Overview of modern methods of processing georadar signals in tasks of defectoscopy
Keywords:
ultra-broadband GPR pulse signals, GPR signal processing methods, flat-layer environment, subsurface cracks, defectoscopy
Abstract
Relevance. The relevance of research is due to the need to implement strategic tasks to extend the residual resource of engineering structures and ensure their reliability. Implementation of this direction is associated with methods of subsurface sounding, means of obtaining information and its processing. Despite significant progress in the development of modern GPR signal processing methods, the task of choosing the most effective method for the purpose of GPR sounding has not yet been solved. The solution of the given task should be based on the analysis of modern methods of processing GPR signals with the definition of the scope of their application, limitations and advantages.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the possibilities of modern ultra-broadband ground-penetrating radars and methods of processing pulsed ground-penetrating radar signals to solve problems of flaw detection in flat-layer structurally heterogeneous structures. Materials and methods. Physics-mathematical models of propagation of ultra-broadband signals in flat-layered media, modern models and methods of processing and interpretation of ground-penetrating radar sounding data in relation to the tasks of flaw detection of non-rigid road clothing on highways form the basis of research.
The results. Based on the results of the analysis, the field of application of georadar signal processing methods in relation to the task of finding and positioning subsurface heterogeneities in flat-layered structurally heterogeneous environments, in particular in non-rigid road wear, is determined. The directions of further research in the field of ground-penetrating radar diagnostics of subsurface inhomogeneity have been determined.
Conclusions. Considerable experience has been accumulated in the application of ground-penetrating radars to solve problems of flaw detection, but research in the field of ground-penetrating radar diagnostics of subsurface cracks is very limited. Further research should be aimed at: improving the methods of restoring dielectric permeability in multilayer structures, which increases the reliability of GPR data interpretation; development of methods of registration and analysis of the signal reflected from in homogeneities of the structure, which creates a theoretical foundation of defectoscopy and expands the possibilities of ground-penetrating radar diagnostics; substantiating the type of antenna units for measurements, which will increase their accuracy.
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References
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2. Saarenketo T, Scullion T. Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2000:43:119–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(99)00052-X
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8. Abdullah R, Zulhaidi H, Shafri M, Mardeni R, Sabira Khatun. Evaluation of Road Pavement Density Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2009;2:100–111. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2009.100.111
9. Grote K, Hubbard S, Harvey J, Rubin Y. Evaluation of infiltration in layered pavements using surface GPR reflection techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2005;57:129–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.10.002
10. Shengli Li, Chaoqun Wang, Panxu Sun, Guangming Wu, Dongwei Wang. A localization method for concealed cracks in the road base based on ground penetrating radar. 2016;8(12):1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016683154
11. Diamanti Nectaria, Redman David. Field observations and numerical models of GPR response from vertical pavement cracks. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2012;81:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.09.006
12. Ahmad N, Wistuba M, Lorenzl H. GPR as a crack detection tool for asphalt pavements: Possibilities and limitations. 14th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Shanghai. 2012; pp. 551–555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2012.6254925
13. Carrick Erica Utsi. Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Practice. Butterworth – Heinemann; 2017. 224 р.
14. Miskiewicz M, Lachowicz J, Tysiac P, Jaskula P, Wilde K. The application of non-destructive methods in the diagnostics of the approach pavement at the bridges. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 356. 2018; 8 р. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/356/1/012023
15. Mardeni R, Raja Abdullah R, Shafri HZM. Road pavement density analysis using a new non-destructive ground penetrating radar system. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B. 2010;21:399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERB10032202
16. Al-Qadi IL, Lahouar S. Measuring layer thicknesses with GPR: Theory to practice. Construction and Building Materials. 2005;19:763–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.005
17. Stryk Josef. Road diagnostics - ground penetrating radar possibilities. Intersections Journal. 2008;5(1):9.
18. Krysiński Lech, Sudyka Jacek. GPR abilities in investigation of the pavement transversal cracks. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2013;97:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.03.010
