Nigeria’s monetary and quasi-fiscal operations and it’s impact on the economy
Abstract
This paper investigates Nigeria’s monetary and quasi-fiscal operations and its impact on the economy. Through a comprehensive analysis of survey data and relevant literature, the study examines the effectiveness of CBN’s policies in stimulating GDP growth, managing inflation, and maintaining exchange rate stability. The research employs quantitative methods, including survey questionnaires conducted among stakeholders and econometric analysis of macroeconomic indicators. Findings indicate that CBN’s monetary interventions, particularly direct credit interventions, significantly contribute to GDP growth by stimulating economic activities, especially in critical sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing. However, challenges persist in effectively managing inflationary pressures exacerbated by quasi-fiscal measures that increase money supply and aggregate demand. Mixed perceptions regarding CBN’s effectiveness in maintaining exchange rate stability highlight the complexities of external economic factors impacting currency fluctuations. Sector-specific analyses reveal varied impacts across industries, emphasizing the need for tailored policies to address sector-specific challenges. Recommendations include enhancing transparency and accountability in CBN’s operations, strengthening direct credit interventions, and adopting targeted inflation control measures.
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Adegboyo, O. S., Keji, S. A., & Fasina, O. T. (2021). The impact of government policies on Nigeria economic growth (case of fiscal, monetary and trade policies). Future Business Journal, 7(1), 59.
Adeleke, A. O. (2022). MP Shocks and Credit Behavior of Other Depository Corporations in Nigeria. Walden University.
Adeyemo, A. A. & Adewale, A. A., (2024). Impact Of Central Bank of Nigeria on Nigerian Economic Stabilisation. Berjaya Journal of Service and Management, Vol. 22, July 2024, 41 – 5. https://journal.berjaya.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/04-IMPACT-OF-CENTRAL-BANK-OF-NIGERIA-ON-NIGERIAN-ECONOMIC-STABILISATION.pdf
Afonso, A., Alves, J., & Balhote, R. (2019). Interactions between monetary and fiscal policies. Journal of applied Economics, 22(1), 132-151.
Akpoghelie, E. O. (2022). The Impact of Monetary and Fiscal Policies on the Performance of the Industrial Sector in Nigeria: A Bounds Test Approach. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(4), 1-22.
Bello, K. M. (2024). Parallel exchange rate market and macroeconomic performance in Nigeria: SVAR approach. SN Business & Economics, 4(11), 1-24.
Benedicta, O. (2017). Effect of budget deficit on fiscal administration in Nigeria: 1990-2019 in focus. International journal of economic perspectives, 11(1), 100-114.
Benmelech, E., & Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). The determinants of fiscal and monetary policies during the COVID-19 crisis (No. w27461). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chugunov, I., Pasichnyi, M., Koroviy, V., Kaneva, T., & Nikitishin, A. (2021). Fiscal and monetary policy of economic development. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 42-42.
Danylyshyn, D., Dubyna, M., Zabashtanskyi, M., Ostrovska, N., Blishchuk, K., & Kozak, I. (2021). Innovative instruments of monetary and fiscal policy.
Effiong, U. E., Arinze, N. P., & Okon, J. I. (2022). Monetary and fiscal policy interactions and exchange rate movements in Nigeria. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics (IJNRMME), 9(2), 46-64.
Effiong, U., & Okon, J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Stimulating Real Sector Output in Nigeria: The Need for Monetary-Fiscal Coordination. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 3(5), 94-127.
Fiedler, S., Gern, K. J., & Stolzenburg, U. (2020). Blurred boundaries between monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary fiscal nexus after the crisis: Compilation of papers. Luxembourg: European Parliament, 5-28.
GBADAMOSI, Y. A. (2022). Impact of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Cashless Policy on Financial Liberalization of the Nigerian Economy.
George-Anokwuru, C. C. (2022). Fiscal policy and misery index in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 10(6), 26-42.
Joel, O. C. (2021). Impact of fiscal policy on the growth of Nigerian economy. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 7(2), 62-76.
Junior, C. J. C., Garcia-Cintado, A. C., & Junior, K. M. (2022). A modern approach to monetary and fiscal policy. International Review of Economics Education, 39, 100232.
Lawal, I. M., Manga, I. U., & Imam, U. B. (2022). Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) non-interest intervention funds: Opportunities and challenges.
Lawrence, A. O. (2023). The impact of central bank of Nigeria's intervention programmes on effectiveness of monetary policies.
Maccarthy, M. I. T., Abolo, A. P., & Ogullah S.B. (2022). Electronic Tax System And Tax Revenue Efficiency In Nigeria 2008-2021. BW Academic Journal, 22-22.
