A discourse identity of the fool-wisecracker in the carnival space of the USA and Great Britain
Abstract
The paper reveals functional and communicative characteristics of a discourse identity of the fool-wisecracker as the main subject of the carnival communicative space of the USA and Great Britain. This discourse identity combines qualities of a fool as a person who fools everybody around as conscious negligence, wit, joy and laughter as well as qualities of one who can ridicule, joke and shudder for others. The study involves the linguo-philosophical method along with dialectical principles to the study of the object. According to analysis of the lexeme fool a discourse identity of the fool-wisecracker is represented by the corresponding lexemes clown, jester, buffoon and trickster. Discourse identities of the clown, the jester and the trickster belong to the socio-professional sphere which is determined by their professional affiliation (official place of work, education). The buffoon and the trickster belong to the unprofessional sphere – every person under certain conditions is able to acquire characteristics of the fool-wisecracker. In order to create humour and manipulate the addressee, these types of the fool-wisecracker compose incongruent communicative situations by verbal, non-verbal or supraverbal means. A discourse identity of the fool-wisecracker is actualized with the help of the dialectical principles – interconnection, contradiction, historicism and creative linguistic activity. Each type of the fool-wisecracker in the USA and Great Britain uses certain ways to create a comic effect: the clown – verbal means (hyperbole, assonance, alliteration) in conjunction with supraverbal ones (costume and attributes); the jester – intellectual humour expressed by linguistic means (stylistic devices); the buffoon – purveyor improvisations (noodle stories, bawdy stories, jokes and fables); the trickster – stylization under the folk trickster (irony and sarcasm in speech).
Downloads
References
Angenot, M. (1983). Intertextualite, interdiscursivite, discours social. Texte: Revue de critique et de theorie litteraire, 2, 106-107.
Bakhtin, M.M. (1965). Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kultura Srednevekovya i Renessansa [Creativity of Fransua Rable and folk culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance]. Moscow: Khud. Lit. Publ.
Barbieri, N. (1954). What is a Buffoon? Actors on Acting: The Theories, Techniques, and Practices of the World’s Great Actors, Told in Their Own Words. New York: Crown Publishers.
Bekhta, I.A. (2017). Opovidniy diskurs tekstovoyi epohi angliyskomovnogo modernizmu [Narrative discourse of text English-era modernism]. Lyudina. Komp’yuter. Komunikatsiya: zbirnik naukovih prats. – Man. Computer. Communication: a collection of scientific works. 140-143 (in Ukrainian).
Belova, A.D. (2003). Lingvisticheskie aspektyi argumentatsii [Linguistic aspects of argumentation]. Kyiv: T.G. Shevchenko Kiev National University Publ.
Berezovskaya, A.V. (2017). Russkiy durak: kto on? (Opyit lingvokulturologicheskogo analiza poslovits) [Russian fool: who is he? (Experience of linguaculturological analysis of proverbs)]. Nauchnyiy almanah. – Scientific Almanac, 10, 117-120 (in Russian).
Billington, S.A. (1984). Social History of the Fool. The Harvester Press.
Bradley, A.C. (2015). Feste the Jester. Twelfth Night. Routledge.
Coleman, G. (2015). The anthropological trickster. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 5, 399-407.
Davidson, C. (1991). Illustrations of the Stage and Acting in England to 1580. Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications.
Dijk, T.A. van. (2008). Discourse and Context: A Sociocognitive Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Danilova, A.M. (2016). Osobennosti peredachi realiy v pervyih perevodah russkih skazok [Features of the transfer of reality in the first translations of Russian fairy tales]. Aspirant. – Phd, 6, 149-150 (in Russian).
Golozubov, A.V. (2009). Teologiya smeha kak fenomen zapadnoy kulturyi [Theology of laughter as a phenomenon of Western culture]. Kharkiv: Exclusive Publ.
Happé, P. (1993). Fansy and folly: the drama of fools in Magnificence. Comparative drama, 27, 426-452.
Karasik, V.I. (2004). Yazyikovoy krug: lichnost, kontseptyi, diskurs [Language circle: personality, concepts, discourse]. Moscow: Gnosis Publ.
Kelsey, D. (2017). The City Trickster: Bankers, Moral Tales, and Contemporary Capitalism.
In D. Kelsey (Ed.). Media and Affective Mythologies, 81-105.
Kharchenko, O.V. (2010). Amerikanskiy diskurs komichnogo ta yogo lingvo-kognitivni osoblivosti [American comic discourse and its linguistic and cognitive peculiarities]. Visnyk Kharkiv. nats. un-tu im. V.N. Karazina. – V.N. Karazin National Univ. Messenger, 897, 120-125 (in Ukrainian).
Klapp, O.E. (1949). The fool as a social type. American Journal of Sociology, 55, 157-162.
Kobyakova, I.K. (2013). Pro prirodu movotvorchoyi funktsiyi [On the nature of linguistic function]. Studia Germanika et Romanica. Available from http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handie/123456789/
Kochetkov, V.V. (2002). Psihologiya mezhkulturnyih razlichiy [Psychology of intercultural differences]. Moscow: Perse Publ.
Kolegayeva, I.M. (2015). Polimodalnist vidchuttiv u dzerkali polikodovosti tekstu, abo sche raz pro antropotsentrizm u lingvistitsi [Polimodality of sensations in the mirror of polycodity of the text, or again about anthropocentrism in linguistics]. Zapiski z romano-germanskoyi filologyi – Proceedings of the Romance-Germanic Philology, 2, 105-112 (in Ukrainian).
