Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series Geology. Geography. Ecology

Granulomertic classification of bottom sediments of small rivers of the northern Azov Sea region

Liudmyla Berozkina — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Grain size is a key characteristic in the study of bottom sediments. There are a large number of approaches to the classification of granulometric composition, but most of them were created for sedimentary rocks or soils, not sediments, so arises a problem of choosing an appropriate methodology for describing bottom sediments. The most common among researchers of bottom sediments is the Folk classification and its modifications. This approach is used by Geological Surveys of the USA and the countries of European Union for seabed mapping and research of bottom sediments. Therefore, to characterize the bottom sediments of the northern Sea of Azov region, a simplified Folk classification was used. It consists of eleven classes and is represented through a three-term dependence. The generalized scheme consist of four classes.

Methods. Granulometric analysis was conducted by dry sieve method. Results were grouped according to two classification schemas (by Frolov and by Folk). Graphics were made with the Python programming language, libraries Matplotlib and MplTern.

Results and Discussions. Grain size distribution was calculated for 39 samples of bottom sediments from rivers the Obytichna, the Solona, the Mokra Bilosaraika, the Komyshuvatka, underwater discharge cone of the temporary steam in Petrivska ravine and from beach zone between cities Prymorsk and Berdyansk. Years of sampling 2017, 2018, 2021. A comparison is made of the traditional for Ukrainian lithological studies division into psephites, psamites, siltstones, and pelites with the division into sediment granulometric aggregates (gravel, sand, mud) according to the Folk scheme. Psephites is equal to gravel, pelites is equal to mud. Sand consist of psamites and siltstones. Folk's approach allows not only to demonstrate the percentage content of a certain group, but also to attribute the bottom sediment to a certain class based on its ratio. According to Folk’s triangle: all samples from the Mokra Bilosaraika river are sandy gravel; bottom sediments of the Komyshuvatka are gravelly sand; the Obytichna river – three samples of gravelly sand and two samples of sandy gravel; the Solona river – tree gravelly sand, one sand and one gravelly muddy sand; samples from underwater discharge cone are mostly gravelly sand, but two of them sandy gravel and one is sand; coastline samples are five gravelly sand, five gravelly muddy sand, three sand and two muddy sand. If classified according to a generalized scheme, the vast majority of the studied material is coarse sediments, with a small amount of mixed, sandy sediments and occasional samples of mud with muddy sand.

Conclusions. The studied sediments are predominantly coarse-grained sandy material. If we take into account only the results of granulometric analysis, they indicate the following sedimentation processes: the material is poorly transported, the forces of material transfer are insufficient for its crushing and compaction, the material is mobile, unsorted and poorly accumulated - it is constantly eroded and redeposited. Modern lithological studies in Ukraine require structured recommendations for the interpretation and presentation of results, approval of translations of terms borrowed from English-language literature for the purpose of integration into the European scientific community.

Groundwater level modeling during the coal mines´ decommissioning

Kateryna Boiko — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement and Purpose. Abandoned or non-operating coal mines that were closed due to flooding pose environmental hazards, primarily due to the risk of groundwater contamination, subsidence, and waterlogging of surrounding areas resulting from flooding and rebounding groundwater levels. Estimating the risk of flooding with the help of the numerical hydrogeological modelling for areas inhabited by coal mines that were built at the beginning of the last century is challenging, since information on operational parameters (such as mine workings’ features, pumping rates, etc.), has not been preserved to date or is limited. A study examined the capabilities of groundwater flow numerical modelling in predicting groundwater rebound and its accuracy in areas surrounding old, closed coal mines.

Data and Method. As pilot study areas, the Saxony coal mine region (Germany) and the Central Donbass (Ukraine) coal mines group area were established. Both pilots integrate more than 20 minefields of former interconnected coal mines with more than 100 years of mining history and a similar excavation method. In this study, the numerical modelling software packages were used as a tool for the numerical groundwater flow simulations and predictions in a three-dimensional groundwater system of coal mines areas. All of them contain a three-dimensional (3D), finite-element groundwater flow code. Additionally, adjustments in the form of calculation decisions (such as sensitivity analysis and multivariate simulations on a block-simplified model) were developed and implemented to address hydraulic system parameter uncertainties and the insufficiency of historical mining data (lack of pumping rates information, number of mining horizons, mine workings features, and geometry).

