Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series Geology. Geography. Ecology

Mineralogical and geochemical proxies of Miocene sediments of Eastern Azerbaijan: Provenance and oil-bearing

Elnur Baloglanov — 2025-06-01

Problem statement. This study explores unconventional hydrocarbon resources in East Azerbaijan, focusing on oil-bearing rocks in the Cheyildere and Gyrgyshlag-Girdagh areas. It examines the spatial and temporal distribution of minerals and chemical compositions in Miocene formations. Terrigenous quartz types identified in the Maikop (Lower Miocene), Chokrak (Lower Miocene), and Diatom (Middle to Upper Miocene) formations provide insights into sedimentological maturity. Geochemical classification and tectonic discriminant diagrams help interpret the protoliths of these sediments. The study also evaluates how mineralogy and moisture affect oil-bearing potential, offering useful data for future exploration and resource management.

Purpose. This study aims to explore the genesis and potential of oil-bearing deposits of the Miocene age in East Azerbaijan by characterizing the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical proxies of samples collected from outcrops across various regions.

Methods. The mineralogical composition of samples was analyzed using a MiniFlex 600 diffractometer. Chemical composition was determined using S8 TIGER Series 2 and Agilent 7700 Series ICP-MS spectrometers.

Results. The geological characteristics of oil-bearing deposits from the Miocene stratigraphic unit were thoroughly analyzed, providing new insights into the distribution patterns of oil-bearing formations and strata within the studied areas. The mineralogical composition was examined in detail, focusing on the spatial and temporal variations in mineral distribution across different formations of Miocene. The chemical composition reveals significant differences between formations in terms of elemental signatures. The study of the chemical proxies enabled the identification of specific terrigenous quartz types. Additionally, the research assessed the influence of mineralogical composition, moisture and oil content on the oil-bearing capacity. The results demonstrated a clear relationship between the mineralogical characteristics and the oil-bearing potential of the rocks.

Conclusions. The Chokrak Formation is of particular interest due to its significant oil-bearing potential, with total thicknesses of up to 40 meters in Miocene outcrops studied in the areas of Cheyildere and Gyrgyshlag-Girdagh. Compared to other areas, the Chokrak Formation is dominated by quartz minerals (>70%), while the oil-bearing rocks of this formation contain fewer clay minerals and no carbonate minerals. The Upper Maikop deposits are characterized by calcite, and the Diatom deposits by dolomite.

Most oil-bearing rocks of Maikop and Diatom age correlate with greywacke and litharenite, while Chokrak rocks with higher silicon content show a connection with subarkose and sublitharenites. For Diatom oil-bearing rocks, in addition to quartzitic sedimentary sources, some moderate and acidic magmatic rocks can also be considered. Chokrak horizon deposits, rich in quartz, have a more mature mineralogical nature. These deposits, associated with passive continental margins, are typically linked to the interior of cratons or recycled orogenic regions, suggesting long-distance transport.

Relatively moist samples containing clay and carbonate minerals exhibit a significantly higher oil accumulation potential than samples with high quartz content. From this perspective, the marly rocks of the Meotis are of particular interest.

Tectonic Evolution of the Intra-plate Structures of Sarmatia in the Phanerozoic. 2. Tectonic frameworks of deformations

Oleksii Bartaschuk — 2025-06-01

Objective. Based on data from the Dnieper-Donetsk Aulacogene, the role of different-age systems of crustal faults as tectonic frameworks of deformations of the Sarmatian plate was investigated.

Methods. An integrated method for reconstructing the stress-strain state of the crust was proposed based on geoinformation technologies, morphometric, tectonophysical methods, and comparative structural analysis of discontinuous and folded deformations.

Results. Four main fault systems were identified in the pre-Rifean basement and Phanerozoic sedimentary cover of the Aulacogene. There are pre-Rifean cratonic, Paleozoic riftogenic, and two post-rift systems of early (Laramian phase, Senonian-Early Eocene) and recent (Attic phase, Neogene-Quarter) Cenozoic activation. It is established that Paleozoic tectonites formed a riftogenic lattice and a framework of the Hercynian (Zaalian phase) folding of the Dnieper Graben cover. It is found that the inversion deformations of the Aulacogene are controlled by the frameworks of reactivated pre-Rifean and Cenozoic tectonites, which are unconformably superimposed on rift lines. Previous ideas about the direct reactivation of the latest tectonites with the inheritance of the directions and genetic types of Paleozoic tectonites were not confirmed. The coincidence of the directions of the latest tectonitic systems, reactivated in meridional directions, with the suture zones of the basement is due to their position on the moving boundaries of megablocks, which united in the core of Sarmatia as accretionary terranes. The original and reactivated genetic types of "reverse" tectonites were reconstructed: in the Paleozoic, under conditions of meridional stress and latitudinal extension of the Sarmatian crust, a thrust-shear rift framework was formed, while in the Cenozoic, a thrust-shear framework was formed in a regional shear field.

Scientific novelty. The kinematic mechanism of the natural phenomenon of spatiotemporal inversion of stress field parameters was determined. Geodynamic axes in the Phanerozoic underwent a counterclockwise shift of ~15° during the tectogenesis epoch, which caused their general displacement from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic by ~60°. Because of this, four deformation planes were formed in the Sarmatian crust: rift (D–С1), inversion (С2–P1), two collisional (Т–К1) and (К2–KZ). The distribution patterns of the latest tension/compression zones in the aulacogen in areas of increased density of certain genetic types of tectonites and deformation parageneses have been established.

Conclusion. A theoretical conclusion has been obtained for understanding the patterns of formation and evolution of the Earth's crust: the restructuring of the platform infrastructure occurs in a variable stress field due to changes in the genetic type and kinematics of tectonites with the formation of "reverse" reactivated systems that constitute younger tectonic deformation frameworks.

Practical significance. The application of the original method of reconstruction of the stress-strain state of the Earth's crust made it possible to identify tectonic modes and kinematic mechanisms of fault and fold deformations of the Earth's crust in Sarmatia.

To the question of local stratigraphic subdivisions of Cretaceous sediments of the Ukrainian sector of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. Article 1. Lower Cretaceous

Ihor Ishchenko — 2025-06-01

Introduction. One of the tasks of the modern stratigraphy of the closed basins of Ukraine is to clarify and detail the existing stratigraphic schemes of Cretaceous sediments of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea, which are oil and gas bearing. The aim of the study. To revise the local stratigraphic units of the Cretaceous sediments of the Ukrainian sector of the northwestern Black Sea shelf proposed by the team of authors in 2013, as well as to revise our own proposals for the stratigraphy of this region, which were not included in the stratigraphic schemes of 2013, using a set of geological methods. Object of study. Cretaceous sediments of the Ukrainian sector of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea. Subject of the study. The stratigraphy of these deposits.

Materials and methods. The article analyses the drilling materials of 10 deep wells that uncovered Lower Cretaceous sediments of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and 10 wells of the adjacent land, the latest seismic data and results of previous geological and geophysical studies in the region, own developments and generalisations, as well as information on the geological structure of the study area obtained from reports on the implementation of research works on geological study of the subsoil.

Results. A revision of local stratigraphic subdivisions of the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Ukrainian sector of the northwestern Black Sea shelf was carried out using a set of geophysically based methods (logging), taking into account the results of regional seismic studies, paleontological determinations of the relative geological age of rocks, literary and stock materials. According to the results of the research, the Albian sediments are distinguished as part of the Tendrivska (for the first time) and Yevpatoriyska Formation. The Tendrivska Formation is named after the Tendrivska Spit on the north-western shelf of the Black Sea. It is identified for the first time. The stratotype is a section of the Tendrivska-19 well in the depth interval 2626-2500 m. It is distributed within the South Ukrainian monocline. It is represented by light grey limestones with yellowish tinge, organogenic detrital, coarse-grained, strong, dense. It occurs with a stratigraphic break in the Lower Aptian formations and overlies erosion contact or transgressively Cenomanian deposits. Deposits are up to 230 m thick. The Yevpatoriyska Formation is named after a structure on the Kalamitsky Rise on the north-western shelf of the Black Sea. Formerly known as the Kalamitska Formation. The name was changed due to pre-occupation. The stratotype is a section of the Yevpatoriyska-2 well in the depth interval 560-1060 m. It is distributed in the waters of the north-western Black Sea shelf within the Scythian plate. It is composed mainly of silicate rocks. It is divided into three sub-sections. Sediments are 500 m thick.

Conclusions. Based on the results of the research, it is proposed to distinguish the Albian sediments as part of the Tendrivska Formation (for the first time) and the Yevpatoriyska Formation. The sections of the formations offered for consideration are accompanied by geological and geophysical plates.

Pegmatites of the Mokromoskovsk granite pluton

Yuliia Lytvynenko — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The Mokromoskovsky pluton is composed of light gray granites and dark gray granodiorites. Light gray granites are composed of oligoclase (35-40%), microcline (20-25%), quartz (30-35%), and biotite (2-5%). Dark gray granodiorites contain oligoclase (40-55%), microcline (18-20%), quartz (25%), and biotite (5-7%). Light gray granites are microclinized in some areas and have acquired a pink color as a result of post-magmatic metasomatic processes. Muscovite granites containing muscovite in an amount from 1 to 15% are found in the contact zones of the Mokromoskovsky pluton. These rocks have the following mineral composition: oligoclase (35-40%), microcline (20-25%), quartz (30-35%), muscovite (1-15%), and biotite (0-4%).

Materials and Methodology. The classification of pegmatite is based on field observation of pegmatite and description of 54 thin sections. The map was created with QGIS, and the diagram was created with MS Excel. Chemical analyses of granites (15 samples) and pegmatites (6 samples) were conducted at the Research Institute of Chemistry of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv University.

Main Results. Biotite-bearing pegmatites. Zonal pegmatite veins are composed of biotite (30%), quartz (30%), microcline (15%), oligoclase (25%). The next zone is coarse-grained, composed of microcline (15%), oligoclase (15%), quartz (55%) and biotite (5%). The inner zone is composed of quartz and is not present in every zonal vein. Sometimes zonal pegmatites contain a zone of written granite. Azonal pegmatites are composed of coarse grains of oligoclase, microcline, quartz, and biotite. Muscovite-bearing pegmatites. Zonal veins include three zones: an outer zone of pegmatoid granite of muscovite-quartz-microcline composition; a subsequent zone of written granite; an inner zone of blocky pegmatite of quartz-microcline composition. Azonal pegmatites are composed of coarse grains of oligoclase, albite, microcline, quartz, and muscovite. The muscovite content reaches 30%.

Conclusions. Two types of pegmatite veins have been identified - biotite-bearing and muscovite- bearing. Muscovite pegmatites occur in the southern, southeastern, and southwestern contact zone of the Mokromoskovsk pluton. Biotite pegmatites are encountered in the central part of the pluton. In the southern and southwestern contact zone, pegmatite veins are encountered in host rocks and form the Mokromoskovsky pegmatite field. Zonal and azonal pegmatite veins have been identified. Biotite-containing pegmatites consist of biotite, microcline, quartz, and oligoclase. Muscovite-containing ones contain muscovite, microcline, quartz, oligoclase, albite. Zonal and azonal pegmatite veins have been discovered; azonal veins intersect zonal veins. In the muscovite pegmatite veins of the Mokromoskovsky pegmatite field, high contents of tantalum, niobium, lithium, beryllium, rubidium, cesium, and sometimes rare earth metals have been discovered.

