, A. (2021). #LancsBox v. 6.x. [software package]. Retrieved from: http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/lancsbox
Brezina, V., McEnery, T., & Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(2), 139–173. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1075/ijcl.20.2.01bre
Cacciatore, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2016). The end of framing as we know it … and the future of media effects. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 7–23. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
Cheng, J. W., Mitomo, H., Otsuka, T., & Jeon, S. Y. (2016). Cultivation effects of mass and social media on perceptions and behavioural intentions in post-disaster recovery – The case of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Telematics and Informatics, 33(3), 753–772. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.12.001
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2012). Dynamics in mass communication effects research. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Political Communication (pp. 307–323). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Coombs, W. T. (2018). Revising situational crisis communication theory: The influences of social media on crisis communication theory and practice. In L. L. Austin & Y. Jin (Eds.), Social media and crisis communication (pp. 21–38). New York, NY: Routledge.
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163–176. doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
de Bruijn, H. (2019). The art of political framing: How politicians convince us that they are right. Amsterdam University Press.
De Candia, S., Spinzi, C., & Venuti, M. (2013). 'I don't know the answer to that question': A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of White House press briefings. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines, 7(1), 66–81.
Durán-Muñoz, I. (2019). Adjectives and their keyness: A corpus-based analysis of tourism discourse in English. Corpora, 14(3), 351–378. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010
Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public Opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2011). Practical reasoning in political discourse: The UK government’s response to the economic crisis in the 2008 Pre-Budget Report. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 243–268. doi:10.1177/0957926510395439
Farooq, U. A. (2022). As Tunisia's Saied consolidates power, US remains without clear roadmap ahead. Retrieved from https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/tunisia-kais-saied-us-biden-without-roadmap-ahead
Fetouri, M. (2022). What will 2022 bring to Tunisia in light of Kais Saied's power grab? Retrieved from https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220113-what-will-2022-bring-to-tunisia-in-light-of-kais-saieds-power-grab/
Firth, J. R. (1957). Papers in Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frath, P., & Gledhill, C. (2005). Free-range clusters or frozen chunks? Reference as a defining criterion for linguistic units. Recherches Anglaises et Nord-américaines, 38, 25–43. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.3406/ranam.2005.1745
Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
Gabrielatos, C. (2018). Keyness analysis: Nature, metrics and techniques. In C. Taylor & A. Marchi (Eds.), Corpus approaches to discourse: A critical review (pp. 225–258). Oxford: Routledge.
Gabrielatos, C. (2008). Collocational analysis as a gateway to critical discourse analysis: the case of the construction of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in the UK press. Retrieved from https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/31109/
Gabrielatos, C., & Marchi, A. (2011, November 17). Keyness: Matching metrics to definitions. Paper presented at the conference Theoretical-methodological challenges in corpus approaches to discourse studies – and some ways of addressing them. Retrieved from http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/51449/
Gerken, F., & Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2019). Crisis frame dynamics: Frame diversity in news media and the role of governmental actors. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2(2), 149–180. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.30658/jicrcr.2.2.1
Goh, G. Y. (2011). Choosing a reference corpus for keyword calculation. Linguistic Research, 28(1), 239-256.
Grewal, S., Satouri, S. D., & DeHaven, I. (2022). Tunisia’s new constitution will only worsen its political crisis. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/07/06/tunisias-new-constitution-will-only-worsen-its-political-crisis/
Hamid, S. (2021). Tunisia, democracy, and the return of American hypocrisy. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/03/tunisia-democracy-and-the-return-of-american-hypocrisy/
Hänggli, R., & Kriesi, H. (2010). Political framing strategies and their impact on media framing in a Swiss direct-democratic campaign. Political communication, 27(2), 141–157. doi:10.1080/10584600903501484
Hardt-Mautner, G. (1995). ‘Only connect’. Critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. University of Lancaster. Retrieved from http://ucrel.lancaster.ac.uk/papers/techpaper/vol6.pdf
Hong, S. (2016). Government press releases and citizen perceptions of government performance: Evidence from Google Trends Data. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(4), 885–904. doi:10.1080/15309576.2015.1137776
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press.
Kirvalidze, N., & Samnidze, N. (2016). Political discourse as a subject of interdisciplinary studies. Journal of Teaching and Education, 5(1), 161–170.