Result and discussion. This study demonstrates the conceptual approach and numerical groundwater flow evaluation for the condition in which pumping isn’t maintained and no dewatering measures are provided in the area to prevent flooding at the critical level. The developed numerical hydrogeological model covers all common steps of precise and complete numerical simulations, including transient conditions simulations, that reconstruct the full range of mining stages during the mines' life. The special methodology of calibration was adjusted for this purpose – the cycle of steady-state, transient, and prediction simulations of the groundwater level until the lowest possible RMSEs between observed and simulated groundwater levels in the model were achieved.

Structural relationships of Cenozoic folding deformations and salt movements of the Chervonooskil dome

Sergey Goryainov — 2025-12-01

Statement of the general problem. Folding develops during collisional epochs lasting in the first millions of years. The growth of salt diapirs takes place over tens to hundreds of millions of years. The problem is to establish the structural consequences of the interaction of these different tectonic movements.

Analysis of previous studies and publications. Folding and salt diapirs are manifested on the northwestern outskirts of Donbass. Detailed geological maps have been compiled for the territory, faults have been established and traced, and tectonites of the Saalian, Laramian, and Attic phases of folding have been identified.

Unsolved part of the general problem. In the area of the Chervonooskil dome, folded deformations of Laramian and Attic age, as well as deformations from the growth of a salt diapir, have been established. The structural relationships between these different tectonic processes are unresolved.

The purpose of the article is to establish the structural results of folded and salt dome movements in the vicinity of the Chervonooskil dome.

The research method is structural geology. The geological space is divided into tectonic blocks. The volumes of the blocks are divided into structural floors by angular unconformities. The three-dimensional shapes of the surfaces of angular unconformities are depicted by isolines. The shapes of the folds of different structural floors were analyzed.

Main results of the study. Laramie folding of the territory is manifested in post-Cretaceous - pre-Eocene discontinuous disturbances, linear folds with a length of more than 100 km, angular unconformity in the sole of the Cenozoic structural floor. Attic deformations are manifested in post-Miocene - pre-Pliocene discontinuous disturbances, erosion of Eocene-Miocene deposits, in the angular unconformity between the Miocene and Pliocene. Laramie folds are secondarily dislocated and broken into blocks.

In the Mesozoic structural floor, the Chervonooskil salt dome is manifested by a brachianticline, a bend of the axes of adjacent Laramie folds, as well as a compensatory surrounding depression with an amplitude of 300 m. The sole of the Cenozoic in the compensatory depression is dipped by 40 - 80 m. The axes of subsidence in the Cenozoic and Mesozoic floors coincide. Halokinetic forms are deformed by Attic and Laramian thrusts.

Scientific novelty. On the basis of quantitative structural data for the Chervonooskil dome, it is shown that the cross-thrust folded structure of the northwestern outskirts of Donbass is complicated not only by the rise of the salt stock, but also by the formation of compensatory depressions. Compensatory depression is reflected in the structure of the Laramie folded complex with a larger amplitude than in the structure of the Attic complex.

Conclusions. The increase in the amplitude of depression in Mesozoic sediments relative to Cenozoic sediments indicates the inherited development of halokinesis throughout the Cenozoic and the accumulation of amplitudes of depression of different ages.

To the question of local stratigraphic subdivisions of Cretaceous sediments of the Ukrainian sector of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. Article 2. Upper cretaceous

Ihor Ishchenko — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Upper Cretaceous deposits are widespread on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. They were discovered by drilling 35 wells on 18 areas and are considered promising for hydrocarbons. In these deposits, the Shmidtivske (Maastrichtian) gas field was discovered, and non-industrial gas inflows were observed in the Golitsynske and Odeska fields, in the Karkinitska, Flangova and Shtileva areas, as well as numerous oil and gas shows. The success of further geological prospecting and exploration works depends on a reliable stratigraphic framework of sedimentary strata promising for hydrocarbons.

Materials and methods. We analyzed the drilling materials of 35 deep wells that exposed Upper Cretaceous sediments of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and 14 wells of the adjacent land, the latest seismic data and the results of previous geological and geophysical studies in the region, our own developments and generalizations, as well as information on the geological structure of the study area obtained from the reports on the implementation of research work on geological study of the subsoil, which are stored in the State Research and Production Enterprise “Geoinform of Ukraine”. The reference wells were selected as those whose sections were the most informative for stratigraphic constructions based on a set of geological factors (paleontological determinations of fossil fauna groups to establish the relative geological age of rocks, lithological description of stone material, geophysical surveys of wells, etc. To distinguish local stratigraphic units in the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian sediments, we used the sections of wells located on the adjacent land, namely: well Myrnivska-1, well Krasnoperekopska-2, well Henicheska-5 and well Borysivska-3. They characterize the same conditions of sedimentation of the marine basin, respectively, during each of the listed ages within the South Ukrainian monocline. Main research methods: bio-lithostratigraphic, lithological and geophysical.