Jurassic system stratigraphy at the Kamianka village. Part 3. The Pidluzhna formation

Andriy Matveev — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the study of the Pidluzhna Formation of the Jurassic system of the North-Western outskirts of the Donetsk folded structure and is a continuation of a series of publications highlighting the stratigraphy of Jurassic deposits in key areas near the town of Izyum and the village of Kamianka.

Analysis of previous publications. The Pidluzhna Formation was first identified by L.F. Lungershausen in 1941, he noted the homogeneity of the lithological composition and the somewhat different nature of the sediments in the zones of relative uplift and subsidence. Later, these deposits were not considered in the rank of Formation, but were attributed to the Upper Bajoсian - Lower Bathonian.

Material and methods. The Pidluzhna Formation is widespread in the Kamianskaya area. Since the deposits are composed mainly of clays, there are no more or less significant outcrops of it.

The scientific search was based on the analysis of literature, results of previous drilling and mapping works, as well as own field, laboratory and analytical studies. Micropaleontological analysis and generalized data on the distribution of fossil remains were carried out. The palynological analysis of these deposits was also carried out, namely, stratified deposits with the help of microphytofossils.

Results and discussion. Since the stratotype of the Pidluzhna Formation has not been precisely specified and currently the stratotype area is under urban development and only its small fragments are exposed, it is possible to propose as a neostratotype the outcrop of this Formation near the village of Sukha Kamyanka, in a ravine that extends north parallel to the Sukha Kamyanka - Yaremivka road.

Lithology. The lithological composition of the Pidluzhna Formation was studied in detail by G.V. Karpova and V.G. Kosmachev. The main, clayey, part of the formation is composed of hydromicas with a slight admixture of montmorillonite group minerals and kaolin.

Paleontological remains and Stratigraphy. This work summarizes previous paleontological data of scientists and supplements them with their own research. In general, these are brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves, malacostraca, ostracods, foraminifera, wood cuticles and tracheids, remains of prasinophyte and dinophyte algae, acritarchs, and spores and pollen of higher plants.

Paleontological remains, including leading ammonite species, are found in the Pidluzhna Formation quite often. In the lower part of the Formation (Bajoсian) - the Garantiana garanti and Parkinsonia parkinsoni zones stand out, in the upper part (Bathonian) - lones of the Pseudocosmoceras michalskii.

According to the data of palynological analysis, the conclusions regarding the age of the sediments of the Pidluzhna Formation are confirmed. A characteristic feature, namely the Bajoсian, is the dominance of fern-like Dictyophyllidites and the appearance of spores of Neoraistrickia rotundiformis, Duplexisporites anagrammensis, Converrucosisporites disparituberculatus, Laevigatosporites ovatus, Leptolepidites major, Densoisporites velatus and pollen of gymnosperms Callialasporites dampieri, Araucariacites australis, Vitreisporites pallidus. Foveosporites, Klukisporites, Lycopodiacidites and Uvaesporites, as well as fern-like Clathropteris obovata var. magna and the dominance of Concavisporites distinguishes the Bathonian deposits, which we observe in the Kamianka sections.

An alternative view of the conditions of the formation of the pre-Neogene bed of the Krukenychi depression

Ihor Mykhailovskyi — 2025-06-01

Purpose. The Krukenytsk Depression is considered a deep erosional valley formed at the beginning of the Miocene. A comparison of the pre-Neogene paleo-relief of the northwestern Outer Zone of the Pre-Carpathian Trough with the modern structural plan of the surface of the Grand Canyon carved out of the sedimentary layers of the Colorado Plateau is given. An assumption is made about the erosive nature of the narrow strip of articulation of the Krukenytsk Depression with the hypsometrically uplifted Kosiv-Ugrian Subzone of the Outer Zone of the Pre-Carpathian Trough.

Method. Based on comprehensive geological and geophysical studies, the Krukenytsia Depression is presented as a component of the Pre-Neogene erosional system of the Outer Zone of the Precarpathian Trough. The main factor in the formation of discontinuous and plicative faults is considered to be gravitational forces, which is the basis for new views on the formation of hydrocarbon traps in the upper molasses section. The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of Pre-Neogene erosional processes on the formation of paleogeomorphological features of the Pre-Neogene bed of the northeastern marginal part of the Krukenytsia Depression.

Results. The Krukenytsia Depression differs from the adjacent Kosiv-Uhersk subzone of the Outer zone of the Precarpathian Depression, primarily, in the depths of the pre-Neogene basement, which became the main factor in the abrupt increase in the thickness of the Miocene complex, represented mainly by terrigenous formations of Badenian-Sarmatian age, which, within the depression, overlap strongly dislocated and metamorphosed Riphean formations with an angular and stratigraphic unconformity. The Mesozoic and Paleozoic complexes in the pre-Neogene basement of the Ukrainian part of the Krukenytsia Depression are absent and appear, gradually rejuvenating the latter only on the steep northeastern slope and within its origin in Poland. According to the existing model, the Krukenytska Depression is represented as a megablock of the autochthonous part of the Precarpathian trough submerged along the Krakovets fault, within which the Miocene Upper Molasses complex with stratigraphic and angular unconformity overlies metamorphosed and dislocated Riphean rocks.

Scientific novelty. In the pre-Neogene base of the Outer zone of the Precarpathian trough, the northeastern margin of the Krukenytsia depression is first presented as a steep longitudinal slope of a deep erosional paleovalley, complicated by numerous elements of gravity slides of the Meso-Paleozoic stratum. The dominant role in the formation of the block structure of the studied area is first assigned to the forces of gravity in conjunction with the paleogeomorphological features of the pre-Neogene bed.

Practical significance. The obtained data allow us to assess in a new way the conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon traps, both in the Miocene terrigenous complex and in the rocks of the pre-Neogene base of the northeastern marginal part of the Krukenytsia depression in order to conduct more targeted geological exploration work in this area of the Outer zone of the trough.

Geological interpretation of the wave field in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary complexes of the transition zone between the South Caspian and Middle Caspian Basins using seismostratigraphic analysis method

Nurlan Namazli — 2025-06-01

Purpose. This study investigates the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the transition zone between the South Caspian Basin and the Middle Caspian Basin. The research aims to analyze seismic stratigraphic sequences to improve understanding of the basin’s geological history, sedimentary processes, and hydrocarbon potential. It also seeks to clarify the structural features and tectonic mechanisms responsible for the formation and evolution of this complex geological region.

Methodology. The study employs seismostratigraphy, focusing on seismic sequence and seismic facies analysis. Seismic data were analyzed to identify sedimentary structures, stratigraphic sequences, and tectonic features. The seismic sections oriented in northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest directions were divided into ten seismic stratigraphic sequences (SS-1 to SS-10). These sequences were studied to determine their depositional environments, tectonic settings, and reflection characteristics. Seismic facies analysis helped interpret depositional conditions and sedimentary dynamics within each sequence, contributing to identifying structural traps and hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Results. Key Seismic Features: Features such as onlaps, toplaps, pinch-outs, clinoforms, and erosional truncations were identified, suggesting favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation, particularly in SS-3 (Upper Cretaceous), SS-5 (Maikop Series), and SS-7 (Productive Series). Tectonic Evolution: The region's tectonic evolution includes subduction, rifting, and the platform development. These geodynamic processes controlled the sedimentation conditions and structural deformations. Seismic Reflection Patterns: Seismic reflections indicate significant variations in sedimentation rates and depositional environments. For example, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sequences (SS-1 and SS-2) show chaotic and discontinuous reflections, while Late Pliocene and Quaternary sequences (SS-8 and SS-10) have continuous, high-amplitude reflections, suggesting contrasting depositional conditions. Tectonic Influence: Evidence of syn-sedimentary tectonics, including fault-related deformation and subsidence-driven sedimentation, was observed, emphasizing tectonic activity's role in shaping the region’s stratigraphy and influencing hydrocarbon distribution.

Scientific Novelty. The study offers new insights into the tectonic and sedimentary history of the transition zone of the South Caspian Basin and the Middle Caspian Basin. It refines existing theories regarding the basin's formation by integrating seismostratigraphy with geological interpretations. The research advances the understanding of subsurface structural complexities, highlighting the interaction of tectonic forces and sedimentary processes in shaping the region's geological framework.

Practical Significance. The findings have significant implications for oil and gas exploration. Key geological structures such as pinch-out zones, onlap unconformities, and erosional truncations provide critical information for hydrocarbon exploration. Particularly, the Upper Cretaceous and Oligocene-Miocene sections show favorable conditions for non-anticlinal traps, suggesting promising exploration targets. The study also highlights the role of tectonic activity in reservoir formation and distribution, aiding future exploration and drilling efforts in the region.

New views on the geology of the Bachav-Borzhav subcover of the Duklyan-Monthern cover

Myroslav Pavlyuk — 2025-06-01

Statement of the general problem. The article considers the situation that has developed in the Bachava-Borzhav sub-nave of the Duklja-Chornohora nappe, due to the previously undetermined nature of the relationship between the deposits of the Lower Cretaceous Shipotskaya suite with the Bachava sandy stratum of the Upper Cretaceous age.

Research materials and methods.

To substantiate the absence of the Upper Cretaceous Yalovets'ka suite in the Bachava-Borzhav subcap due to erosion or lithological-facies replacement. The article applies a comprehensive analysis of geological research in the areas of distribution of the Bachava suite.

Presentation of the mail research material. The article considers the situation that has developed in the Bachava-Borzhavsky sub-nave of the Duklja-Chornohorska nappe, due to the previously undetermined nature of the relationship between the deposits of the Lower Cretaceous Shipotskaya suite with the Bachava sandy stratum of the Upper Cretaceous age. The Yalovetskaya suite, which should be located between them, is absent. Its absence can be explained by the presence of local erosion or facial replacement of the clayey Yalovetskaya suite as a whole by the sandy Bachava suite. Evidence that allows us to lean towards the idea of facial replacement was obtained by analyzing materials from geological surveys of past years. They consist in the absence of signs that would indicate erosion of the Yalovetskaya stratum (basal conglomerates, angular unconformity). Such replacement has been traced in the same-age deposits in the neighboring Krasnoshora-Hoverla sub-nave, located to the north. There, in the basins of the Chorna Tysa rivers (in the area of the village of Yasinya), the upper part of the thin, undissected Yalovetsya suite is replaced by the sandy Montenegro suite of the Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) stratigraphic range. Lithological replacement of variegated units on sandstone is also noted in the basins of the Mala Shopurka, Seredya Rika and Kosivska rivers. In some areas of the Burkut cover, located further south, almost complete replacement of the clayey Yalovetsya suite by the sandy Burkutsya suite of the Upper Cretaceous age has been recorded. In the neighboring territory of Poland, in the Silesian tectonic unit, the variegated layer, an analogue of our Yalovetsya suite, is lithologically replaced by the same-age Godul sandstones. The fact of this lithological replacement also in the area of the Bachava-Borzhavka subcover allowed us to change the previous interpretation of its geological structure

Conclusions. Thus, most of the above facts indicate that the absence of the Yalovetskie suite in the Borzhavs segment is explained by its facial replacement by sandy flysch, and in the Bachavskie it is present only in places. The Shipotskie suite of the Lower Cretaceous stratigraphically contacts the transitional thickness of the Upper Cretaceous. The fact of this replacement and the stratigraphically normal contact of the Shipotskie and transitional layers allowed us to change the previous interpretation of the geological structure of the Bachavskie-Borzhavskie sub-roof.