Kucharenko, V.A. (2015). Pro netraditsiyniy narrativ [About non-traditional narrative]. Zapiski z romano-germanskoyi filologyi – Proceedings of the Romance-Germanic Philology, 34, 66-72 (in Ukrainian).
Martyniuk, A.P. (2011). Slovnik osnovnih terminiv kognitivno-diskursivnoyi lingvistiki [Dictionary of basic terms of cognitive-discursive linguistics]. Kharkiv: V.N. Karazin National Univ Publ.
Panina, M.A. (1996). Komicheskoe i yazyikovyie sredstva ego vyirazheniya [Comic and linguistic means of his expression]. Unpublished Candidate dissertation, Moscow National University, Moscow, Russia (in Russian)
Peterson, B.B. (2003). Fools are everywhere: The court jester around the world. Journal of World History, 14, 555-559.
Pihktovnikova, L.S. (2012). Lingvosinergetika: osnovyi i ocherk napravleniy [Lingvosynergetika: Basics and Essay Directions]. Kharkiv: V. N. Karazin National Univ Publ.
Prikhodko, A.M. (2009). Kognitivno-kommunikativnaya tipologiya diskursa [Cognitive-communicative typology of discourse]. Visnyk KNLU – Kiev National Linguistics University Messenger, 12, 20-24 (in Russian).
Robb, D. (2007). Clowns, fools and picaros: Popular forms in theatre, fiction and film. Amsterdam, NY: Rodopi.
Samokhina, V.O. (2016). Kreativnaya lichnost linguisticus-shutnika, ili uchenyie-lingvistyi smeyutsya [The creative identity of the linguistic-joker, or scholars-linguists laugh]. Kognitsiya, kommunikatsiya, diskurs. – Cognition, communication, discourse, 12, 84-97 (in Russian).
Samokhina, V.O. & Ryzhkova V.V. (2017). Intertekstualnost v dialogicheskom prostranstve angloyazyichnogo hudozhestvennogo teksta [Intertextuality in the dialogical space of the English-language text]. Kharkiv: Nats. aerokosm. un-t im. N.E. Zhukovskogo Publ.
Samokhina, V.O. & Pasynok, V.G. (2017). Anthroponymic world in the text of the Anglophone joke. Lege artis. Language yesterday, today, tomorrow. The journal of University of SS Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 2, 284-355 (in English).
Samokhina, V.O. & Tarasova, S.O. (2017). Ekolingvistichniy komizm likarnyanoyi klounadi [Eco Linguistic Comic of Hospital Clowns]. In Development and modernization of philological sciences: experience of Poland and prospects of Ukraine, 327-344 (in Ukrainian).
Samokhina, V.O. (2019). Karnavalizatsiya u fokusi lingvokreativnoii diyalnosti Homo Artifex [Carnavalization in focus of linguocreative activity of Homo Artifex]. Visnyk Kharkiv. nats. un-tu im. V.N. Karazina. – V.N. Karazin National Univ. Messenger, 88, 26-34 (in Ukrainian).
Selivanova, O.O. (2012). Mir soznaniya v yazyike [Mir soznaniya v yazyike]. Cherkasy: Yu. Chabanenko Publ.
Shevchenko, I.S. & Morozova, Ye.I. (2003). Diskurs kak myslekommunikativnoe obrazovanie [Discourse as a mental and communicative phenomenon]. Visnyk Kharkiv. nats. un-tu im. V.N. Karazina. – V.N. Karazin National Univ. Messenger, 586, 33-38 (in Russian).
Shomova, S.A. (2015). Shut, Petrushka, durak... (ipostasi trikstera v rossiyskoy politicheskoy kommunikatsii) [Jester, Petrushka, fool ... (incarnation of the trickster in Russian political communication)]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. – Ethnographic Review, 4, 64-74 (in Russian).
Southworth, J. (2003). Fools and Jesters at the English Court Stroud. Sutton Publishing Limited.
Swain, B. (1932). Fools and Folly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. New York: Columbia University Press.
Verbitskaya, A. (1985). Rechevyie aktyi [Speech acts]. Novoe v zarubezhnoy lingvistike. – New in foreign linguistics, 16, 251-271 (in Russian).
Warren, B. (2011). Foolish Medicine: Reflections on the practices of modern clown-doctors and medieval fools. Available from http://www.medievalists.net/2011/12/foolish-medicine-reflections-on-the-practices-of-modern-clown-doctors-and-medieval-fools/
Welsford, E. (1935). The Fool: His Social and Literary History. Faber and Faber: London.
Authors, who publish with this journal, accept the following conditions:
The authors reserve the copyright of their work and transfer to the journal the right of the first publication of this work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Non-Derivs License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows other persons to freely distribute a published work with mandatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this journal.
Authors have the right to enter into separate additional agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the work in the form in which it was published by this journal (for example, to post the work in the electronic institutions' repository or to publish as part of a monograph), provided that the link to the first publication of the work in this journal is given.
The journal policy allows and encourages the authors to place the manuscripts on the Internet (for example, in the institutions' repositories or on personal websites), both before the presentation of this manuscript to the editorial board and during review procedure, as it contributes to the creation of productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citing the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).
