Dueling in the Russian Empire: Law and Punishment
Keywords:
duel, dueling legislation, Russian Empire
Abstract
The first anti-dueling norms, setting forth draconian penalties for offenders, appeared in Russian law at the beginning of the 18th century. In particular, according to the “Patent on Dueling and Starting Quarrels” (1716), participation in a duel was punished by death. This approach proved to be quite effective – only three duels were recorded in the Petrine era. The increase in their frequency in the days of Catherine II led to further regulatory efforts, which resulted in the publication of a “Manifesto on Duels” (1787). It mostly retained harsh penalties for engaging in duels. The reign of Alexander I was generally characterized by a rather lenient attitude towards this practice on the part of the emperor, although there were cases of prosecution. In the era of Nicholas I, the punishment for participating in a duel usually depended on the sovereign’s decision, because of the precedence of legal authority (which belonged to the ruler) over legal norm in the Russian Empire. Various sources confirm that the emperor generally sought to clarify the circumstances of each particular conflict and to mete out sanction according to the fault of each participant. That is why it was often not even the duelists, but the seconds who were treated with more severity. Church penitence also became a common form of punishment at this time, which was in complete agreement with the modern-era trend of aiming the criminal procedure “not at the body, but at the soul” of the offender. The section “On Duels” in the “Regulation on Punishments” (1845) reflected the general tendency towards the liberalization of criminal law in the empire. During the reign of Alexander II, neither the incidence of duels nor the monarch’s attitude to their participants changed significantly. In 1871, only one official document barely hinted at the possibility of radical change in dueling legislation. However, this view soon found expression in the law of 1894, which legalized duels in officer circles. In conclusion, the author discusses the precedent-based nature of dueling legislation in the Russian Empire.
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References
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GARF, f. 109, op. 80, d. 89. Po prosbe pomeschika Adama Przhigodskogo, prigovorennogo za ubivstvo na duéli pomeshchika Lanevskogo-Volka k vyderzhaniiu tri goda kreposti o zhelanii ego prosluzhit’ onoe vremia riadovym v deistvuiushchei armii, 5 l. (In Russian)
GARF, f. 109, op. 3a, d. 2760. Vypiska iz pisma Nabokova N. iz s. Niknian, Pskovskoi gubernii Nabokovu D. N. v Peterburg s prosboi soobschit’ o rezul’tatakh duéli ego syna Nabokova F. s baronom Korfom, zhenivshimsia na ego docheri i rasprostraniavshim komprometiruiushchie eё slukhi, i vypiska iz pis’ma Nabokova D. N. Glebovu v Parizh ob étom zhe, 7 l. (In Russian)
GARF, f. 109, op. 3a, d. 2783. Zapiska i otnoshenie peterburgskomu ober-politsmeisteru o komandirovanii zhandarmov na mesto sbora lits, namerevavshihsia uchastvovat’ v duéli mezhdu grafom Buksgevdenom V. P. i grafom Tsukatto E. M. i o peredache etogo dela v sudebnye instantsii, 11 l. (In Russian)
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Kliuchevskii, V. O. Kurs russkoi istorii. Ch. 5. V: Sochineniia v 9 t. T. 5. Moskva, 1989. (In Russian)
Kutuzov M. I. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, t. 1. Moskva, 1950. (In Russian)
Livenson. Poedinok v zakonodatel’stve i nauke. Sankt-Peterburg, 1900. (In Russian)
Lotman, Yu. M. Besedy o russkoi kul’ture: Byt i traditsii russkogo dvorianstva (XVIII – nachalo XIX veka). Sankt-Peterburg, 2011. (In Russian)