Migration of tritium in the components of the natural environment

Oleksandr Pushkarov — 2025-06-01

Formulation of the problem. Tritium formed as a result of natural or man-made processes is included in migration flows depending on the forms of its presence – gaseous (NT), aqueous (NTO) and organically bound (OZT). According to these forms, tritium is redistributed among various components of the natural environment and distributed in the environment according to the laws of the hydrogen cycle in nature.

Materials and methods. During atmospheric transport, the tritium concentration decreases according to the laws of diffusion in air plumes. Part of tritium with atmospheric precipitation falls on the surface of water bodies, where it is diluted to background concentrations, on vegetation and soil. The further geochemical history of these precipitations is determined by the laws of biogeochemical and hydrogeochemical migration and inclusion in the short-term and long-term cycles in the biosphere.

Results. According to the results of monitoring the content of tritium in the snow cover and in atmospheric moisture in the zone of influence of radioactive waste preservation (SFRW) projects, it was determined that the formation of atmogeochemical anomalies of tritium depends on the constructive features of the confinement, geomorphological and landscape-geochemical factors (relief forms, type and structure of the forest ecosystem) , the presence of technological premises, which play the role of natural and man-made barriers in the way of the movement of air masses, as well as from the wind rose generalized for the control period. Biogeochemical migration of tritium occurs with water from atmospheric precipitation in the soil-plant system. Tritium, like a hydrogen isotope, participates in all processes of biogeomigration, which is primarily determined by the biological role of water and organic matter. The main biophysical processes determining the biogeomigration of tritium include: initial deposition on the surface of the soil and vegetation, conversion of tritiated hydrogen (HT) into tritiated water (HTO) in the soil due to bacterial oxidation, absorption of HTO by plants with the conversion of a part of HTO into an organically bound form (OZT), transportation of HTO in soil and absorption of HTO by roots, re-emission of HTO into the atmosphere from soil and plants. Hydrogeochemical migration of tritium in surface reservoirs and watercourses causes its dilution to background concentrations. Yes, in discharges from the nuclear power plants of Ukraine in Dnipro (Kakhovsky Reservoir), Horyn, Styr, P. Bug on the weekend, downstream of the tritium concentrations exceed 20÷50 Bq×dm^–3.

Conclusions. According to the results of radio-hydrogeological monitoring of the territories adjacent to the SFRW, the main factors influencing the formation of tritium hydrogeofiltration flows in the geological environment were determined. These include: the intensity of the release of tritiated water from RAW storage facilities, hydraulic permeability, hydrophysical parameters and the mineral composition of the zone of unsaturated filtration, the topography of the surface of the water-resistant horizon and seasonal fluctuations in the amount of atmospheric precipitation to the local aquifer. The long-term operation of tritium hydrogeofiltration flows in the system "aeration zone (ZA) – underground aquifer (SAW)" causes their spread to a distance that significantly exceeds the planned dimensions of the containers and the territory of the SFRW.

Monitoring of groundwater storage changes using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission: a case study of Sragen Regency, Indonesia

Najm Al-Deen Moneer Hilal — 2025-06-01

Problem Statement and Purpose. Groundwater is an important resource for agriculture, drinking water, and ecosystems in Sragen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. However, the area is significantly water-stressed due to recurrent droughts, pollution, and unsustainable extraction methods. The aim of this study is to monitor the changes of groundwater storages during 2003-2024 using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) products into Google Earth Engine (GEE) to advance Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Data and Method. The study employs GRACE data to analyze Total Water Storage (TWS) and the hydrological components -Soil Moisture SM and Snow Water Equivalent SWE- that GLDAS provides as a supplement. Merging these datasets within GEE seeks to understand groundwater trends from seasonal to long-term.

Result and Discussion. The study observed an average decrease in groundwater storage, with observed stresses during drier-than-usual periods in 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. Whereas, contrary to this long-term declining trend, the groundwater generally rises during wet seasons and falls again during dry seasons, demonstrating seasonality in storage. Furthermore, quantitative analysis revealed a net groundwater storage decline of approximately 15-20% during the 2003-2024 period, with critical depletion phases correlating with events (2015-2016) and prolonged droughts (2018-2020). The GRACE-GLDAS-GEE integration demonstrated high efficacy in detecting seasonal recharge cycles (+8-12 cm equivalent water height during monsoon months) versus dry-season depletion (-10-15 cm), providing unprecedented spatial-temporal resolution for this tropical agricultural region. This approach offers a scalable model for implementing SDG 6.4 (sustainable water withdrawals) through precision aquifer management in developing economies facing climate stress. The results should hasten the consideration of better water management approaches to stop further depletion of groundwater through methods such as managed aquifer recharge and maximizing irrigation efficiencies. This study provides a good example of using GRACE and GLDAS data adoption for regional groundwater monitoring, thus setting a solid basis for interventions aimed at alleviating water scarcity for Sragen Regency and beyond. This information will also serve as input in making decision-supporting management, aligning with SDG 6 targets for sustainable freshwater resource allocation and addressing challenges posed by climate variability and increasing anthropogenic pressures under SDG 13.

Main patterns of modern river morphodynamics of the Carpathian region

Galyna Bayrak — 2025-06-01

The article describes the morphodynamics of river sections belonging to the foothill and flatland wide-floodplain channel types of the Carpathian region.

Purpose: to investigate the types and general patterns of river morphodynamics of the Carpathian region based on different-time cartographic information and remote sensing.

Methods: GIS technologies, remote sensing methods, cartographic, comparative, field research. Maps and satellite different time data were geocoded in QGIS software. Maps of the 1870s–1940s from the resource "Archival Maps of Poland and Europe" at scales of 1:75,000 and 1:100,000, topographic maps of the 1950s–1990s at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, maps from the Open Street Map (2014), satellite data from 2005–2021 from the Google Earth with a resolution of 1 m/pixel and the EO Browser (2024, resolution of 10 m/pixel) were used for analyze the dynamics of riverbeds.

Results. Seven morphological types of river channels were identified: single-thread straight channel, single-thread slightly sinuous, single-thread meandering, two-thread straight, two-thread slightly sinuous, multi-thread straight and multi-thread slightly sinuous channels. Changes in these riverbeds types at different times since 19th century were analyzed. All data of the channels morphodynamics were grouped into ten time periods before the extreme floods of 1900, 1927, 1941, 1969, 1980, 1989, 2008, 2014 and 2020, as well as the situation in 2024. The number of channel types was calculated in relation to the total number for a certain period. There were the most common single-thread straight types in 1980–1989; single-thread slightly sinuous forms in 1900–1927 and 2024; single-thread meandering – before 1900 and 2008–2014; two-thread straight and sinuous types – before 1900 and in 1950–1970, and at other times they were even less or absent; multi-thread straight and sinuous types – before 1900 and in the 1970s. Based on the channels morphodynamics analysis, the following types were distinguished: transversal and longitudinal displacements. Transversal types include parallel displacement of channels relative to the floodplain axis, changes from single-thread to double- and multi-thread channels, expansion of the meander radius, 180-degree turn of meander, changes of meander types, extinction of threads in braided channels. Longitudinal displacements types are as follows: changes in the length of the meandering zone, meanders displacement downstream, changes in the meanders necks and tops, river branches displacement downstream.

Scientific novelty. It was shown that river segments changing laterally return to their original shape over a certain period, and it is a cycle of changes in riverbed sections. The largest number of change cycles was studied for single-thread channels, and four cycles were identified for it. Two cycles were identified for braided channels.

Practical significance. The study of the river morphodynamics and its cyclity will allow solving the problems of predicting these changes and preventing the negative impacts of dangerous phenomena associated with river floods. Taking into account of the river morphodynamics features is important for planning of the floodplains and low terraces development, designing safe and stable buildings that will't be damaged by channel changes.

Environmental impacts of urban development and sustainable landscape management: the case of Muratpaşa, Antalya

Furkan Genişyürek — 2025-06-01

Problem statement. Intensive urbanization stands out as a phenomenon that significantly affects environmental change and raises serious concerns about the sustainability of cities. The pressure of human activities on ecological areas causes regional ecological networks to shrink and become less connected, leads to increased pollution, deterioration of ecological functions and poses serious threats to the sustainable development of cities. This study comprehensively examines the environmental impacts of urbanization and its consequences on urban landscapes in the Muratpaşa district of Antalya. The research focuses specifically on green space distribution, carbon emissions, and land use changes, assessing how these factors influence sustainable urban development. Muratpaşa, characterized by rapid urbanization and population growth, represents a critical area for environmental and ecological sustainability.

Purpose. The primary aim of the research is to analyze the environmental impacts of urban development in Muratpaşa, to reveal the effects on the urban landscape by using the variables affected in this process, identify land use changes, and make future projections. The study seeks to address inequalities in green space distribution, carbon emissions, and the evolving dynamics of urban landscapes, providing recommendations for sustainable urban planning.

Research methods. The study employed CORINE land cover data, Landsat satellite imagery, the GHG Protocol, artificial neural networks, and Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS). Analyses included green space evaluation, land use classification, carbon emission calculations, and projections for land use in 2040. Additionally, the distribution of green spaces was analyzed at the neighborhood level based on population density.

Research results. The research reveals a dramatic increase in motor vehicle numbers and carbon emissions in Muratpaşa between 1994 and 2023. During the same period, green spaces declined, while urbanization accelerated. Coastal neighborhoods had higher proportions of green spaces, whereas inland areas showed significantly lower levels. Projections for 2040 indicate further reductions in green spaces and increased urbanization. CORINE data demonstrated that agricultural lands and natural habitats are under significant pressure from urban development.

Conclusion. The Muratpaşa district is at a critical juncture in terms of environmental sustainability. Reducing land use changes, carbon emissions, and inequalities in green space distribution requires the adoption of sustainable urban planning strategies. Preserving green spaces, supporting biodiversity, and minimizing the carbon footprint are essential for achieving comprehensive sustainability policies.

Road landscape and engineering system Kyiv-Odesa: functioning, current geochemical state, problems of rational use

Hrigoriy Denysyk — 2025-06-01

Formulation of the problem. The Kyiv-Odesa road landscape engineering system, one of the most powerful within Ukraine, is an optimal model for detailed studies of such status. Research into the unique history of the formation of the Kyiv-Odesa DLF, its modern structure and properties, the manifestation of adverse processes, and the development of measures to optimize them has significant scientific and practical significance, and will also be an incentive for conducting similar studies of other DLFs of Ukraine.