19. Benedetto Andrea, Pajewski Lara. Civil engineering applications of ground penetrating radar. Springer. 2015; 371 р.
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21. Noor Ahmad. Crack detection in asphalt pavements by means of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Institut für Straßenwesen Braunschweig. 2016; 153 р. https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201712080942
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24. Ground penetrating radar, theory and applications. Jol Harry M. (Editor). Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. 2009; 508 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.X0001-4
25. Levatti H, Prat P, Ledesma A, Cuadrado A, Cordero J. Experimental analysis of 3D cracking in drying soils using ground-penetrating radar. Geotechnical Testing Journal 40. 2017;2:221-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160066
26. Annan AP. Electromagnetic principles of GPR. In: Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications. 1st edition, Elsevier Science. Amsterdam; 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.00001-6
27. Uus A, Liatsis P, Slabaugh GG, Anagnostis A, Roberts S, Twist S. Trend Deviation Analysis for Automated Detection of Defects in GPR Data for Road Condition Surveys. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWSSIP.2016.7502765
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29. Sun M, Pan J, Cedric Le Bastard, Wang Y, Li J. Advanced Signal Processing Methods for Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications to Civil Engineering. 2019 Jul 1;36(4):74–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2019.2900454
30. Solla M, X. Núñez-Nieto, M. Varela-González, Joaquín Martínez-Sánchez, Arias P. GPR for road inspection: Georeferencing and efficient approach to data processing and visualization. 2014 Jun 1; pp. 913-918. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2014.6970559
31. Miskiewicz M, Lachowicz J, Tysiac P, Jaskula P, Wilde K. The application of non-destructive methods in the diagnostics of the approach pavement at the bridges. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018 May;356:012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/356/1/012023
32. Abdel-Qader I, Krause V, Abu-Amara F, Abudayyeh O. Comparative Study of Deconvolution Algorithms for GPR Bridge Deck Imaging. WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processingю 2014;10:20-31.
33. Abu-amara F. An automated framework for defect detection in concrete bridge decks using fractals and independent component analysis. PhD Thesis, Western Michigan University. 2010.
34. Colagrande S, Ranalli D, Tallini M. Ground Penetrating Radar Assessment of Flexible Road Pavement Degradation. International Journal of Geophysics. 2011;2011:1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/989136
35. Cao Y, Guzina BB, Labuz JF. Pavement Evaluation Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2008.
36. Liu H, Ling T, Zhang L, Gu D, Cao F. An improved predictive deconvolution based on wavelet analysis for GPR signal processing. 2019 Jun 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FENDT47723.2019.8962690
37. Singh AP, Sharma A, Mishra R, Wagle M, Sarkar AK. Pavement condition assessment using soft computing techniques. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 2018 Nov;11(6):564–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.12.006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1996681417301487)
38. Budiman P.A. Rohrnan, Masahiko Niahirnoto. Estimation of Near-Surface Soil Moisture Through GPR Signal Processing Based on Multi-Scaled Spectral Feature Weighting. 2018 Aug 1; https://doi.org/10.23919/PIERS.2018.8598023
39. Dera Abdallah Alhadi. Assessment of highway condition using combined geophysical surveys. Doctoral Dissertations. Faculty of the Graduate School of the Missouri university of science and technology. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree doctor of philosophy in geological engineering. 2016.
40. Francisco F, Jorge P, Mercedes S, Mattia F, Andrea B, Luca C. GPR dipoles orientation in road pavement cracking identification. 20th EGU General Assembly. Proceedings from the conference held 4-13 April, 2018. Vienna, Austria. p.16166
41. Shi-li Guo, Fei Yan, Pei-min Zhu, Xiu-zhong Li. Numerical study on response of ground penetrating radar wave field to crack width. Progress in Geophysics.2016;31:(04). https://doi.org/10.6038/pg20160451
42. Fernandes FM, Pais JC. Laboratory observation of cracks in road pavements with GPR Construction and Building Materials. 2017;154:1130-1138. http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.022
43. Patent for a utility model. 108136 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01С23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01). The method of detecting subsurface cracks in the asphalt concrete road surface during the movement of the diagnostic laboratory in the traffic flow / Batrakov D.O., Urdzik S.M., Pochanin G.P., Batrakova A.G.; – a201511191; statement 11/13/2015; published 27.03.2017, Bul. No. 6/2017. (In Ukrainian)
44. Patent for an invention. 113916 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01C 23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01) The method of detecting subsurface cracks in the asphalt concrete road surface during the movement of the diagnostic laboratory in the traffic flow / Batrakov D.O., Urdzik S.M., Pochanin H. .P., Batrakova A.G.; – a201511191; statement 11/13/2015; published 27.03.2017, Bul. No. 6/2017 (In Ukrainian)
45. Batrakov D, Beloshenko K, Antyufeyeva M, Batrakova A, Urdzik S. Comparative study of signal processing of two uwb gpr antenna units. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering. 2019;78:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v78.i2.20
46. Batrakov DO, Batrakova AG, Urdzik SN, Danielyan VR. Nondestructive diagnostics and detection of subsurface cracks in non-rigid pavements with GPR. Diagnostyka. 2021;22(2):85-95. https://doi.org/10.29354/diag/137915
2. Saarenketo T, Scullion T. Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2000:43:119–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(99)00052-X
3. Forest R, Pynn J, Alani A, Ferne B. The Use of Ground Penetrating Radar for the Monitoring of Road Properties. In: TRL annual research review 2003. Crowthorne: TRL, 2004. pp. 25 - 37.