Konstantinova, A., Anufrienko, S., Abazalieva, M., Gevorgyan, A., & Soloveva, E. (2019). Political discourse and the study of parliamentary communication: a comparative analysis. SHS Web Conference, 69, 00007. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1051/shsconf/20196900007
Loke, B. (2016). Unpacking the politics of great power responsibility: Nationalist and Maoist China in international order-building. European Journal of International Relations, 22(4), 847–871. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1177/1354066115611968
Marzo, P. (2020). Solving the security–democracy dilemma: the US foreign policy in Tunisia post-9/11. Third World Quarterly, 41(7), 1181–1199. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1080/01436597.2020.1754126
Marzouki, K. (2022, January 25). July 25: An exceptional day in Tunisia with many connotations. Retrieved from https://english.legal-agenda.com/july-25-an-exception-day-in-tunisia-with-many-connotations/
Mayr, A. (Ed.). (2008). Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse. London: Continuum.
McEnery, T. (2009). Keywords and moral panics: Mary Whitehouse and media censorship. In D. Archer (Ed.), What's in Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 93–124). Oxford: Ashgate.
McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad Language, Purity and Power from 1586 to the Present. Abington: Routledge.
McEnery, T., & Wilson, A. (2001). Corpus linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Mohd Don, Z., & De Rycker, A. (2013). Discourse in crisis, crisis in discourse. In A. De Rycker & Z. Mohd Don (Eds.), Discourse and crisis: Critical perspectives (pp. 3–65). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehecka, T. (2015). Collocation and Colligation. In J. O. Östman & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics Online (pp. 1–23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Neuman, R. W., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. Chicago, MI: The University of Chicago Press.
Oxley, Z. (2020). Framing and political decision making: An overview. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/ politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-E-1250
Partington, A. (2003). The linguistics of political argument: The spin-doctor and the wolf-pack at the White House. London: Routledge.
Phillips, M. (1989). Lexical structure of text. Discourse analysis monograph no. 12. English Language Research: University of Birmingham.
Powers, J. H., & Xiao, X. (Eds.). (2008). The social construction of SARS: Studies of a health communication crisis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rodelo, F. V., & Muñiz, C. (2019). Government frames and their influence on news framing: An analysis of cross-lagged correlations in the Mexican context. Global media and communication, 15(1), 103–119. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1177/1742766518818862
Ryan, M. (2022). U.S. presses Tunisia, once a bright spot of Arab Spring, on democracy. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/19/united-states-tunisia-democracy/
Scott, M. (2009). In search of a bad reference corpus. In D. Archer (Ed.), What's in Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 79–92). Oxford: Ashgate.
Scott, M. (2008). Wordsmith Tools Version 5.0. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words – and key key words. System, 25(2), 233–245. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/s0346-251x(97)00011-0
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1111/J.1460-2466.2000.TB02843.X
Shevchenko, I. (2022). American social media on the Russia-Ukraine war: A multimodal analysis. Cognition, communication, discourse, 25, 65-79. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.26565/2218-2926-2022-25-05
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sun, T. (2010). Adversarial questioning and answering strategies in Chinese government press conferences. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 8(2), 131–162.
Taylor, C., & Del Fante, D. (2020). Comparing across languages in corpus and discourse analysis: some issues and approaches. Meta, 65(1), 29–50.
Tian, Y., & Yang, J. (2022). Deny or bolster? A comparative study of crisis communication strategies between Trump and Cuomo in COVID-19. Public Relations Review, 48(2), 102182. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102182
Ullmann, S. (2021). Discourses of the Arab revolutions in media and politics. New York: Routledge.
van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Verhoeven, P., Beentjes, H., & Vliegenthart, R. (2014). When frames align: The interplay between PR, news media, and the public in times of crisis. Public Relations Review, 40(5), 751–761. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.pubrev.2014.07.008
van Dijk, T. A. (2004). Texts and contexts of parliamentary debates. In P. Bayley (Ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse (pp. 339–372). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Political discourse and ideology. Paper presented at Jornadas del Discurso Politico, UPF, Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.discourse-in-society.org/dis-pol-ideo.htm
Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding cultures through their key-words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, R. (1976). Keywords. Oxford University Press.