The goal is to study the features of formation, functioning and current geochemical state of road and adjacent landscapes for their further rational use using the example of the most powerful landscape and engineering system Kyiv-Odesa in Ukraine.

Methods. In the process of research, landscape: dynamic, geochemical and ecological approaches and their corresponding methods: field landscape research, analysis and synthesis, historical and geographical, cartographic and modelling were applied. GIS technology methods were used as cross-cutting ones.

Main Results. It is noted that road landscapes, especially their more widespread and dynamic landscape and engineering systems, are paid little attention by geographers and landscape scientists of Ukraine. It is shown that in the structure of modern road landscapes of Ukraine it is advisable to distinguish three of their components (subsystems): road landscape-engineering systems and road landscape-technogenic, which are often combined under the general name road landscape-engineering systems and non-functioning road landscapes – non-operating road systems that are not supported by man and develop according to natural laws. During 2018-2021, geochemical studies were conducted on the content of heavy metals (zinc, lead, cadmium and copper) in soil and snow cover, their migration and accumulation in roadside strips of the actively operating Kyiv-Odesa road landscape-engineering system. It was established that here heavy metals actively accumulate in soil and snow cover, only cadmium accumulates, which is self-purified in the soil. In some natural areas of the Kyiv-Odesa DLF, anomalous areas were identified, where the zinc and lead content exceeded the MPC norm by 2-3 times. 4 zones of heavy metal pollution were identified: intensive pollution (0-5 m from the roadway); medium pollution (5-10 m); weak pollution (10-15 m) and relatively clean (more than 20 m from the highway).

Conclusions. In general, despite its capacity, the Kyiv-Odesa road landscape and engineering system is not critically polluted with heavy metals, which indicates its ability to self-clean. It is noted that in the future, more attention should be paid not only to geochemical and ecological, but also to their geophysical, recreational, and aesthetic problems of the functioning of road landscapes.

The role of landscape in the formation of river flow in the Nakhchivan autonomous republic

Leyla Ibrahimova — 2025-06-01

Problem definition. In order to fully and rationally use water resources (irrigation of arid territories, water supply of the population, etc.), it is necessary to develop the most effective ways of studying river runoff and its components, identifying patterns of its formation and passage, as well as finding ways of its rational use. From this point of view, the patterns identified by the author, as well as the interrelations of river runoff elements and natural factors, acquire important scientific and practical significance and allow us to determine the nature of runoff formation, its intra-annual and long-term distribution across the territory and altitudinal zones.

Analysis of recent research. Unlike other natural resources, water resources have the ability to constantly renew themselves due to the moisture cycle in nature. This creates confidence in sufficient water supply for all human needs in the future. Meanwhile, the water resources of the republic are limited. Situated in the middle and lower reaches of two interstate rivers, the Kura and the Araz, it has an influx of river waters from neighboring countries: Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Armenia, and Dagestan. The river flow formed on the territory of the republic is very small. Reservoirs of long-term and seasonal regulation created on rivers to some extent solve the problem of irrigation. However, the issue of providing water to the population of cities, villages and urban-type settlements remains urgent today.

Formulation of the purpose of the article. Continuously changing in space and time during the water cycle in nature, all sources of water resources (precipitation, runoff, evaporation) are closely interconnected.

Studying the formation of river runoff in any mountainous country is associated with a number of difficulties caused by sharp contrasts in natural conditions. Without taking into account the interaction of these factors and their influence on river runoff, it is unlikely that it is possible to identify the main patterns of change in runoff and its components

The main material of the research. During the research, we used field research methods and modern methods. We also used materials from other researchers.

Conclusions. As a result, the following landscape-hydrological regions were distinguished in the Nakhchivan natural region. 1. Zangezur-Deralayaz landscape-hydrological region; 2. Shahbuz-Ordubad landscape-hydrological region; 3. Arazboyu landscape-hydrological region. During the analysis of the density of the river network by landscape, we determined that this indicator also affects the socio-economic infrastructure located in hydrological regions.

Impact of military conflicts on landscape transformation (a case study for the Aghdam district of the Republic of Azerbaijan)

Mirnuh Ismayilov — 2025-06-01

Problem statement: The Aghdam district of the Republic of Azerbaijan, under occupation for nearly 30 years, became an area of intensive degradation of both natural and anthropogenic landscapes. The scale of destruction caused by military and technological activities has led to significant ecological, social, and economic losses. The damage to natural and anthropogenic ecosystems is estimated to exceed 200 billion US dollars. More than 50 natural monuments were destroyed, and the infrastructure of 58 rural settlements and one city were devastated. Over 90,000 mines pose a constant threat and hinder the restoration of these areas.

Objective: To conduct a landscape-oriented study aimed at assessing the consequences of military and technological activities, determining structural, genetic, and functional changes in the landscapes of the Aghdam district, and systematizing the transformed landscapes.

Methods: Satellite imagery, field research data, and archival materials were applied during the research procedure. A systematic approach was applied for the analysis, classifying, and assessing the scale of transformation of natural and anthropogenic landscapes.

Results: It was unraveled that the transformation of landscapes resulted from both direct and indirect impacts from military and technological activities. The classification of landscapes in the region revealed 2 main classes, 6 types, and 21 subtypes. The analysis identified a high degree of ecological degradation. Military actions exacerbated the degradation of natural components. Direct impacts included the destruction of forests, pastures, hydrological objects, and infrastructure, while indirect consequences have been experienced in the disturbance of natural balance and the deterioration of soil and water quality. An important aspect of the research is to identify functional changes in landscapes. The worsening environmental situation has led to a reduction in biodiversity, decreased water retention capacity, and an increased risk of soil erosion. In anthropogenic landscapes, there has been a complete loss of economic value in several areas, complicating the restoration process. The implemented classification provides the identification of major landscape groups based on the degree of transformation:

Landscapes with minimal transformation (10% of the area), where changes are limited to local disturbances.
Landscapes with moderate transformation (25%), are characterized by changes in vegetation structure and soil cover.
Landscapes with high degrees of transformation (40%), where significant changes occur in ecosystems due to direct impacts.
Landscapes with a complete loss of natural functions (25%), including areas that were destroyed by mines, infrastructure, and other military objects.

Conclusion: The research systematized landscape changes and revealed the scale of the consequences of military conflicts. The presented results enable the application of a landscape-oriented approach to monitoring and restoring territories, including the development of reclamation, demining, and ecological function restoration measures. The proposed classification of transformed landscapes can serve as a foundation for future research and the development of sustainable land management strategies.

Technology for geoinformation assessment and mapping of the effectiveness of urban green spaces in motorway noise reducing

Nataliia Korohoda — 2025-06-01

Noise is one of the factors that determine the quality of life in cities. Motorways are the main sources of urban noise. Protecting the urban population from motorway noise is one of the leading functions performed by urban green spaces (UGS). However, not all UGSs have equal "efficiency" in performing this function, as their vegetation has different surface areas in contact with sound waves. Accordingly, an efficiency assessment is necessary to improve the comfort of living in the city, as it allows to identify those UGSs that require priority management decisions to ensure their optimal functioning. At present, there is a lack of technologies that are easy to use and can be used to determine the condition of green spaces and their effectiveness in performing this function. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to describe the technology of geoinformation assessment of the effectiveness of UGS in reducing motorway noise and mapping the assessment results.

Methodologically, the technology is a set of procedures for preparing and processing geodata to assess the effectiveness of UGS in noise reduction in accordance with the assessment algorithm. The procedures are composed of algorithmic chains graphically integrated into the automated calculation model Model_NOISE in the QGIS Model Designer. The components of the technology are a general assessment algorithm; an automated calculation model; and a geodatabase. The technology envisages inclusion of all aspects that determine the effectiveness of the UGS in the assessment and therefore includes procedures for geoprocessing of preliminary preparation of input data. The assessment workflow in Model_NOISE includes the following sub-processes: 1. determining the characteristics of the green space and its current state; 2. calculating the primary noise pollution field from motorways; 3. determining the "residual" noise level in the green space and its effectiveness.

As a result, using the proposed geoprocessing algorithms and calculation modules, we carried out: A). modelling the initial noise level - Cont_noise; B) modelling the current state of the green area - I_noise reduction; C) modelling the "residual" noise level in the green area - Noise; D) modelling the efficiency of urban green areas in reducing noise levels in cities - E_noise_reduction. The paper presents the results of mapping the indicators I_noise reduction, Cont_noise, Noise, E_noise_reduction for UGSs of Kyiv.

Thus, the paper solves the scientific task of creating a technology that makes it easy to determine the condition of green spaces and their effectiveness in reducing motorway noise. The technology is used to process spatially distributed, often limited information, which makes its use accessible not only to scientists but also to urban planners.

The technology, which is a "geoinformation embodiment" of the assessment methodology and the results of its cartographic presentation for the territory of Kyiv, are effective tools in urban planning practice, to improve the efficiency of urban green spaces and the comfort of living for its residents.

Analyzing urban morphology changes using neural networks

Sergiy Kostrikov — 2025-06-01

Introduction to the problem. Urbanization demands advanced tools to analyze morphological changes caused by hostilities or disasters. This study bridges this gap by integrating artificial neural networks (ANNs) with LiDAR and GIS technologies, focusing on a site in Kharkiv, Ukraine, which was marginally impacted by the 2022 Russian invasion. Our key objective is to quantify urban resilience and transformation under extreme stress.

Review of previous works. Advances in CNNs and RNNs have enabled spatial-temporal analysis of LiDAR and multisource data. Recent methodologies improved feature extraction for urban change detection. However, gaps persisted in hostilities’ zone analysis, airborne and terrestrial LiDAR integration, and interpretability of ANN-driven insights.

Exposition of the main research material. Basics of ANNs for urban studies. This study employs two custom architectures:
1. ANN Similarity (Enhanced): A feedforward network using Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss and cosine similarity to predict dataset similarities. 2. Latest ANN Method: A deeper network with contrastive loss and Euclidean distance, emphasizing dissimilarity detection via convolutional/recurrent layers.

Applications in urban studies. The ANNs in this study were applied to the following from several listed industrial domains:
1. Routine Urban Monitoring: Detecting new constructions/demolitions in Tallinn, ESTONIA. 2. Hostilities Impact Analysis: Identifying war-induced structural changes in Kharkiv, UKRAINE. 3. 3D Feature Extraction: Automating building volumetry and change detection mapping from LiDAR point clouds.

Urban Remote Sensing with LiDAR. LiDAR’s millimeter-level accuracy enabled 3D modeling of urban features (e.g., building footprints, microtopography). Airborne (ALS) and mobile (MLS) LiDAR datasets were processed via proprietary iQ City Change Management (CCM) software, addressing challenges like ALS/MLS alignment and artifact filtering via point-density thresholds.

Case Study: urban change detection using LiDAR to assess hostilities’ impact. Methodology: the study analyzed multitemporal LiDAR datasets: Kharkiv (2019–2022): a 4 km² zone in Northern Saltivka, devastated by shelling. Tallinn (2017–2022): control datasets for routine redevelopment.

