The appearance of «intelligence» in self-propelled bots
Abstract
Relevance. Nowadays, the study of the behavior and properties of active matter, which corresponds to the collective behavior of self-moving elements, is very promising field of research. Active matter is widespread in nature and is used in various modern technologies.
Objective. To study the collective behavior of mobile bots in a simple maze and to determine the distinctive trends in the single bots exiting from the maze as their number increases.
Research methods. To perform the research, mobile bots have been created and their behavior in the maze has been analyzed. Their positions and interactions were recorded on a video, and processed to obtain the necessary data.
Results. The research revealed the existence of an optimal number of bots in the maze for which the average time to exit the maze is minimal. The determined dependence of the probability of bots leaving the maze is non-monotonic, and there is a number of bots for which this probability is minimal. It has been determined that with 12 bots in the maze, both the average exit time and the exit probability are minimal. Thus, with this number of bots, a small number of bots quickly exit the maze. A quantitative measure of bot intelligence, the intelligence coefficient, is proposed. There exists an optimal number of bots that maximizes the measure of «intelligence» concerning the task of exiting from the maze. Both a decrease and an increase in the number of bots lead to a reduction in the «intelligence» of the bot collective. The measure of the «intelligence» of a bot collective surpasses that of an individual bot.
Conclusions. In this work, we have considered the groups of self-moving bots exiting the maze and the typical quantitative characteristics that allowed us to determine the main dependencies of their behavior.
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S. Ramaswamy, «The Mechanics and Statistics of Active Matter». Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, 2010. p.323–345. URL: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104101
Aoki A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 48(8), 1982. p.1081-1088. URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/48/8/48_8_1081/_article
W. Reynolds. Flocks, herds, and schools, A distributed behavioral model, In Computer Graphics, pages 25-34, 1987. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/37402.37406
T.Vicsek, A.Zafeiris, Collective motion. Physics Reports. 517 (3), 2012. p.71–140. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.5017
M.Rubenstein, A.Cornejo, R.Nagpal, Robotics. Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm, Science, 345(6198), p.795-9, 2014. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124435/
Shannon C.E., Presentation of a maze-solving machine, Cybernetics. Trans of the 8th conf. of the Josian Macy Jr. Found (Ed-H. v. Foerster), Nl, 1952. p.173-180. URL: https://www.kuenzigbooks.com/pages/books/28624/claude-shannon-elwood/presentation-of-a-maze-solving-machine-reproduced-paper
K.Dоpp, Automaten in labirinthen I, Electronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik, v.7, No.2, 1971. p.79-94. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eik/Dopp71
K.Dоpp, Automaten in labirinthen II, Electronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik, v.7, No.3, 1971. p.167-190. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eik/Dopp71a
H.Muller, Automata catching labyrinths with at most three components, Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik, v.15, No.1/2, 1979. p.3-9. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eik/Muller79
H.Antelmann, L.Budach, H.A.Rollik, On universale traps, Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik, v.15, No.3, 1979. p.123-131. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eik/AntelmannBR79
G.Asser, Bemerkungen zum labirinth-problem, Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik, v.13, No.4,5, 1977. p.203-216. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/journals/eik/Asser77
R.Danecki, M.Karpinski, Decidability results on plane automata searching mazes, Proc. 2nd Int. FCT’7-9 Berlin: Conf. Akademie Verlag, 1979. p.84-91. URL: https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fct/DaneckiK79
M.Blum , C.Hewitt, Automata on a 2-dimensional tape, IEEE Conference Record, 8th Annual Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory, 1967. p.155-160. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/FOCS.1967.6
D.M. Naplekov, V. V. Yanovsky, Thin structure of transit time distributions of open billiards, Phys. Rev. E 97, 012213(8), 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.97.012213
D. Yamada, T. Hondou, and M. Sano, Coherent dynamics of an asymmetric particle in a vertically vibrating bed, Phys. Rev. E 67, 040301R (2003). URL: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.040301
J.Deseigne, O.Dauchot, R.Chaté, Collective Motion of Vibrated Polar Disks, Physical Review Letters. 105 (9), 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.098001
Rita L. Atkinson, Richard C. Atkinson, Edward E. Smith, Daryl J. Bem, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. "Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology. History, Theory, Research, and Applications", 13th ed., 2000. URL: https://invent.ilmkidunya.com/images/Section/introduction-to-psychology-css-psychology-book.pdf