Manifest o poedinkakh. V: Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. Sobr. 1-e. T. 22. Sankt-Peterburg, 1830, s. 839-846. (In Russian)
Marienko, N. Yu. Pravila o razbiratelstve ssor, sluchaiushchikhsia v ofitserskoi srede: znachenie i posledstviia izmeneniia duél’nogo zakonodatel’stva. Visnyk Kharkivs’koho natsional’noho universytetu imeni V. N. Karazina. Seriia “Istoriia” [The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History], vyp. 56, 2019, s. 78-88. (In Russian)
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Markov, A. L. Poedinki v russkoi armii. V: Novyi chasovoi. Russkii voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1999, s. 231-239. (In Russian)
Nakaz ee imperatorskogo velichestva Ekateriny Vtoroi, samoderzhitsy vserossiiskoi, dannyi Komissii o sochinenii proekta Novogo ulozheniia, s prinadlezhashchimi k tomu prilozheniiami. Sankt-Peterburg, 1770. (In Russian)
Ogarkov, V. V. Vorontsovy, ikh zhizn i obshchestvennaia deiatel’nost’. Sankt-Peterburg, 1892. (In Russian)
Omelchenko, O. A. «Zakonnaia monarhiia» Ekateriny Vtoroi: Prosveshchennyi absoliutizm v Rossii. Moskva, 1993. (In Russian)
Opisanie del Arhiva Morskogo Ministerstva. Za vremia s poloviny XVII do nachala XIX stoletiia, t. 1. Sankt-Peterburg, 1877. (In Russian)
Patent o poedinkakh i nachinanii ssor. V: Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. Sobr. 1-e. T. 5. Sankt-Peterburg, 1830, s. 260-264. (In Russian)
Pisma i bumagi imperatora Petra Velikogo, t. 2. Sankt-Peterburg, 1889. (In Russian)
Po povodu zapisok I. D. Iakushkina i stat’i o nikh P. N. Svistunova: v) Otpoved’ P. N. Svistunova. Russkii arhiv, no. 2, 1871, s. 345. (In Russian)
Pravila o razbiratelstve ssor, sluchaiushchihsia v ofitserskoi srede. V: Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. Sobr. 3-e. T. 14. Sankt-Peterburg, 1898, s. 258-260. (In Russian)
Pushkin, A. S. Pisma. T. 2. 1826-1830. Moskva-Leningrad, 1928. (In Russian)
Réi, M.-P. 1814. Tsar’ v Parizhe. Moskva, 2017. (In Russian)
Reifman, I. Ritualizovannaia agressiia: Duél v russkoi kul’ture i literature. Moskva, 2002. (In Russian)
Rozen, A. E. Ocherk famil’noi istorii baronov fon Rozen. Sankt-Peterburg, 1876. (In Russian)
Rummel’, V. V. Rodoslovnyi sbornik russkikh dvorianskikh familii, t. 2. Sankt-Peterburg, 1887. (In Russian)
Russkie ugolovnye protsessy, t. 1. Sankt-Peterburg, 1866. (In Russian)
Russkie ugolovnye protsessy, t. 2. Sankt-Peterburg, 1867. (In Russian)
Russkie ugolovnye protsessy, t. 4. Sankt-Peterburg, 1868. (In Russian)
Ruzhitskaia, I. V. Zakonodatel’naia deiatel’nost’ v tsarstvovanie imperatora Nikolaia I. Moskva-Sankt-Peterburg, 2015. (In Russian)
Sbornik biografii kavalergardov, kn. 3 (1801-1826). Sankt-Peterburg, 1906. (In Russian)
Sbornik biografii kavalergardov, kn. 4 (1826-1908). Sankt-Peterburg, 1908. (In Russian)
Suvorov, N. S. O tserkovnykh nakazaniiah. Sankt-Peterburg, 1876. (In Russian)
Tagantsev, N. S. Karatel’naia deiatel’nost’ gosudarstva i ee granitsy. Sankt-Peterburg, 1882. (In Russian)
Tsekhanovetskii, V. P. Istoriya 18-go Dragunskogo Klyastitskogo polka. Varshava, 1886. (In Russian)
Viazemskii, P. A. Zapisnyie knizhki. Moskva, 1963. (In Russian)
Vostrikov, A. Kniga o russkoy dueli. Sankt-Peterburg, 2004. (In Russian)
Zapiski Sergeia Grigor’evicha Volkonskogo (dekabrista). Sankt-Peterburg, 1901. (In Russian)
Published
2021-06-29
How to Cite
Marienko, M. (2021). Dueling in the Russian Empire: Law and Punishment. The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series History, (59), 41-70. https://doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2021-59-03
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Copyright (c) 2021 Mykyta Marienko
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