Results. For this purpose, a revision of the local stratigraphic units of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Ukrainian sector of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea was carried out using a set of methods on a geophysical basis (logging), taking into account the results of regional seismic studies, paleontological determinations of the geological age of rocks, literary and stock materials in the Cretaceous section of the northwestern shelf Black Sea. These stratons were included in the stratigraphic scheme of 2013, as well as those highlighted by the authors of the article in 2015. Based on the results of the research, local stratigraphic subdivisions of Formations rank were distinguished: Semyhatkivska, Partizanska, Ryftova, Hamburtsevska, Bezimenna and Kornilovska for Cenomanian deposits; Myrnivska, Borysivska – Turonian-Coniacian deposits; Selskogo, Borysivska, Fedorovska, Nyzhnodniprovska and Pivnichnoarabatska – Santonian deposits; Selskogo and Zmiina – Campanian deposits; Selskogo – Maastrichtian deposits. Turonian-Santonian sediments, represented by andesite and diabase porphyrites with layers of sandstones and found in the well Illichivska-2 well in the depth interval of 1200-1745 m, are distinguished as part of a layer of sandstones, diabase porphyrites and limestones according to [2].

Сonclusions. The proposed stratons will be included in the new stratigraphic scheme of the Cretaceous deposits of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea.

Тhe geological structure and biostratigraphic division of amber-bearing Paleogene deposits of the «Drevlianska» site, Zhytomyr Polissia

Andriy Matveev — 2025-12-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to apply modern bio- and lithostratigraphic methods to clarify the age and paleogeographic conditions of accumulation of amber-bearing strata in Zhytomyr Polissya. This study aims to investigate the structure and stratification of the sedimentary cover, as well as the paleogeographic conditions of sedimentation within the Barashi amber-bearing district. The research is based on an analysis of palynofacies and lithological characteristics of the deposits and seeks to refine existing concepts of amber distribution.

Data and Methods. The material was collected by the authors during field investigations at the «Drevlianska» geological site, which included borehole drilling and the excavation of test pits. In total, 154 workings were examined. The lithological characteristics of the exposed deposits were documented in detail. Micropaleontological and palynofacies analyses were conducted on samples from 17 workings.

Results and Discussion. The sedimentary cover consists of Middle and Upper Eocene sediments, represented by the Kyiv and Obukhiv regional stages, respectively, as well as Quaternary deposits. The Kyivian regional stage consists mainly of non-carbonate siltstones and sands and is characterized by dinocyst assemblages, including Rhombodinium porosum, Enneadocysta multicornuta, and Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum. These assemblages correspond to the Bartonian zonal interval DP10 of the biostratigraphic scheme proposed by A.S. Andreeva-Grigorovich (1991). The transgression of the Kyiv Sea within the study area led to the reworking of the underlying Cretaceous sediments, fragments of which flints and reworked dinocysts, were largely redeposited at the base of the Kyiv sequence.

In general, the composition of the microplankton community (Microdinium, Hystrichokolpoma rigaudiae, Homotryblium, Wetzeliella, Wilsonidium, Enneadocysta, Areosphaeridium, Charlesdowniea, Thalassiphora fenestrata, Deflandrea heterophlycta) indicates sedimentation within a warm epicontinental marine shelf basin, which corresponds to the environmental conditions prevailing during the Bartonian climatic optimum.

It is shown that the amber-bearing deposits are confined to the Upper Eocene (Obukhov) interval, which corresponds to the Priabonian zonal interval DP11, and are characterized by a dinocyst assemblage, in which Rhombodinium perforatum and Thalassiphora reticulata are present. The Obukhiv regional stage is represented by a non-carbonate sandy sequence with a three-membered internal structure. Within this sequence, regular patterns of amber distribution between individual sedimentary units were revealed. It was found that the maximum accumulation of amber occurred during the initial and final phases of the Obukhov transgressive-regressive cycle, which coincided with periods of increased erosion of amber-forming beds.

Palynofacial analysis shows that the accumulation of amber occurred in the conditions of a warm, shallow epicontinental sea, characterized by a small-archipelago location, within the delta zone of a small river system.