Martin, T., Ondra, V., & Dominik, K. (2022). The Role of Fiscal vs Monetary Policy in Modern Economics. Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal, 3(2), 329-341.
Mobosi, I. A., & Okonta, P. O. (2024). Revenue structure and budgetary choice in Nigeria: implication for fiscal sustainability of the states government. International Tax and Public Finance, 1-23.
Muhafidin, D. (2020). The role of fiscal policy and monetary policy in environmental degradation in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 504-510.
Nuru, N. Y. (2020). Monetary and fiscal policy effects in South African economy. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(4), 625-638.
Okodugha, N. (2021). Central bank of Nigeria, corporate, University of East London).
Okotori, T., & Gbalam, E. (2020). CBN monetary policy and inflation nexus in Nigeria: an empirical approach.
Olakojo, S. A., Onanuga, A. T., & Onanuga, O. T. (2021). Cyclical fluctuations of economic growth and monetary policy in Nigeria: does fiscal policy also matter?. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(1), 34-55.
Olawoye, S., & Erediauwa, A. O. (2023). Monetary policy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of the Central Bank of Nigeria. In COVID-19 and the Response of Central Banks (pp. 85-103). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Onwuka, C. E. (2021). The impact of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment rate in Nigeria. Available at SSRN 3959996.
Osagioduwa, L. O., Solomon, O. O., & Fumilayo, O. (2022). Central Bank of Nigeria and Nigerian Economy in the 21st Century. The Journal of Accounting and Management, 12(2).
Ozili, P. K. (2024). Economic policy for sustainable development: role of monetary policy, fiscal policy and regulatory policy. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4(4), 2625-2656.
Popoola, M. A., Adewole, J., Olorunmade, G., & Adewale, A. A. (2023). Effect of monetary policy instruments on commercial banks rural financing in Nigeria. Journal of Perspectives in Management – JPM, 7, e257161. https://doi.org/10.51359/2594-8040.2023.257161
Titiloye, T., & Ishola, V. (2020). Effect of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1989-2018): A Time Series Analysis. Available at SSRN 3706157.
Toby, A. J., Emmanuel, F. B., & Akani, E. N. (2024). FISCAL DIVERSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE OF DIVERSIFIED GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA. STATE UNIVERSITY, 1(1).
Popoola, M. A., Adewole, J., Olorunmade, G., & Adewale, A. A. (2023)Tule, M. K., Onipede, S. F., & Ebuh, G. U. (2020). Monetary and fiscal policy mix in a small open economy: Evidence from Nigeria. Scientific African, 8, e00346.
Uddin, GE, Monehin, AO & Osuji, E. (2020) Strengthening Financial System Regulation: The Nigerian Case. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 9(4), 286-310.
UZODINMA, E. S., & RUSSELL, O. (2020). FISCAL POLICY AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR OUTPUT IN NIGERIA (1981-2020)
Wayas, J. P., Onmonya, L., & Ebire, K. (2024). Do subnational public finance components affect states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria? International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 9(6), 4.
Adegboyo, O. S., Keji, S. A., & Fasina, O. T. (2021). The impact of government policies on Nigeria economic growth (case of fiscal, monetary and trade policies). Future Business Journal, 7(1), 59.
Adeleke, A. O. (2022). MP Shocks and Credit Behavior of Other Depository Corporations in Nigeria. Walden University.
Adeyemo, A. A. & Adewale, A. A., (2024). Impact Of Central Bank of Nigeria on Nigerian Economic Stabilisation. Berjaya Journal of Service and Management, Vol. 22, July 2024, 41 – 5. https://journal.berjaya.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/04-IMPACT-OF-CENTRAL-BANK-OF-NIGERIA-ON-NIGERIAN-ECONOMIC-STABILISATION.pdf
Afonso, A., Alves, J., & Balhote, R. (2019). Interactions between monetary and fiscal policies. Journal of applied Economics, 22(1), 132-151.
Akpoghelie, E. O. (2022). The Impact of Monetary and Fiscal Policies on the Performance of the Industrial Sector in Nigeria: A Bounds Test Approach. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(4), 1-22.
Bello, K. M. (2024). Parallel exchange rate market and macroeconomic performance in Nigeria: SVAR approach. SN Business & Economics, 4(11), 1-24.
Benedicta, O. (2017). Effect of budget deficit on fiscal administration in Nigeria: 1990-2019 in focus. International journal of economic perspectives, 11(1), 100-114.
Benmelech, E., & Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). The determinants of fiscal and monetary policies during the COVID-19 crisis (No. w27461). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chugunov, I., Pasichnyi, M., Koroviy, V., Kaneva, T., & Nikitishin, A. (2021). Fiscal and monetary policy of economic development. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 42-42.