Wodak, R. (1989). Language, power and ideology: Studies in political discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Xi, Y., Chen, A., & Ng, A. (2021). Conditional transparency: Differentiated news framings of COVID-19 severity in the pre-crisis stage in China. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0252062. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1371/journal.pone.0252062
Xie, C., Zhang, J., Huang, Q., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). An analysis of user-generated crisis frames: Online public responses to a tourism crisis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.tmp.2021.100931
Yerkes, S. (2021). The Tunisian President’s election plan is troubling. So is the U.S. response. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/21/tunisian-president-s-election-plan-is-troubling.-so-is-u.s.-response-pub-86060
Zhabotynska, S., & Brynko, A. (2022). Emotive lexicon of the political narrative: Ukraine and the West in Chinese media. Cognition, communication, discourse, 25, 89-118. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.26565/2218-2926-2022-25-07
Anagnostou, N. K., & Weir, G. R. S. (2007). Review of software applications for deriving collocations. In G. R. S. Weir & T. Ozasa (Eds.), Texts, Textbooks and Readability (pp. 63–72). Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Publishing.
Ancarno, C. (2020). Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies. In A. De Fina & A. Georgakopoulou (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies (pp. 165–185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baker, P. (2016). The shapes of collocation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(2), 139–164. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1075/ijcl.21.2.01bak
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., & McEnery, T. (2013). Sketching Muslims: A corpus driven analysis of representations around the word ‘Muslim’ in the British press 1998–2009. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 255–278.
Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2015). Who benefits when discourse gets democratised? Analysing a Twitter corpus around the British Benefits Street debate. In P. Baker & T. McEnery (Eds.), Corpora and discourse studies: Integrating discourse and corpora (pp. 244–265). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Ben Ghozlen, B. (2023). Crisis construction in the contemporary communication environment: a dynamic, complex, and mis/disinformation-rich process. Lyuboslovie, 23, 195–205. doi:10.46687/IXXR3433
Bogetić, K. (2013). Normal straight gays: Lexical collocations and ideologies masculinity in personal ads of Serbian gay teenagers. Gender and Language, 7(3), 333–367.
Bondi, M., & Scott. M. (Eds.). (2010). Keyness in texts. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bos, L., Lecheler, S., Mewafi, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016). It's the frame that matters: Immigrant integration and media framing effects in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.002
Brezina, V., Weill-Tessier, P., & McEnery, A. (2021). #LancsBox v. 6.x. [software package]. Retrieved from: http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/lancsbox
Brezina, V., McEnery, T., & Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(2), 139–173. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1075/ijcl.20.2.01bre
Cacciatore, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2016). The end of framing as we know it … and the future of media effects. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 7–23. doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
Cheng, J. W., Mitomo, H., Otsuka, T., & Jeon, S. Y. (2016). Cultivation effects of mass and social media on perceptions and behavioural intentions in post-disaster recovery – The case of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Telematics and Informatics, 33(3), 753–772. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.12.001
Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2012). Dynamics in mass communication effects research. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Political Communication (pp. 307–323). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Coombs, W. T. (2018). Revising situational crisis communication theory: The influences of social media on crisis communication theory and practice. In L. L. Austin & Y. Jin (Eds.), Social media and crisis communication (pp. 21–38). New York, NY: Routledge.
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163–176. doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
de Bruijn, H. (2019). The art of political framing: How politicians convince us that they are right. Amsterdam University Press.
De Candia, S., Spinzi, C., & Venuti, M. (2013). 'I don't know the answer to that question': A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of White House press briefings. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines, 7(1), 66–81.
Durán-Muñoz, I. (2019). Adjectives and their keyness: A corpus-based analysis of tourism discourse in English. Corpora, 14(3), 351–378. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010
Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public Opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2011). Practical reasoning in political discourse: The UK government’s response to the economic crisis in the 2008 Pre-Budget Report. Discourse & Society, 22(3), 243–268. doi:10.1177/0957926510395439
Farooq, U. A. (2022). As Tunisia's Saied consolidates power, US remains without clear roadmap ahead. Retrieved from https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/tunisia-kais-saied-us-biden-without-roadmap-ahead
Fetouri, M. (2022). What will 2022 bring to Tunisia in light of Kais Saied's power grab? Retrieved from https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220113-what-will-2022-bring-to-tunisia-in-light-of-kais-saieds-power-grab/
Firth, J. R. (1957). Papers in Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frath, P., & Gledhill, C. (2005). Free-range clusters or frozen chunks? Reference as a defining criterion for linguistic units. Recherches Anglaises et Nord-américaines, 38, 25–43. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.3406/ranam.2005.1745
Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
Gabrielatos, C. (2018). Keyness analysis: Nature, metrics and techniques. In C. Taylor & A. Marchi (Eds.), Corpus approaches to discourse: A critical review (pp. 225–258). Oxford: Routledge.