The results obtained can be used as a representative local model for reconstructing the sequence of paleogeographic events in the region and for determining the key stages of interaction between the coastal zone and the sedimentary basin.

Trace fossils from Serpukhovian (Mississipian) sediments of Mospanivska geological structure (Dniper-Donetsk depression)

Rodion Moiseienko — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Exhaustion of large oil and gas deposits leads to exploring smaller geological structures, from which large amount of core cannot be extracted. Therefore, value of trace fossils analysis increases due to necessity of receiving more geological information from less core material. Therefore, new core processing practices must be implemented. The paper is devoted to the study, description and systematization of the trace fossils that have been found in the Serpukhovian stage of Carboniferous system inside of Mospanivska geological structure.

Analysis of previous publications. There are only a few Ukrainian publications, that have been written over past decades, that briefly touch the topic of trace fossils analysis. Such mentions can be found in works of V. Dernov, A. Menasova, A. Matveev and a few others. Last complex work on trace fossils in Ukraine was written over fifty years ago by O. Vyalov. On the contrary, in world sedimentology practice trace fossils analysis doesn’t lack attention. Some important publications were made by Seilacher, Ecdale, Bromley, Knaust, Hasiotis and others. The main goal of this publication is to highlight prospects of using trace-fossils analysis as an important aspect of core description.

Material and methods. Full-lenth core from four different wells was used. The scientific search was based on the analysis of literature, as well as own field, laboratory and analytical studies. Trace fossils were described from longitudinal core cutting plains. To create images of trace fossils, core panoramic photographs in white light were done. Systematization of trace fossils was done in accordance with ichnotaxobasis method, described by D. Knaust. For each trace fossil morphology description included orientation, bifurcation, overall form, lining presence or absence, visible sizes and typical cutting projections.

Results and discussion. Lithological composition of the studied beds includes sandstones, siltstones, siliclastic mudstones, thin beds of coal and carbonate mudstones. Taxonomical composition of studied Serpukhovian trace fossils in Mospanivska structure consists of 10 genes. They are Arenicolites, Gastrochaenolites, Lingulichnus, Macaronichnus, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Skolithos, Teichichnus, Thalasinoides and plant roots traces. Such ichnodiversity is considered to be high, which points out to miscellaneous rock deposition conditions, varying from continental to distal-marine. It is highly important to notice, that all described trace fossils, which are typical for sandy nearshore deposits (Arenicolites, Lingulichnus and Skolithos) have producer organisms that can tolerate fluctuations in water salinity. It can be considered as an indicator of salinity fluctuations during sedimentation in nearshore facies.

For every genus high-resolution photos and conceptual schemes are provided. These graphics are considered to be essential as trace fossils appearance in core and in the outcrop, where they were first described, may vary significantly. Every genus is described in terms of its morphology, ethology, palaeoecological value and probable producers. It helped to rule out significant facial diversity and justify subsequent detailed facial analysis of studied Serpukhovian beds.

Computer physicochemical modeling of hydrogen and methane behavior in aqueous solutions

Nadiya Slovotenko — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Increasing interest of the scientific community to the natural hydrogen growths due its potential role as a substitute for traditional hydrocarbon energy sources. The initial migration of hydrogen occurs in the aqueous solution. Hydrogen transportation with subsequent accumulation is possible only in the underground aquifers. The heterogenization of the aqueous solution is determined by both P-T conditions and its saturation with gases and background salt composition. In our opinion, the model of the functioning of the hydrogen system deserves careful attention and is extremely relevant. The problem facing us is the interaction of hydrogen flows with existing deposits of predominantly methane composition. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of these processes requires the analysis of a complex multi-phase physicochemical system, which can be implemented by the computer physicochemical modeling of the hydrogen and methane behavior in modern software packages.

The purpose of the study: to determine behavior features of the hydrogen and methane in the natural solutions of different salinities, namely, to establish the saturation points of hydrogen and methane solutions at different temperatures and pressures using numerical physicochemical modeling.

Research methodology. GEM-Selektor (GEMS) is a software package created by a group led by D. Kulik, the software package is distributed by the Paul Scherrer Institute. The computational algorithms are based on the principle of Gibbs energy minimization (GEM), and allow interactive thermodynamic modeling of heterogeneous aqueous geochemical systems. Includes a built-in thermodynamic database in both thermochemical and reaction formats. To model the studied system, we used the MINES thermodynamic database, which was created and maintained by Professor Alexander Gysi from the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico, USA.