Danylyshyn, D., Dubyna, M., Zabashtanskyi, M., Ostrovska, N., Blishchuk, K., & Kozak, I. (2021). Innovative instruments of monetary and fiscal policy.
Effiong, U. E., Arinze, N. P., & Okon, J. I. (2022). Monetary and fiscal policy interactions and exchange rate movements in Nigeria. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics (IJNRMME), 9(2), 46-64.
Effiong, U., & Okon, J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Stimulating Real Sector Output in Nigeria: The Need for Monetary-Fiscal Coordination. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 3(5), 94-127.
Fiedler, S., Gern, K. J., & Stolzenburg, U. (2020). Blurred boundaries between monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary fiscal nexus after the crisis: Compilation of papers. Luxembourg: European Parliament, 5-28.
GBADAMOSI, Y. A. (2022). Impact of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Cashless Policy on Financial Liberalization of the Nigerian Economy.
George-Anokwuru, C. C. (2022). Fiscal policy and misery index in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 10(6), 26-42.
Joel, O. C. (2021). Impact of fiscal policy on the growth of Nigerian economy. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, 7(2), 62-76.
Junior, C. J. C., Garcia-Cintado, A. C., & Junior, K. M. (2022). A modern approach to monetary and fiscal policy. International Review of Economics Education, 39, 100232.
Lawal, I. M., Manga, I. U., & Imam, U. B. (2022). Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) non-interest intervention funds: Opportunities and challenges.
Lawrence, A. O. (2023). The impact of central bank of Nigeria's intervention programmes on effectiveness of monetary policies.
Maccarthy, M. I. T., Abolo, A. P., & Ogullah S.B. (2022). Electronic Tax System And Tax Revenue Efficiency In Nigeria 2008-2021. BW Academic Journal, 22-22.
Martin, T., Ondra, V., & Dominik, K. (2022). The Role of Fiscal vs Monetary Policy in Modern Economics. Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal, 3(2), 329-341.
Mobosi, I. A., & Okonta, P. O. (2024). Revenue structure and budgetary choice in Nigeria: implication for fiscal sustainability of the states government. International Tax and Public Finance, 1-23.
Muhafidin, D. (2020). The role of fiscal policy and monetary policy in environmental degradation in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 504-510.
Nuru, N. Y. (2020). Monetary and fiscal policy effects in South African economy. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(4), 625-638.
Okodugha, N. (2021). Central bank of Nigeria, corporate, University of East London).
Okotori, T., & Gbalam, E. (2020). CBN monetary policy and inflation nexus in Nigeria: an empirical approach.
Olakojo, S. A., Onanuga, A. T., & Onanuga, O. T. (2021). Cyclical fluctuations of economic growth and monetary policy in Nigeria: does fiscal policy also matter?. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(1), 34-55.
Olawoye, S., & Erediauwa, A. O. (2023). Monetary policy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of the Central Bank of Nigeria. In COVID-19 and the Response of Central Banks (pp. 85-103). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Onwuka, C. E. (2021). The impact of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment rate in Nigeria. Available at SSRN 3959996.
Osagioduwa, L. O., Solomon, O. O., & Fumilayo, O. (2022). Central Bank of Nigeria and Nigerian Economy in the 21st Century. The Journal of Accounting and Management, 12(2).
Ozili, P. K. (2024). Economic policy for sustainable development: role of monetary policy, fiscal policy and regulatory policy. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 4(4), 2625-2656.
Popoola, M. A., Adewole, J., Olorunmade, G., & Adewale, A. A. (2023). Effect of monetary policy instruments on commercial banks rural financing in Nigeria. Journal of Perspectives in Management – JPM, 7, e257161. https://doi.org/10.51359/2594-8040.2023.257161
Titiloye, T., & Ishola, V. (2020). Effect of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1989-2018): A Time Series Analysis. Available at SSRN 3706157.
Toby, A. J., Emmanuel, F. B., & Akani, E. N. (2024). FISCAL DIVERSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE OF DIVERSIFIED GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE IN NIGERIA. STATE UNIVERSITY, 1(1).
Popoola, M. A., Adewole, J., Olorunmade, G., & Adewale, A. A. (2023)Tule, M. K., Onipede, S. F., & Ebuh, G. U. (2020). Monetary and fiscal policy mix in a small open economy: Evidence from Nigeria. Scientific African, 8, e00346.
Uddin, GE, Monehin, AO & Osuji, E. (2020) Strengthening Financial System Regulation: The Nigerian Case. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 9(4), 286-310.
UZODINMA, E. S., & RUSSELL, O. (2020). FISCAL POLICY AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR OUTPUT IN NIGERIA (1981-2020)
Wayas, J. P., Onmonya, L., & Ebire, K. (2024). Do subnational public finance components affect states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria? International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 9(6), 4.
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