Gabrielatos, C. (2008). Collocational analysis as a gateway to critical discourse analysis: the case of the construction of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in the UK press. Retrieved from https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/31109/
Gabrielatos, C., & Marchi, A. (2011, November 17). Keyness: Matching metrics to definitions. Paper presented at the conference Theoretical-methodological challenges in corpus approaches to discourse studies – and some ways of addressing them. Retrieved from http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/51449/
Gerken, F., & Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2019). Crisis frame dynamics: Frame diversity in news media and the role of governmental actors. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2(2), 149–180. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.30658/jicrcr.2.2.1
Goh, G. Y. (2011). Choosing a reference corpus for keyword calculation. Linguistic Research, 28(1), 239-256.
Grewal, S., Satouri, S. D., & DeHaven, I. (2022). Tunisia’s new constitution will only worsen its political crisis. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/07/06/tunisias-new-constitution-will-only-worsen-its-political-crisis/
Hamid, S. (2021). Tunisia, democracy, and the return of American hypocrisy. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/08/03/tunisia-democracy-and-the-return-of-american-hypocrisy/
Hänggli, R., & Kriesi, H. (2010). Political framing strategies and their impact on media framing in a Swiss direct-democratic campaign. Political communication, 27(2), 141–157. doi:10.1080/10584600903501484
Hardt-Mautner, G. (1995). ‘Only connect’. Critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. University of Lancaster. Retrieved from http://ucrel.lancaster.ac.uk/papers/techpaper/vol6.pdf
Hong, S. (2016). Government press releases and citizen perceptions of government performance: Evidence from Google Trends Data. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(4), 885–904. doi:10.1080/15309576.2015.1137776
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press.
Kirvalidze, N., & Samnidze, N. (2016). Political discourse as a subject of interdisciplinary studies. Journal of Teaching and Education, 5(1), 161–170.
Konstantinova, A., Anufrienko, S., Abazalieva, M., Gevorgyan, A., & Soloveva, E. (2019). Political discourse and the study of parliamentary communication: a comparative analysis. SHS Web Conference, 69, 00007. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1051/shsconf/20196900007
Loke, B. (2016). Unpacking the politics of great power responsibility: Nationalist and Maoist China in international order-building. European Journal of International Relations, 22(4), 847–871. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1177/1354066115611968
Marzo, P. (2020). Solving the security–democracy dilemma: the US foreign policy in Tunisia post-9/11. Third World Quarterly, 41(7), 1181–1199. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1080/01436597.2020.1754126
Marzouki, K. (2022, January 25). July 25: An exceptional day in Tunisia with many connotations. Retrieved from https://english.legal-agenda.com/july-25-an-exception-day-in-tunisia-with-many-connotations/
Mayr, A. (Ed.). (2008). Language and power: An introduction to institutional discourse. London: Continuum.
McEnery, T. (2009). Keywords and moral panics: Mary Whitehouse and media censorship. In D. Archer (Ed.), What's in Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 93–124). Oxford: Ashgate.
McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad Language, Purity and Power from 1586 to the Present. Abington: Routledge.
McEnery, T., & Wilson, A. (2001). Corpus linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Mohd Don, Z., & De Rycker, A. (2013). Discourse in crisis, crisis in discourse. In A. De Rycker & Z. Mohd Don (Eds.), Discourse and crisis: Critical perspectives (pp. 3–65). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lehecka, T. (2015). Collocation and Colligation. In J. O. Östman & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics Online (pp. 1–23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Neuman, R. W., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. Chicago, MI: The University of Chicago Press.
Oxley, Z. (2020). Framing and political decision making: An overview. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/ politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-E-1250
Partington, A. (2003). The linguistics of political argument: The spin-doctor and the wolf-pack at the White House. London: Routledge.