CCM Workflow: 1. Building Extraction (BE): identified structural features (Area, Volume, Height). 2. Change Detection (CD): classified changes as Added (new construction), Removed (demolition), or Unchanged.

ANN Analysis for comparing detected changes through Wolfram Mathematica: compared ANSE (similarity-focused) and LANN (dissimilarity-driven) methods. Results: The following changes detected. Kharkiv: 215 Added (pre-war redevelopment) and 51 Removed (war-induced demolitions) changes. The LANN method revealed stark contrasts (score: 0.35 and 0.32-0.42) between war-driven vs. routine redevelopment demolitions, capturing irregular demolitions. Tallinn: predictable redevelopment patterns (scores: 0.60-0.66 and 0.74), validating ANN accuracy for routine changes. Implications: LANN’s sensitivity to hidden features (e.g., structural degradation) gives policymakers detailed guidance for post-war recovery, and its divergence from statistical models highlights AI’s power to reveal unseen urban dynamics.

Conclusion. This research demonstrates how ANNs, fused with LiDAR/GIS, transcend traditional urban monitoring limitations. The framework offers scalable tools for disaster recovery, particularly in war zones.

Urban agglomeration: human-geographical concept in the sustainable development perspective

Kateryna Kravchenko — 2025-06-01

Urban agglomerations are complex, open, and dynamic territorial systems that play a central role in spatial development, innovation, and societal well-being amid the challenges of globalization, environmental risks, and socio-political instability. In the context of war, forced displacement, and widespread infrastructure damage, urban agglomerations in Ukraine have emerged not only as centers of population concentration but also as crucial hubs for resilience, recovery, and strategic planning.

The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the urban agglomeration as a functional subsystem of the social and geographical system `and to develop a structural model that integrates internal subsystems with multilevel external environments. The research aims to identify key elements of internal interaction and external influence, explain the systemic logic of agglomeration dynamics, and determine the role of governance in ensuring sustainability and resilience. The methodological foundation combines a human-geographical approach with systemic, synergistic, and sustainable development paradigms, supported by modeling, typology, content analysis, and analytical synthesis.

Results. The paper presents an original structural model of an urban agglomeration comprising eight interconnected internal subsystems: social, economic, demographic, innovation-technological, architectural-construction, infrastructural-service, transport-logistics, and natural-ecological. These subsystems interact via synergistic mechanisms and form a cohesive internal environment capable of adaptive self-regulation. Particular attention is paid to the governance subsystem, which includes strategic (conceptual planning), executive (implementation of decisions), and monitoring (evaluation and feedback) functions. This subsystem plays a crucial role in managing complexity and ensuring long-term sustainability. The model also systematizes the external environment into three hierarchical levels: regional, national, and global. Each level generates specific political, legal, economic, cultural, and technological impacts that shape agglomeration development. Five types of interaction–internal systemic connections, adaptive feedback loops, energy exchange, resource flows, and information-communication channels–are identified as mechanisms that maintain functional integrity, enable adaptation to external shocks, and support sustainable development trajectories. The proposed model contributes to the theoretical foundation of urban agglomeration studies by bridging disciplinary gaps and integrating spatial, functional, and governance dimensions into a unified systemic framework. It offers practical utility for strategic planning, urban policy design, sustainability assessment, and post-war reconstruction. This framework is especially relevant for countries and regions undergoing crisis or transformation, where resilient urban systems must be built on principles of sustainability, inclusiveness, and interconnectivity.

Constructing a city liveability index and evaluating the spatial pattern of liveability of Guwahati city

Anwesha Mahanta — 2025-06-01

Introduction: Urbanization is a global phenomenon on the rise in recent decades. In this context, the concept of liveability has emerged as a fundamental instrument for assessing living standards in urban areas. Currently, cities are home to 55% of the world's population, and by 2050, that number is predicted to rise to 68%. The urbanization process has been more evident in developing countries of Asia, where a significant amount of the world's population growth is occurring. However, limited studies are exploring the liveability status of cities in developing countries and the spatial pattern of liveability across the city.

The purpose of the article: The study intends to construct a city liveability index incorporating residents’ perspectives. The research also evaluates the liveability of different wards of the city and identifies the factors driving the spatial pattern of liveability across the city.

Research Methods: A weighted sum methodology was used to calculate the city liveability index and weights for each indicator were determined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The indicators are determined through residents’ perspective and a primary survey was carried out to identify and rank the key indicators of liveability.

Main findings: In the current research, it can be observed that wards located at the undulating topography have been mostly identified as low-liveable or very low-liveable wards. City growth is hampered by undulating topography because of higher expenses and challenges in infrastructural development, restrictions on land use, difficulty in road construction and the risk of landslide or erosion. The land use, distribution of amenities and spatial structure of the city is also greatly influenced by the transportation network system, which determines the movement of people and goods in the metropolitan areas. In the current context, the location of Guwahati-Shillong Road connecting the core of the city with south eastern region has been vital to the development of this part of the area.

Scientific novelty and practical implication: The research for the first time attempts to construct a city liveability index incorporating indicators based on residents' definition of liveability in Guwahati city. The findings will assist the authorities and policymakers in formulating policies emphasizing the development of low-liveable wards. Moreover, the study recommends constructing strong road connectivity which contributes towards the growth of city facilities and services in least developed wards enhancing the overall liveability of the city.

Analysis and assessment of the limiting intensities of processes forming maximum water runoff rivers of the right and left banks of the Dniester River basin

Stanislav Moskalenko — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The maximum flow of rivers, on the one hand, refers to extreme indicators of their water regime, which is the highest degree of danger and catastrophic situations, and on the other hand, it is a natural phenomenon that reflects the maximum potential of nature for its formation within the river basin or a certain territory. The purpose of the study is to generalize the patterns of spatial variability of the manifestations of the greatest intensity of the processes of formation of maximum runoff separately for the right-bank (Carpathians) and left-bank (Podillia) parts of the Dniester River basin, and to calculate the limiting intensities with reduction to certain catchment areas.

Methods. The methods of mathematical statistics and the theory of probabilities were used in the research - correlations between random variables, Pearson's analytical distribution of type III. Initial data - series of the largest annual maximum water discharges from 44 hydrometric stations of the State Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine on the rivers of the Dniester River basin, from the beginning of their observations to 2019 inclusive. 59% of hydrological stations have observation periods > 60 years, 32% - from 50-60 years, 9% of stations - < 50 years.

Results. Analysis of the observed maximum water flows for the right-bank and left-bank parts of the Dniester River basin showed trends in their change - an increase in the maximum specific runoff (l·s⁻¹·km⁻²) of river water is observed with a decrease in the area of their catchments. However, due to different physical, geographical and hydrometeorological conditions, the maximum specific runoff of water flow from the same catchment areas for the rivers of the right-bank of the Dniester River basin are significantly higher than for the left-bank part, by about 3,5-4,5 times.

Since the observation periods are different, analytical values of the maxima reduced to 1% exceedance probability were determined, approximated by a Pearson type III distribution. The constructed relationships between the maximum specific runoff of water (l·s⁻¹·km⁻²) in individual sections of rivers with 1% exceedance probability from the corresponding areas (km²) of their basins clearly showed that small and elementary catchments are marked by bright manifestations of the limiting intensity of the formation of maximum runoff on rivers. The measure of the tightness of the relationships for the right-bank and left-bank parts of the Dniester River allowed us to qualitatively characterize the obtained dependencies, respectively, as noticeable and high. This made it possible, using the obtained coupling equations, to calculate the probable maximum modules of water runoff of 1% exceedance probability from small catchment areas – 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 km².

Conclusions. The maximum specific runoff of water from elementary catchments of the right-bank (Carpathian) of the Dniester River basin with an area of 2-10 km² can reach 7500-4500 l·s⁻¹·km⁻², and with an area of 10-20 km² – 4500-3500 l·s⁻¹·km⁻². For the left-bank (Podillia) the intensity of the processes of formation of maximum water runoff is lower - from elementary catchments with an area of 2-10 km² – 3200-1500 l·s⁻¹·km⁻², with an area of 10-20 km² – 1500-1000 l·s⁻¹·km⁻². However, given the variability of hydrological processes these estimates are not absolute and should be considered indicative of potential intensities rather than precise thresholds for all locations.

Use of land resources for industrial construction (within Malynska UTC)

Volodymyr Pasko — 2025-06-01

The article is devoted to assessing the suitability of land plots within the Malynska TG for the placement of new industrial facilities. Given that the community’s strategic priorities include the development of various industries, the question arises regarding the rational choice of territories: should the community limit itself to using existing production resources, or should it focus on expanding its infrastructure potential? The aim of the study is assessment of the suitability of urban TC land plots for the placement of industrial facilities based on spatial-geographical and socio-economic criteria, taking into account land use restrictions and the potential of the territory for further development. Given the urban nature of the community, it is particularly important to identify promising land plots that meet the criteria for industrial construction. It is envisaged that decisions should be preceded by an analysis of urban planning documentation, environmental and economic indicators. The study applies a methodology of multifactorial assessment of the territory based on geospatial criteria: calculations of proximity to transportation networks (meeting the condition: distance ≤200 m or distance ≥1200 m), settlements (distance ≤1 km or distance ≥11 km), terrain slope (150 ≤ specified slope ≤180), and land use (scored from 0–5 based on land category assessments). The initial data consisted of shape files from OpenStreetMap, providing information on the area's general land use. The calculations revealed that industrial land accounts for nearly 1% (5.71 km²) of the total classified land area.

Through the analysis, an additional 12 km² of prospective land plots were identified, which allow for the expansion of the community’s industrial territorial system. Moreover, the proposed construction sites meet established conditions, do not compromise the quality of life of local residents, minimize environmental changes, and are favorable for potential investors and businesses. It is also worth noting that the community includes 77 rural settlements, some of which are practically uninhabited. This condition serves as an additional factor for further research, particularly if administrative-territorial restructuring shifts from the basic level (territorial community) to the local level (specific settlements). The scientific novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive approach to assessing suitable territories for planned construction. An algorithm was developed that accounted for several factors determining the feasibility of planning activities, thereby reducing project implementation risks. This approach will facilitate future identification and evaluation of specific land plots. The practical significance lies in the fact that the analysis conducted at the level of the selected community, for which «project» territories for industrial use have been established, may be of interest to local authorities and stakeholders. The methodological approach outlined in this research can serve as a «model» for other communities striving to balance economic growth with sustainable land use. By focusing on a thorough examination of land fund distribution, local authorities can create industrial clusters that promote economic synergy, increase employment levels, and improve regional infrastructure.