4. Lahouar S, Al-Qadi IL. Automatic detection of multiple pavement layers from GPR data. NDT and E International Journal. 2008;41(2):69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2007.09.001
5. Al-Qadi L, Lahouar S. Detection of asphalt binder aging in flexible pavement by ground penetrating radar. Materials Evaluation. 2005;63(9):921–925.
6. Wong KT, Urbaez E. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) – a Tool for Pavement Evaluation and Design. Shaping the future: Linking policy, research and outcomes: 25th ARRB Conference. Perth, Australia: Proceedings. 2012; pp. 1–13.
7. Maser KR, Holland J, Roberts R, Popovics J. NDE methods for quality assurance of new pavement thickness. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2006;7(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500501985
8. Abdullah R, Zulhaidi H, Shafri M, Mardeni R, Sabira Khatun. Evaluation of Road Pavement Density Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2009;2:100–111. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2009.100.111
9. Grote K, Hubbard S, Harvey J, Rubin Y. Evaluation of infiltration in layered pavements using surface GPR reflection techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2005;57:129–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.10.002
10. Shengli Li, Chaoqun Wang, Panxu Sun, Guangming Wu, Dongwei Wang. A localization method for concealed cracks in the road base based on ground penetrating radar. 2016;8(12):1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016683154
11. Diamanti Nectaria, Redman David. Field observations and numerical models of GPR response from vertical pavement cracks. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2012;81:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.09.006
12. Ahmad N, Wistuba M, Lorenzl H. GPR as a crack detection tool for asphalt pavements: Possibilities and limitations. 14th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Shanghai. 2012; pp. 551–555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2012.6254925
13. Carrick Erica Utsi. Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Practice. Butterworth – Heinemann; 2017. 224 р.
14. Miskiewicz M, Lachowicz J, Tysiac P, Jaskula P, Wilde K. The application of non-destructive methods in the diagnostics of the approach pavement at the bridges. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 356. 2018; 8 р. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/356/1/012023
15. Mardeni R, Raja Abdullah R, Shafri HZM. Road pavement density analysis using a new non-destructive ground penetrating radar system. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B. 2010;21:399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERB10032202
16. Al-Qadi IL, Lahouar S. Measuring layer thicknesses with GPR: Theory to practice. Construction and Building Materials. 2005;19:763–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.005
17. Stryk Josef. Road diagnostics - ground penetrating radar possibilities. Intersections Journal. 2008;5(1):9.
18. Krysiński Lech, Sudyka Jacek. GPR abilities in investigation of the pavement transversal cracks. Journal of Applied Geophysics. 2013;97:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.03.010
19. Benedetto Andrea, Pajewski Lara. Civil engineering applications of ground penetrating radar. Springer. 2015; 371 р.
20. Saarenketo T. Electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar in traffic infrastructure surveys. PhD thesis, Faculty of Science. Department of Geosciences. University of Oulu. 2006; 127 p.
21. Noor Ahmad. Crack detection in asphalt pavements by means of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Institut für Straßenwesen Braunschweig. 2016; 153 р. https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201712080942
22. AI-Qadi I, Lahouar S, Jiang K, McGhee KK, Mokarem D. Accuracy of ground penetrating radar for estimating rigid and flexible pavement layer thicknesses, Transportation research record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1940. Washington, D.C. 2005; pp. 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194000109
23. Utility model patent. 81296 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01C 23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01). The method of detection and determination of locations, including subsurface cracks in the asphalt concrete coating / Batrakova A.G., Batrakov D.O., Pochanin G.P.; applicant and patent holder Batrakova A.G., Batrakov D.O., Pochanin G.P., Orlenko O.A. – u201300256; statement 08.01.2013; published 25.06.2013, Bul. No. 12/2013. (In Ukrainian)
24. Ground penetrating radar, theory and applications. Jol Harry M. (Editor). Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. 2009; 508 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.X0001-4
25. Levatti H, Prat P, Ledesma A, Cuadrado A, Cordero J. Experimental analysis of 3D cracking in drying soils using ground-penetrating radar. Geotechnical Testing Journal 40. 2017;2:221-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160066
26. Annan AP. Electromagnetic principles of GPR. In: Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications. 1st edition, Elsevier Science. Amsterdam; 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.00001-6
27. Uus A, Liatsis P, Slabaugh GG, Anagnostis A, Roberts S, Twist S. Trend Deviation Analysis for Automated Detection of Defects in GPR Data for Road Condition Surveys. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWSSIP.2016.7502765
28. Sandmeier KJ. REFLEXW Version 9.5: Windows™ XP/7/8/10-program for the processing of seismic, acoustic or electromagnetic reflection, refraction and transmission data [software]. Karlsruhe (Germany): Dr. K.J. Sandmeier; Copyright 1998-2020. Available from: www.sandmeier-geo.de/Download/reflexw_manual_a4_booklet.pdf.