Phillips, M. (1989). Lexical structure of text. Discourse analysis monograph no. 12. English Language Research: University of Birmingham.
Powers, J. H., & Xiao, X. (Eds.). (2008). The social construction of SARS: Studies of a health communication crisis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rodelo, F. V., & Muñiz, C. (2019). Government frames and their influence on news framing: An analysis of cross-lagged correlations in the Mexican context. Global media and communication, 15(1), 103–119. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1177/1742766518818862
Ryan, M. (2022). U.S. presses Tunisia, once a bright spot of Arab Spring, on democracy. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/09/19/united-states-tunisia-democracy/
Scott, M. (2009). In search of a bad reference corpus. In D. Archer (Ed.), What's in Word-list? Investigating Word Frequency and Keyword Extraction (pp. 79–92). Oxford: Ashgate.
Scott, M. (2008). Wordsmith Tools Version 5.0. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words – and key key words. System, 25(2), 233–245. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/s0346-251x(97)00011-0
Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1111/J.1460-2466.2000.TB02843.X
Shevchenko, I. (2022). American social media on the Russia-Ukraine war: A multimodal analysis. Cognition, communication, discourse, 25, 65-79. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.26565/2218-2926-2022-25-05
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sun, T. (2010). Adversarial questioning and answering strategies in Chinese government press conferences. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics, 8(2), 131–162.
Taylor, C., & Del Fante, D. (2020). Comparing across languages in corpus and discourse analysis: some issues and approaches. Meta, 65(1), 29–50.
Tian, Y., & Yang, J. (2022). Deny or bolster? A comparative study of crisis communication strategies between Trump and Cuomo in COVID-19. Public Relations Review, 48(2), 102182. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102182
Ullmann, S. (2021). Discourses of the Arab revolutions in media and politics. New York: Routledge.
van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Verhoeven, P., Beentjes, H., & Vliegenthart, R. (2014). When frames align: The interplay between PR, news media, and the public in times of crisis. Public Relations Review, 40(5), 751–761. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.pubrev.2014.07.008
van Dijk, T. A. (2004). Texts and contexts of parliamentary debates. In P. Bayley (Ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse (pp. 339–372). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Political discourse and ideology. Paper presented at Jornadas del Discurso Politico, UPF, Barcelona. Retrieved from http://www.discourse-in-society.org/dis-pol-ideo.htm
Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding cultures through their key-words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, R. (1976). Keywords. Oxford University Press.
Wodak, R. (1989). Language, power and ideology: Studies in political discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Xi, Y., Chen, A., & Ng, A. (2021). Conditional transparency: Differentiated news framings of COVID-19 severity in the pre-crisis stage in China. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0252062. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1371/journal.pone.0252062
Xie, C., Zhang, J., Huang, Q., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). An analysis of user-generated crisis frames: Online public responses to a tourism crisis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.1016/j.tmp.2021.100931
Yerkes, S. (2021). The Tunisian President’s election plan is troubling. So is the U.S. response. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/21/tunisian-president-s-election-plan-is-troubling.-so-is-u.s.-response-pub-86060
Zhabotynska, S., & Brynko, A. (2022). Emotive lexicon of the political narrative: Ukraine and the West in Chinese media. Cognition, communication, discourse, 25, 89-118. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.01010.26565/2218-2926-2022-25-07
Published
2023-12-26
How to Cite
Ben Ghozlen, B. (2023). U.S. administration’s press communications on Tunisia after the July 25, 2021 ‘state of exception’: The shaping of urgency discourse. Cognition, Communication, Discourse, (27), 9-33. https://doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2023-27-01
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Boutheina Ben Ghozlen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors, who publish with this journal, accept the following conditions:
The authors reserve the copyright of their work and transfer to the journal the right of the first publication of this work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Non-Derivs License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows other persons to freely distribute a published work with mandatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
Authors have the right to enter into separate additional agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal (for example, to post the work in the electronic institutions' repository or to publish as part of a monograph), provided that the link to the first publication of the work in this journal is given.
The journal policy allows and encourages the authors to place the manuscripts on the Internet (for example, in the institutions' repositories or on personal websites), both before the presentation of this manuscript to the editorial board and during review procedure, as it contributes to the creation of productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citing the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