Analysis of the dynamics of the temperature regime of the North-Western Black Sea region in the context of global climate changes

Oleg Prokofiev — 2025-06-01

Formulation of the problem. This study aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 13 – Climate Action – by addressing key climate-related challenges impacting sustainable development in Ukraine. It focuses on analyzing the dynamics of temperature-dependent natural resource indicators in the North-western Black Sea region, a vital industrial-agricultural area. Understanding the thermal regime is essential for adapting socio-economic sectors to climate change. The research supports planning and resilience in southern Ukraine under changing climate conditions. It is part of projects at the Faculty of Hydrometeorology and Ecology, Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University, including: 'Forecasting hazardous meteorological phenomena over the southern regions of Ukraine' (No. DR 00115U006532); 'Comprehensive probabilistic-forecasting modeling of extreme hydrological events on the rivers of southern Ukraine to ensure sustainable water use under climate change conditions' (No. DR 0121U010964); 'Zoning of Ukraine's territory based on vulnerability to climate change and selection of optimal adaptation pathways.' This work fills critical gaps in the study of regional climate dynamics.

Analysis of previous research it proves the importance of studying the climatic indicators of the temperature regime of the North-Western Black Sea region, which is a leading highly developed industrial-agricultural region of Ukraine. The underestimation of certain aspects of the dynamics of climatic characteristics of the regional climate in the context of global climate change has led to these aspects being still insufficiently studied today.

The purpose. This article aims (using the Odessa station as an example) to present the results of a physical-statistical approach to determining regional responses in the main indicators of the temperature regime of the North-Western Black Sea region to the changes occurring in the climate system of the present period.

Research methods. The implementation of the physical-statistical approach was conducted using classical methods of statistical and graphical analysis.

Presentation of the main research material. Based on long-term empirical data, it was determined that during the period from 2013 to 2023, compared to the standard climatic period (1961-1990), the average number of days with maximum air temperature above 0°C increased in all winter months. For the studied area, January remains the coldest winter month, with an average of 23,5 days with a minimum air temperature of 0°C or lower. The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by warmer winter conditions (compared to the period 1961-1990), which has led to a decrease in the number of days with low air temperature. Over the last eleven years (2013-2023), 65 thaw periods were registered. They most frequently occurred in January, in December and in February.

Research results and Practical value. The obtained results provide a basis for analyzing the dynamics of regional climate changes in the context of global climate change. The rational and timely application of the climate information presented in this article will contribute to the development of effective adaptation pathways, which, in turn, will make a significant contribution to ensuring the sustainable development of Ukraine. Future tasks will focus on researching the thermal regime indicators of other stations in the North-Western Black Sea region, involving additional empirical data.

Assessment of the wind and wave energy potential in the water area of the Caspian Sea

Vusala Rasulzadeh — 2025-06-01

Problem statement. In modern times, the rapid increase in energy demand in the world and the environmental consequences of traditional energy sources make it necessary to switch to alternative energy. The use of alternative energy is not only important for environmental protection, but also reduces the dependence of countries and economic systems on oil, gas and their prices. At the same time, global problems such as climate change and air pollution increase the importance of renewable energy sources.

Purpose. The main goal of the research is to scientifically assess the wind and wave energy potential in the Caspian Sea and to justify this energy production with calculations.

Research methods. In the article, the wind and wave field of the Caspian Sea was studied in order to exploit the potential of wind and wave energy, and the energy of the obtained energy was calculated. To develop the wind parameters, data from three databases were used, two of which were space data and one was long-term operations. To increase the power of the waves and the energy obtained from them with both northern and southern winds, terrestrial data were used. Based on the obtained data, plans for the payment of wind and wave energy in the Caspian Sea were drawn up.

Conclusion. Using the natural potential of the Caspian Sea, the involvement of alternative energy sources in the production of electricity and heat will allow for progressive changes in the future development directions of electricity. The affordable geographical location and climatic conditions of the Caspian Sea region allow for the widespread use of environmentally friendly alternative energy sources such as wind and wave energy. This will not only save a lot of fuel burned in thermal power plants, but will also significantly reduce the amount of hazardous waste discharged into the environment. As a result of the conducted research and calculations, it was determined that the amount of wind energy that can be obtained using the FL 2500_90 type wind turbine at selected points on the Absheron Peninsula and the coastal zone adjacent to it is approximately 5–7 GW/h, and from the Northwind 100C (95 kW) type wind turbine – 0.33 GW/h. At the same time, the capacity factor (CF) of wind turbines at these points varies in the range of 25–33% and 35–40% respectively. It was determined that in the region there is some difference in terms of wave annual average energy potential. Thus, for northern and northwestern winds, the wave energy density varies in the range of approximately 15,000–35,000 kW/m, and for southern and southeastern winds, it varies in the range of 20,000–35,000 kW/m.

Local geographic information system of forestry lands: methodological features of creation, practical aspects and prospects of use

Vasyl Roman — 2025-06-01

Stating the Subject of the Study. The development of geoinformation systems as one of the elements of sustainable development in nature management, in particular when using forest resources, is especially relevant today. This is due to the fact that forests are the most balanced ecosystems that perform various beneficial functions for humans, and are one of the main sources of renewable energy. The introduction of GIS in nature management, especially in the field of forestry, allows to achieve key goals of sustainable development, and crucial is the development of methods for improving existing or creating new GIS is crucial. The use of modern geoinformation systems of different classes will allow to solve a number of important issues of operation and conservation of natural resources, in particular - land and forest.

The study aims. The aim of the article is to develop an algorithm for the creation of a functional geoinformation system on the example of forest funds on the basis of quality processing of source cartographic materials and structuring (consolidation) of attributive data

Methodology and materials. In the study are used generally recognized methods and approaches generally used in geoinformatics and data sciences. Initial data for the creation of GIS are the plans of forestry and taxation descriptions of forestry that were processed with the most famous software products: QGIS, MS Excel, MS Access, AdobePhotoshop.

Study results. The study describes the algorithm for the creation of GIS lands of the forest fund, which consists of the following basic stages: obtaining initial data, digitalization and spatial attachment of cartographic materials, formation of tables with attributive data, combining spatial data with attributes, checking the functionality of the created GIS. The article pays significant attention to the features of attributive data formation and ways of their subsequent use in combination with vector layers. The algorithm presented makes it possible to create a full-fledged GIS of the forest fund, the functionality of which allows to perform various tasks for the use of forest resources, in particular when planning and organizing forestry, as well as providing support for scientific research.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. Representation of effective methodology and methodological approaches to the creation of functional local geoinformation systems that take into account the specifics of forest land is carried out for the first time. The proposed algorithm for the creation of a local geoinformation system of forest funds makes it possible to receive a complete GIS, which has a wide list of types of applications: from planning and organization of economic activity to use in the educational and scientific fields.

Geoecological classification of lands by categories of value for the habitat of Artiodactyla: experience with the application of GIS technologies

Yuliia Serzhantova — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The inventory and classification of lands according to the categories of habitat value of various species is an important stage in the arrangement of the territory and the planning and carrying out of further research and environmental protection measures. The land quality assessment is in line with the 15th Sustainable Development Goal, which aims to conserve, restore and sustainably use terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests and conserve biodiversity. There is currently no approved methodology for assessing the suitability of protected areas for habitation of species. Quality of living conditions is the basis for assessing the optimal number of hunting species in forestry and hunting enterprises. This methodology was adapted for the use of GIS (QGIS) as the main tool that provides processing of significant data sets, simplifies and speeds up the routine part of the study and allows you to visualize the results for further analysis. The aim of this article is to develop an approach to classifying lands by categories of value for habitation of Аrtiodactyla using GIS.

Materials and methods. The approbation and step-by-step description of the developed approach is presented in the article on the example of assessing the territory of the Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park (Parkhomivka Environmental research department) for the habitat of the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758) as a model species of Аrtiodactyla. To classify the lands of the Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park (SNNP), the descriptions of the Park forestry subcompartments and compartments were used as the main source of data. These materials contain information about all forestry subcompartments: their areas, characteristics of forest stands, undergrowth, and additional information.The value of each forest subcompartmentswas determined in accordance with the “Procedure for the Arrangement of Hunting Lands” depending on protective and forage properties. Types of natural complexes have different values for different animals – their own quality class (bonitet).

Presentation of the main material. The basis was the vector layer of forestry subcompartments of the SNNP. For each subcompartment of the Parkhomivka Environmental research department the class of bonitet was determined based on the characteristics of the forest stands. All data was entered into the corresponding column of the attribute table. In the QGIS software package, the vector layer of subcompartments bonitet was converted into a raster using the “Rasterization” tool. To calculate the average quality class for compartments based on smallest units (subcompartments), the “Zonal Statistics” tool was used. This made it possible to take into consideration the different shapes and sizes of forest plots.

Conclusion. The conducted study illustrates the possibilities of applying landscape-geographic methods and relevant criteria for assessing the potential of landscapes of the SNNP in accordance with the geoecological needs for game species of mammals, in our case for European roe deer. The algorithm presented in the article for assessing the value of lands for the habitat of Аrtiodactyla based on forest management materials can be applied to various territories, including protected areas of Ukraine. It is essentially a geoecological assessment of lands that are inhabited or potentially inhabited by a certain species through an assessment of the suitability of conditions.

Morphodynamic processes in the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea (Gobustan, Azerbaijan): distribution and risks of manifestation

Stara Tarikhazer — 2025-06-01

Problem statement. This study aims to analyze hazardous morphogenetic processes associated with the active development of tourism and recreational activities in the southeastern part of the Greater Caucasus. The importance of this problem lies in the fact that the creation of a National Geopark with internationally significant is planned in the territory of Gobustan.

Purpose - The study area – Gobustan, as an integral part of the mobile epigeosynclinal orogenetic zone, is characterised by a rather complex geological and geomorphological structure. Located in the southeastern subsidence of the Greater Caucasus, near the Caspian Sea and representing part of the geosynclinal folded area of the same name, it is very promising in terms of tourism and recreation. Due to the significant diversity of the geological formations widespread, the tectonic structure, and the differentiated nature of intense neotectonic movements, the landforms of the territory are characterised by dangerous morphodynamic processes (earthquakes of magnitude 7-8, mud volcano eruptions, landslides, mudflows, ravines, etc.).

Research method. Based on our field geological and geomorphological studies, cartographic material, and the use of aerial photographs (ACS) from 1996, 2000-2020 at a scale of 1:60,000, the morphogenetic tension areas of Gobustan have been revealed for the first time. At the same time, the most dangerous processes (landslides, mudflows), as well as the morphometry of the landform (vertical and horizontal dismemberment, steepness and exposure of slopes) were highlighted.

Research results. Territories with characteristic geological and geomorphological conditions, where morphogenetic processes differ in the nature of manifestation and degree of tension (weakly, moderately and tense): the area of a slightly tense territory (I b.) is 298.81 hectares (53.4%), the area of medium-stressed territory (II b.) - 217.67 hectares (38.9%), the area of the tense territory (III b.) - 43 hectares (7.7%). As a result of a detailed study of the collected information and data, the study area according to the nature of the surface and elevations, as well as under the condition of morphometric tension and taking into account varying degrees of morphogenetic danger, the territory of Gobustan was zoned according to the distribution of morphogenetic processes and landforms: the middle mountains (with absolute heights up to 1300-1700 m), the lowlands (with absolute heights up to 800-1000 m) and the lowland zone (with absolute heights up to 50-100 m). In these zones, some morphogenetic processes pose a real threat to the development of recreational and tourism activities that are exclusively dependent on the landforms, and the construction of the corresponding infrastructure.