29. Sun M, Pan J, Cedric Le Bastard, Wang Y, Li J. Advanced Signal Processing Methods for Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications to Civil Engineering. 2019 Jul 1;36(4):74–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2019.2900454
30. Solla M, X. Núñez-Nieto, M. Varela-González, Joaquín Martínez-Sánchez, Arias P. GPR for road inspection: Georeferencing and efficient approach to data processing and visualization. 2014 Jun 1; pp. 913-918. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2014.6970559
31. Miskiewicz M, Lachowicz J, Tysiac P, Jaskula P, Wilde K. The application of non-destructive methods in the diagnostics of the approach pavement at the bridges. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018 May;356:012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/356/1/012023
32. Abdel-Qader I, Krause V, Abu-Amara F, Abudayyeh O. Comparative Study of Deconvolution Algorithms for GPR Bridge Deck Imaging. WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processingю 2014;10:20-31.
33. Abu-amara F. An automated framework for defect detection in concrete bridge decks using fractals and independent component analysis. PhD Thesis, Western Michigan University. 2010.
34. Colagrande S, Ranalli D, Tallini M. Ground Penetrating Radar Assessment of Flexible Road Pavement Degradation. International Journal of Geophysics. 2011;2011:1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/989136
35. Cao Y, Guzina BB, Labuz JF. Pavement Evaluation Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Minnesota Department of Transportation. 2008.
36. Liu H, Ling T, Zhang L, Gu D, Cao F. An improved predictive deconvolution based on wavelet analysis for GPR signal processing. 2019 Jun 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FENDT47723.2019.8962690
37. Singh AP, Sharma A, Mishra R, Wagle M, Sarkar AK. Pavement condition assessment using soft computing techniques. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. 2018 Nov;11(6):564–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.12.006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1996681417301487)
38. Budiman P.A. Rohrnan, Masahiko Niahirnoto. Estimation of Near-Surface Soil Moisture Through GPR Signal Processing Based on Multi-Scaled Spectral Feature Weighting. 2018 Aug 1; https://doi.org/10.23919/PIERS.2018.8598023
39. Dera Abdallah Alhadi. Assessment of highway condition using combined geophysical surveys. Doctoral Dissertations. Faculty of the Graduate School of the Missouri university of science and technology. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree doctor of philosophy in geological engineering. 2016.
40. Francisco F, Jorge P, Mercedes S, Mattia F, Andrea B, Luca C. GPR dipoles orientation in road pavement cracking identification. 20th EGU General Assembly. Proceedings from the conference held 4-13 April, 2018. Vienna, Austria. p.16166
41. Shi-li Guo, Fei Yan, Pei-min Zhu, Xiu-zhong Li. Numerical study on response of ground penetrating radar wave field to crack width. Progress in Geophysics.2016;31:(04). https://doi.org/10.6038/pg20160451
42. Fernandes FM, Pais JC. Laboratory observation of cracks in road pavements with GPR Construction and Building Materials. 2017;154:1130-1138. http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.022
43. Patent for a utility model. 108136 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01С23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01). The method of detecting subsurface cracks in the asphalt concrete road surface during the movement of the diagnostic laboratory in the traffic flow / Batrakov D.O., Urdzik S.M., Pochanin G.P., Batrakova A.G.; – a201511191; statement 11/13/2015; published 27.03.2017, Bul. No. 6/2017. (In Ukrainian)
44. Patent for an invention. 113916 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01C 23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01) The method of detecting subsurface cracks in the asphalt concrete road surface during the movement of the diagnostic laboratory in the traffic flow / Batrakov D.O., Urdzik S.M., Pochanin H. .P., Batrakova A.G.; – a201511191; statement 11/13/2015; published 27.03.2017, Bul. No. 6/2017 (In Ukrainian)
45. Batrakov D, Beloshenko K, Antyufeyeva M, Batrakova A, Urdzik S. Comparative study of signal processing of two uwb gpr antenna units. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering. 2019;78:109-116. https://doi.org/10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v78.i2.20
46. Batrakov DO, Batrakova AG, Urdzik SN, Danielyan VR. Nondestructive diagnostics and detection of subsurface cracks in non-rigid pavements with GPR. Diagnostyka. 2021;22(2):85-95. https://doi.org/10.29354/diag/137915
Published
2022-11-02
Cited
How to Cite
Batrakov, D., Antyufeyeva, M., BatrakovaА., & Urdzik, S. (2022). Overview of modern methods of processing georadar signals in tasks of defectoscopy. Visnyk of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series “Radio Physics and Electronics”, (37), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.26565/2311-0872-2022-37-01
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Original Article