Results. The modeled system was a solution (of different salinities: 0 and 10 wt. % NaCl eq.), equilibrated with a sandstone of the specified composition. It was duplicated at different temperatures from 10 °C to 240 °C and a pressure of 1751 bar with a step of 10 °C and 50 bar. The simulation conditions included: a temperature interval from 10 to 240 °C, and pressure parameters from 1 to 1751 bar. The results of the study include the gas saturation of electrolyte solutions of variable salinity (0 and 10 wt. % NaCl equiv.), which are demonstrated using mole fraction diagrams multiplied by 100%, depending on temperature and pressure. The saturation results of the different salinities solutions with hydrogen and methane are compared for a model with hydrostatic pressure and a geothermal gradient of 25 °C/km.

Conclusions. The solubility of hydrogen and methane in aqueous sodium chloride solutions varies with temperature and pressure and increases with increasing temperature and pressure. During the dissolution of gases, pressure plays a greater role than temperature. A mixture of hydrogen and methane equilibrated with the formation solution will contain more hydrogen than methane at pressures above 200 bar, and more methane than hydrogen at pressures below 200 bar. At great depths and under high pressure hydrogen dissolves better in aqueous solutions than methane, and in near-surface conditions hydrogen dissolution is reduced.

Tectonophysical changes in rock mass during hydraulic fracturing (based on the example of the West-Khrestishche brachyanticline structure)

Anton Tkachov — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Hydraulic fracturing is a technology for creating an artificial compaction zone in a rock mass in order to form compact hydrocarbon accumulations. As a result, radical tectonophysical changes occur in the mass, associated with the emergence of systems of cracks and pores in productive terrigenous strata. The fracture-pore space formed by the action of a water-emulsion solution under high pressure on the rock mass creates a compact compaction zone in which hydrocarbons accumulate. If there are already existing lithogenic and tectogenic fractures and pores in productive formations, the rate of formation of the compaction zone may be accelerated or slowed down. The latter is due to a change in the vector of fluid flow into existing fractures, which reduces the impact-destructive effect of hydraulic fracturing. The properties of the hydraulic fracturing fluid significantly affect the fracture development mode. The viscosity of the process fluid depends on both its molecular weight and the concentration of the polymer it contains. A decrease in the viscosity of the latter indicates that the used fluid can be removed from the fracture by coiled tubing.

Objective. Identify tectonophysical changes occurring in rock formations as a result of hydraulic fracturing. To investigate the structural-tectonic and hydrodynamic factors influencing the hydraulic fracturing of sedimentary rocks in the coal complex.

Results. Tectonophysical changes occurring as a result of hydraulic fracturing are considered using the example of the West-Khrestishche brachyanticline structure – a fold of sublatitudinal extension in the Upper Carboniferous – Lower Permian deposits. It is located in the development zone in a thick sedimentary sequence of salt dome structures in the southeastern part of the Dnieper-Donets Basin. The geological factors influencing changes in the geological environment during hydraulic fracturing are studied using the example of the West-Khrestishche gas condensate field. A comprehensive analysis of the geological structure, hydrodynamic conditions, and seismic data was conducted. A model of the formation of pore-fracture space as a result of hydraulic fracturing was constructed.

Scientific novelty. Using the example of the West-Khrestyshche field, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of various factors on changes in the geological environment in the eastern part of the Dnieper-Donets Basin during hydraulic fracturing was conducted for the first time, and a schematic model of tectonophysical changes in the geological environment as a result of hydraulic fracturing was constructed.

Conclusion. The collectors of the West-Khrestyshche deposit are characterized by high petrophysical heterogeneity, where brittleness is determined by the ratio of quartz, carbonates, and clay. The most promising for effective hydraulic fracturing are sandstone horizons with balanced porosity, high brittleness, and moderate permeability. When designing hydraulic fracturing operations, it is advisable to consider the combined brittleness index, which combines both mineralogical and elastic parameters. In general, the most promising targets for hydraulic fracturing at the West-Khrestishche field are medium-grained quartz sandstones that combine high brittleness, sufficient porosity, and favorable thermobaric conditions.

