Використання ентропійного підходу в системах моніторингу водних ресурсів
Анотація
Ефективне управління водними ресурсами можливе тільки при ефективно організованій системі моніторингу. З появою та розвитком теорії інформації концепція інформаційної ентропії знайшла своє місце і в галузі розробки мереж моніторингу вод. В статті проведено аналіз досліджень прикладів реалізації побудови систем моніторингу вод на основі ентропії. Продемонстровано використання різних методів теорії інформації та їх адаптації для використання в проектуванні систем моніторингу, при чому метою методів проектування є вибір пунктів моніторингу, які надають найбільше інформації для мережі моніторингу. Завдяки ретельному тестуванню теорія інформації виявилася надійним інструментом для оцінки та проектування оптимальних систем моніторингу вод. Узагальнено терміни ентропії, що використовувалися при побудові систем моніторингу вод. Розглянуто останні застосування концепції ентропії для проектів систем моніторингу води, які класифікуються на опади; стік і рівень води; якість води; вологість ґрунту та підземні води. Також висвітлено інтегрований метод проектування багатофакторних систем моніторингу. Перевага ентропійного підходу полягає в тому, що систему моніторингу водних ресурсів можливо побудувати на підставі контрольованої мережею інформації. Це може відрізнятися від заданої щільності станцій, запропонованої в керівних нормативних документах. Мережа може бути краще пристосована до конкретного використання або оптимізована для забезпечення найбільшої ефективності при щільності, нижчій від тієї, що пропонуються в нормативних рекомендаціях. Висвітлено проблеми, що стосуються оцінки оптимального дизайну мережі, зокрема, оптимальний дизайн мережі моніторингу можна побудувати на основі заданих критеріїв проектування, однак практичне застосування нової оптимальної мережі моніторингу рідко оцінюється в гідрологічній чи іншій моделі. Також, важливо обґрунтувати переваги проектування мереж на основі ентропії, щоб переконати осіб, які приймають рішення, у важливості застосування ентропійних підходів. Інша проблема полягає в тому, мережа може бути суб’єктивною, ґрунтуючись на виборі, зробленому під час обчислення ентропії, і обраному методі проектування, особливо коли в проекті враховуються додаткові цільові функції. Незважаючи на наявні джерела суб’єктивності, ентропійні методи залишаються одним із найбільш об’єктивних підходів до проектування мережі.
Завантаження
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