Conclusion. The research results will make it possible to use the data obtained to develop a Program for the safe and sustainable functioning and development of the geosystems of Azerbaijan for recreational and tourism development. The relevance of this work also lies in the fact that it is planned to create a National Geopark with internationally significant in the territory of Gobustan.

Characteristics of the contemporary spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric precipitation in the southern and southeastern parts of the Greater Caucasus region

Jamal Huseynov — 2025-06-01

Problem definition. Currently, global warming, which is being observed on Earth, continues to show its numerous effects in the South Caucasus, as in all other regions. In the region, along with rising air temperatures, a number of climatic elements are changing their long-term patterns. One of the atmospheric phenomena most affected by climate change is precipitation. The article analyzes the modern spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric precipitation in the southern and southeastern parts of the Greater Caucasus region.

Formulation of the purpose. In previous studies, although the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric precipitation was determined, such research did not cover recent periods. This study was conducted to identify the effects of modern climate change on the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric precipitation in the southern and southeastern parts of the Greater Caucasus region. For this purpose, the distribution of precipitation indicators across months, seasons, years, and the Earth's surface, as well as their long-term trends, have been determined.

Research methods. The analysis utilized observational data on atmospheric precipitation collected from the hydrometeorological stations of Zaqatala, Oghuz, Shaki, Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Gabala, Gobustan, Saribash, and Alibay over the period from 1961 to 2023. The research was conducted using modern mathematical-statistical, physical, cartographic methods, and GIS technology. In the study, the analysis of extreme atmospheric precipitation events was conducted for the period 1961-2023 due to the probability of their recurrence, while the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of precipitation (monthly, seasonal, annual, and surface-based) were examined during the modern climate change period, specifically from 1991 to 2023.

The main material. During the analysis, it was determined that the average long-term amount of atmospheric precipitation in the southern and southeastern parts of the Greater Caucasus region is 816 mm. Of the total annual precipitation in the region, 56% occurs during the warm period, while 44% falls during the cold period. In general, across this part of the region, the amount of precipitation decreases from higher elevations to lowlands and from the northwest to the southeast.

Conclusions. In the study area, a decrease in precipitation amounts is observed in all months except January, March, and May. The reduction in precipitation during the spring and summer months is particularly detrimental to the development of agricultural crops, as it coincides with their vegetation period. The precipitation in the region predominantly exhibits a recurrence of 120 mm or higher. The results of the research can be utilized for the establishment of new agricultural fields, the compilation of maps, economic assessments, and the development of mitigation measures against climate change.

Ethno-demographic aspects of population aging in Azerbaijan (in a case study for the Shaki-Zagatala economic region)

Bayimkhanim Huseynova — 2025-06-01

Problem statement. The ethnodemographic aspects of population aging in the Shaki-Zagatala economic region, which is located in the northwestern part of Azerbaijan and has a rich ethnic composition, were scrutinized in the research paper. The analysis of this issue is important in terms of regulating demographic development, protecting ethnic minorities, and controlling population employment, taking into account the current and future dynamics of the population, as well as ethnic minorities.

Purpose. The primary purpose of the research is to unravel the dynamics of the age composition among various ethnic groups in the more recent decades, study the level of population aging and the impact of other demographic indicators on it, calculate the aging index, and provide a forecast taking into account the recent and current situation.

Research methods. During the research procedure, literary and archive materials were examined, statistical materials were obtained, structural-functional analysis, generalization, and historical and geographic modelling methods were applied. Moreover, field research works were conducted to examine the region closely and to study aging as well.

Research results. As a result of the conducted research, it was posed that from 1999-2019, the share of those aged 65 and over increased among minority ethnic groups, Azerbaijanis, and the country’s total population. The leading causes behind this change in each ethnic group was the decrease in the number of people aged 0-4 and 5-9, in other words, the decrease in the birth rate in the last decade led to an increase in the share of the elderly due to the decrease in the number of people in the lower age group among the total population. At the same time, traces of the high natural increase that existed before the Second World War, that is, from 1935 to 1939, can be experienced as well. The high natural increase recorded in those years affected a slight increase in the share of the elderly in 2009. At the same time, the participation of the marriageable age population in migration processes also played a significant role in the decrease in the share of people in the lower age group.

Conclusion. It can be concluded that the level of aging has increased in the region for both Azerbaijanis and ethnic minorities, and among the factors affecting this process, a decrease in birth rates and an increase in average life expectancy have played a significant role. Moreover, the Aging Index (AI) indicators also moved along an increasing trend from 1999-2019. In the model prepared based on changes in age groups, the population, as well as ethnic minorities, moved from the second phase of the demographic transition to the third phase from 1999-2019, and are currently approaching phase IV. Similarly, both the Aging Index and the Active Aging Index are expected to increase in the coming decades. According to the forecast, by 2059, due to the high natural increase recorded in previous years, the share of the elderly among the total population and ethnic minorities will have increased significantly. This will have culminated in a regressive demographic situation in the country.

Seasonal and spatial dynamics of entropy-weighted water quality assessment in surface waters of Ukraine

Vitalii Bezsonnyi — 2025-06-01

Introduction. Ensuring the ecological safety of river basins is one of the most urgent environmental challenges in the context of achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Surface water quality is a critical component of regional environmental stability and sustainable development. However, increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change are destabilizing natural aquatic ecosystems and complicating the functioning of water supply systems. According to international data, over 40% of the global population faces water scarcity.

This study aims to assess the seasonal and spatial variability in the quality of surface waters in Ukraine using an entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI). The object of the research is the system of surface water bodies of Ukraine, while the subject is the seasonal and spatial variation in their ecological status based on physical and chemical indicators.

Methods. The study utilized open-access data from Ukraine’s state environmental monitoring system, covering over 540 monitoring points across major river basins: the Dnipro, Dniester, Danube, Don, Vistula, Southern Bug, Azov Sea rivers, and the Black Sea coastal basins. Water quality data were analyzed for five seasonal periods: winter, spring, low-flow, shallow-water, and autumn. Ten key hydrochemical parameters were selected for analysis, including dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, total hardness, and total dissolved solids.

The EWQI was calculated by normalizing each parameter and assigning it a weight based on its Shannon entropy. The greater the variability of a parameter, the higher its informational contribution. The final index was classified according to a seven-class scale, from "very clean" to "extremely polluted". Spatial analysis and visualizations were carried out using QGIS.

Results. The entropy-weighted assessment revealed clear seasonal and regional trends in surface water quality. The best water quality was recorded during the winter and spring periods, while the highest levels of pollution occurred in shallow-water and autumn seasons. This dynamic is attributed to temperature fluctuations, reduced dilution capacity during low flows, and agricultural runoff during warm periods. Spatially, the most polluted regions were identified in the basins of the Southern Bug, Azov Sea rivers, and the Black Sea littoral, where anthropogenic pressures are particularly high. EWQI values also indicated that certain tributaries and local watercourses demonstrated extreme sensitivity to seasonal factors. The integration of entropy-based weights enhanced the sensitivity of the water quality index to both spatial variability and seasonal trends, providing a more differentiated ecological picture than conventional methods.

Conclusions. The entropy-weighted water quality index provides a robust, objective, and adaptable tool for assessing the ecological status of surface waters. The method successfully captures seasonal and spatial variability, highlighting critical regions and periods that require intensified environmental monitoring and remediation measures. The research findings can serve as a scientific basis for updating national water monitoring programs and aligning with international environmental standards.

Impact of peat extraction from the peatlands of upper Pripyat basin on the environment

Maria Boiaryn — 2025-06-01

Introduction. One of the alternative fuel and energy sources that is economically attractive and available at the regional level is peat extraction and peat briquette production. This direction of development of the mining industry is especially relevant in regions rich in peat deposits which include Sumy, Chernihiv, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Rivne regions. The Volyn region is one of the regions rich in peat deposits that can be used to meet the economic needs of the population.

The objective of the work is the assessment and territorial distribution of natural reserve funds within the Pripyat River basin in Volyn.

Methods. The research used a complex and systematic approach, as well as mathematical, cartographic and comparative descriptive methods.

Results. There are 4 promising peat deposits in the region which are located in large peat bogs of the upper reaches of the Pripyat River basin, namely Stobykhiv, Koza-Berezyna, Velyke Bagno and Velyke Boloto. One of the newest peat deposits which is being exploited in the Volyn region in accordance with the specified environmental conditions for the planned activity listed in the conclusions of the environmental impact assessment is the Koza-Berezyna peatland. The deposit includes four areas, the Sadok tract (area of 108 ha), the Dolyna tract (146.1 ha), the Robittya tract (129.8 ha), the Kiliyev tract (170.8 ha). Extraction of raw peat as the material for the production of peat briquettes at the Koza-Berezyna deposit uses an industrial surface milling method. It is planned to rehabilitate the land plots disturbed by peat mining and return them to their natural wetland state. Most of the carting channels will be filled with peat from adjacent areas, the existing network of melioration channels will be abandoned by the time of extraction. A sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is established for the period of operation of the peat deposit, the standardized size for the Koza-Berezyna deposit being 100 m. During peat extraction, the pollution of the surface layer of atmospheric air at the SPZ boundary does not exceed hygienic standards. The quality of atmospheric air within the enterprise influence corresponds to the maximum permissible content of pollutants at which there is no negative impact on human health and the state of the environment.

Conclusions. The project contains measures to reduce the impact on the environment: implementation of control over the volume and composition of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and the levels of physical impact; development of special measures for the protection of atmospheric air in case of man-made and natural emergency situations.

Assessment of the degree of pollution of the middle reaches of the Dnipro River and development of measures to minimize it

Oleksandr Kasimov — 2025-06-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. Ukraine is currently facing technical and ecological and hygienic challenges to minimize pollution of surface and groundwater, a number of which, in relation to the Dnipro River basin, are discussed in this article. The authors of the article tried to characterize the problem of untreated wastewater and sludge reservoirs of industrial enterprises of Ukraine in two ways, since, on the one hand, they are man-made deposits of useful components of large-tonnage waste, and on the other hand, they cause serious harm to all components of the environment. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of negative impact of wastewater and sludge storage tanks on the Dnipro River basin and to propose measures to improve water quality in the main source of water supply in the area where one of the largest metallurgical plants in Ukraine, Zaporizhstal, is located.

Materials and Methods of Research. The work uses the methodology of integrated assessment of environmental quality to rank the territory of the sludge storage facility by the level of technogenic load and the degree of its impact on individual components of the environment.

Results. The article assesses the impact of industrial wastewater and sludge storage tanks on the state of the Dnieper River water basin. Water quality monitoring was carried out in water bodies of the Dnipro River basin with the determination of the most common pollutants, including compounds of technogenic metal deposits (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb ions), nitrogen compounds, and phenols. A schematic diagram of the entry of toxic compounds of heavy and rare metals from technogenic deposits into surface, groundwater and soil and their content in the soil near the wastewater and sludge storage tank is presented. A basic structural diagram has been developed for the sludge storage tank of the Zaporizhstal plant to minimize damage to the environment from its impact. The methodology of integrated assessment of environmental quality was used to rank the territory of the sludge storage facility of the Zaporizhstal plant by the level of technogenic load and the degree of this impact on individual components of the environment. The main measures for preventing and limiting damage to the environment are presented.

Conclusions. 1. The problem of preventing damage to the environment in areas where untreated wastewater and sludge storage facilities of industrial enterprises of Ukraine are located is twofold: on the one hand, they are man-made deposits of useful components of large-tonnage waste, and on the other hand, they cause serious damage to all components of the natural environment. 2. The feasibility of investments in the utilization of valuable components from the composition of discharged wastewater and sludge is characterized by a large economic effect and a short payback period for the created production facilities. 4. The data provided by the statistics may be useful for forecasting the influx of excess wastewater into the natural medium from the side of accumulative wastewater, tailings and dumps of large-tonnage waste at other facilities.

Ecological assessment of surface water quality of the Western Bug river in the border region of Ukraine and Poland

Ivan Kovalchuk — 2025-06-01

The purpose of the work is to conduct an environmental assessment of the surface water quality of the Western Bug River within the border region of Ukraine and Poland.

Methods. The study employed methods of generalization and systematization, analysis and synthesis, comparative, abstract-logical, and sequential approaches.

Results. An analysis was conducted on the content of major pollutants at three observation points along the Western Bug River (1 – Zabužje village, border with the Republic of Poland; 2 – Ustyluh city, 500 m downstream from the confluence of the Luga River, border with the Republic of Poland; 3 – Ambukiv village, 500 m downstream from the confluence of the Khuchva River, border with the Republic of Poland) in 2021–2023. It was established that the concentration of most pollutants in the surface waters of the Western Bug River remained within the normative limits during the study period. Occasional exceedances were observed for suspended solids and phosphates across all observation points. In the first half of the study period, an excess of ammonium salt concentrations was noted, but a gradual decrease in this parameter was observed from 2021 to 2023. The concentration of nitrites remained within permissible limits at all observation points throughout the study period. According to the pollution index for salt composition components, the water quality of the Western Bug River improved over time. In Zabužje, it ranged from “satisfactory” (until February 2022) to “good” (until September 2023), while in Ustyluh, it remained consistently “good”. At the Ambukiv observation point, the water was classified as “good” with a “very good” category, remaining “clean” and “fairly clean” throughout the period. The tropho-saprobic index indicates slight pollution at all observation sites. The water was classified as “satisfactory” in terms of condition, while its purity ranged from “polluted” to “slightly polluted”. However, based on the index of specific toxic indicators, the water at all sites remained “good” to “very good” in condition and consistently “clean”. The comprehensive environmental index confirmed an overall “good” condition of surface waters at all sites from 2021 to 2023, with purity levels classified as “clean” and “fairly clean.” Based on the comprehensive environmental index, the surface waters of the Western Bug River in 2021–2023 at all three observation sites were characterized as “good” in terms of water quality class based on condition, “good” in terms of quality category based on condition, “clean” in terms of water purity class, and “fairly clean” in terms of purity category.

Conclusions. The assessment of the ecological state of the Western Bug River from 2021 to 2023 indicates that its surface waters largely meet the normative quality standards. A gradual improvement in parameters, particularly a reduction in ammonium salt concentration, has been observed. According to the comprehensive environmental index, the waters at all three observation sites are characterized as “good” and “clean”.

Green infrastructure of Ukrainian cities in the context of the European Green Deal

Nadiya Maksymenko — 2025-06-01

Introduction. Increasing urbanisation, climate change and environmental challenges highlight the importance of a comparative assessment of the provision of green infrastructure in Ukrainian cities to improve the quality of the urban environment and the lives of citizens. A comparative assessment of the provision of green infrastructure in Ukraine's regional centres will help identify the level of green space development in each city, as well as their current problems and potential for further development. Such an analysis will enable local authorities and policy makers to take the necessary measures to improve the condition of green infrastructure and increase its accessibility to all city residents.

The purpose of article. To determine the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of green infrastructure (GI) in the cities-regional centres of Ukraine, to compare the provision of the population with green areas in different administrative units of these cities.

Research methods. To obtain statistical information on the population of each district of the city and the area of individual green areas, the method of statistical analysis and interpretation of remote sensing materials was used. For this purpose, satellite images from the Google Earth mapping service were used. Mathematical calculations were made in accordance with the generally accepted Green Index, which was defined as the ratio between the area of a district (city) and the number of its inhabitants.

Main findings. The geographical analysis based on geodata and indices allowed us to assess the state of green areas in cities, identify the lack of green areas, and decide on the necessary measures to increase and improve green space. According to the results of the analysis, the cities with the most green infrastructure are Uzhhorod, Donetsk, Ternopil, Kropyvnytskyi, Rivne and Kharkiv, where the green indices are 136, 45, 39, 31, 29 26. This indicates that cities are actively working to preserve green areas and create comfortable environmental conditions for residents. On the other hand, in cities such as Luhansk (0.78), Sumy (2.73), Odesa (2.87), Mykolaiv (3.3), and Poltava (3.58), the area of green areas reaches catastrophic levels. They are more than 5 times behind the average European standards. The overall conclusion is that the state of green infrastructure in Ukrainian cities is diverse and requires attention at different levels. Cities that are leading the way in creating and maintaining green spaces show that it is possible and contribute to improving the quality of life of their residents. At the same time, cities with an insufficient amount of green space lag behind the standards, which can have a negative impact on health and the overall state of the urban environment.

Scientific novelty and practical value. This study for the first time summarises the material on all regional centres of Ukraine regarding the provision of green infrastructure, calculates green indices, conducts spatial analysis and develops relevant recommendations.

Assessment of the technogenic pressure from solid waste disposal sites using spatial and temporal indicators

Veronika Prykhodko — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The article is devoted to the topical issue of determining the environmental impact of solid waste disposal sites. In the context of waste generation growing and the prevalence of waste disposal over other methods of management, the impact of landfills and dumps requires identification. The purpose of this article is to present scientific research on the development a set of indicators of technogenic pressure from waste disposal sites and its spatial and temporal variations in the regions of Ukraine. The object of the study is solid waste landfills as a source of technogenic pressure. The subject of the study is the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of the technogenic pressure created by landfills in the regions of Ukraine using indicators. The study is based on the methods of statistical analysis, qualimetrics, generalisation and interpretation of information.

Results of the study. The assessment of the technogenic pressure level from solid waste disposal sites is based on the use of data for the regions of Ukraine and the identification of specific or derivative indicators, which are assigned the role of indicators, as they allow to obtain a more meaningful assessment. The developed system of technogenic pressure indicators from solid waste disposal sites includes integral, point, time and specific indicators. Integral indicators are calculated in relation to the territory of a particular region: the module of technogenic pressure, the relative area and density of landfills. Point indicators provide information on a set of landfills: specific landfilling and average area of one landfill. Time indicators include the intensity of waste accumulation and the dynamics of changes in the average landfill area. Specific indicators include those describing illegal dumps, such as the specific volume of dumping waste and the coefficient of the illegal dumps impact in relation to the landfills. The article also presents the results of calculating the indicators of technogenic pressure from municipal solid waste disposal sites for 24 regions of Ukraine as of 2021 (pre-war period). Thus, according to the value of the technogenic pressure module, unfavourable regions were identified. The average intensity of waste accumulation at landfills was 4%, and this indicator significantly depends on the quality of the initial information. It has been determined that the impact of illegal dumps in relation to officially registered disposal sites (landfills) is insignificant. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of applying the developed set of indicators for a particular region or a group of regions. In addition, the application of the developed set of indicators allows us to analyze the dynamics of the process, which is important for assessing the impact of the war on the technogenic pressure redistribution by the regions of Ukraine.

Conclusions. The number and area of landfills, as well as the weight and volume of waste, are the initial data for developing a system of indicators for assessing the technogenic load, the average value of which was 451.8 t/km² of solid waste. On average, landfills occupy 0.016% of the territory, and their number is 1.1 per 10 km². Over the past year, landfills have been replenished with waste by 4%. Regions with unfavourable situations with municipal solid waste disposal include Kyiv, Lviv, Donetsk and Khmelnytskyi regions. The most favourable situation is in Sumy and Vinnytsia regions.

Calculation of nutrients balance in the soils of the Ros River agroecosystem

Olha Ukhan — 2025-06-01

Introduction. The Ukrainian agricultural sector is dominated by farms and enterprises (69%), livestock productions are concentrated in households - 64%. The total amount of fertilizer applied to agricultural land over the year is an important factor in assessing the environmental impact of agriculture. Excessive nutrients in the soil pose a potential risk of leaching during the formation of water runoff and subsequent flow into the water body, which can lead to eutrophication of water bodies. Agricultural land in the Ros River catchment area covers 73% of the total territory of the river basin, of which 80% is sown with various crops.

Aim of the research is to assess the impact of agricultural activities on the formation of the nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) balance in soils in the Ros River watershed within the administrative units such as regions (4 in total) and districts (23 in total).

Scientific novelty. The results of modern research on the balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Ros River agrosystem are presented for the first time in this paper.

Practical value. The study is carried out for environmental purposes to establishbasic criteria for identifying vulnerable areas to agricultural nutrient accumulation and to further identify potential risks of surface water pollution and develop measures to prevent water eutrophication.

Methods. The balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils was defined as the difference between the total supply them with fertilizers and their removal with crop yields. The income and expense sides of the balance sheet were calculated using special formulas. Calculations were made on the basis of statistical data on the number and types of animals, sown areas and crop yields, and the use of mineral and organic fertilizers for the periods of 2018 and 2020. Within the Ros River basin, data from the annual reports of the four oblasts statistical departments (Kyivska, Cherkaska, Vinnytska, and Zhytomyrska) by administrative districts were used.

Results and conclusions. The calculations based on statistical information revealed that the weighted average nitrogen balance in the soils of the Ros River basin during the study period was in excess and averaged 13 kg N/ha; the phosphorus balance, on the other hand, was characterized by a deficit state and was equal to -28 kg P/ha. The load of nitrogen compounds was formed due to the supply of both organic fertilizers (2018) and mineral fertilizers (2020). The largest formation of nitrogen of organic origin was observed in Vasylkiv district of Kyiv region and Kaniv district of Cherkasy region (up to 84 kg/ha on average), where branches of powerful agricultural holdings are located. The highest dose of nitrogen fertilizers (87 kg N/ha) in 2018 was recorded in Pohrebyshche district of Vinnytsia region. In 2020, the largest amount of nitrogen fertilizers (206 kg N/ha) was applied in Koziatyn district of Vinnytsia region. The load of phosphorus compounds was mainly formed due to the development of poultry farming and amounted to 92% of the total share. The highest intake of phosphorus compounds of organic origin (over 80 kg P/ha) was in Vasylkiv district of Kyivska region and Kanivskyi district of Cherkaska region due to the location of the largest agricultural holdings in Ukraine – “Yasensvit” and “Nasha Ryaba”.