Vertical Distribution of Mobile Trace Elements in Peat Deposits of the Lviv Region and Their Relationships with Physico-Chemical Properties

Myroslava Yakovenko — 2025-12-01

Problem statement: Peatlands act as natural geochemical barriers that accumulate various chemical elements, including heavy metals. The qualitative characteristics of peat and its potential applications directly depend on the spectrum and concentrations of elements present in it. For the peatlands of Ukraine, no systematic studies of mobile element forms or assessments of their relationships with local geochemical and physico-chemical gradients (pH, ash content, moisture) have yet been conducted. This gap highlights the need for systematic, methodologically unified investigations with broad spatial coverage and standardized procedures for data processing.

Objective: To determine the levels, spatial (profile) distribution, and factors controlling the mobility of mobile forms of selected elements (Pb, As, Tl, Mo, Zn, Cd, Ni, Sb, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, V) in the peats of the Lviv region; to clarify their relationships with physico-chemical properties of peat (pH, ash content, moisture content, organic matter content); and to identify depth-related trends and accumulation anomalies.

Methods: Twenty-six samples were collected from the 0–140 cm depth interval at 20 cm steps (across three profiles), supplemented with samples from upper peat layers at additional sites. Mobile element forms were extracted with 0,2 M HCl and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Ash content, moisture content, and pH were determined using arbitration methods according to DSTU standards. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the dependence of element concentrations on depth and physico-chemical parameters, to examine relationships among trace elements and other peat characteristics, and to assess potential sources of their accumulation.

Results: Average concentrations of mobile forms of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Cr were 10,8; 15,5; 0,65; 3,86; 2,09; 16,6 and 0,96 ppm, respectively. Very high coefficients of variation (>80%) were observed for Pb, Cd, Tl, Mo, Sb, and Mn, indicating a mosaic spatial distribution. Maximum values of Pb (132,35 ppm) and Cd (8,88 ppm) occurred in the 60-80 cm horizon of the Honchary peatland, while elevated As (14,9 ppm) was found in the lower part of the Hamaliivka profile. In most samples, concentrations of mobile element forms were significantly lower than the approximate normal values for soils and the contamination thresholds established for arable soils in EU countries, indicating a generally low level of technogenic impact, despite the presence of local Pb and Cd anomalies. A positive relationship between the contents of most metals and ash content, and a negative relationship with organic matter content were identified. Significant correlations among Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, and V reflect shared sources and accumulation mechanisms. The strongest correlation (r ≈ 0,99) was observed between mobile Pb and Cd, confirming their similar geochemical behavior in peat.

Conclusions: The results expand current knowledge on the geochemistry of European peatlands and, for the first time, characterize the mobile forms of several elements in the peats of the Lviv region. The peatlands of the region act as effective geochemical barriers for potentially toxic elements, while local deep anomalies of Pb–Cd and As may reflect both geogenic influences and historical atmospheric inputs. These findings refine the understanding of the geochemistry of Ukrainian peatlands and provide a basis for future assessments of environmental risks and the suitability of peat for economic use.

Geographical analysis of the automobile transport network of Zaporizhzhia region

Oleg Baiteriakov — 2025-12-01

Formulation of the problem. The need to study the pre-war state of the transport industry in the temporarily occupied territories is explained by the need to integrate it into the general transport network in the post-war period, considering the previous problems.

The purpose of the article is to identify the state and spatial differences in the level of availability of the automobile transport network in the territory of Zaporizhzhia region on the eve of a full-scale russian invasion.

Methods. The study used methods that allow obtaining a quantitative characteristic of the transport network coverage of the territory and comparing individual districts with each other. The indicators of road density by area, road density by population, weighted average road category index, and generalized Engel and Goltz coefficients have been calculated.

Results. The analysis shows that the road networks of the administrative districts of Zaporizhzhia region as of 2021 were significantly differentiated in terms of the length of roads, their category, and density in relation to the area, according to the Engel coefficient. Even greater polarity was observed in the density of roads per population. At the same time, according to such generalized indicators as the weighted average category indicator of roads and the Goltz coefficient, the districts of the region are characterized by similarity, which indicates a fairly rational distribution of the territory by districts. A comparative analysis of the frames of motor transport networks was conducted; their impact on the temporal motor transport accessibility of the administrative districts of the region was identified using the calculated and constructed isochrone maps. The areas of the region have unique road transport network frameworks that affect the accessibility of the territory. In Zaporizhzhia and Melitopol regions, they have a radial configuration with the elements of a radial-ring configuration, in Polohy - a radial-nodal configuration, in Berdiansk - a radial configuration with the elements of cyclicity, and in Vasylivka - a cyclic configuration. Comparing the configuration of the territory of the districts and the corresponding settlement systems makes it possible to consider the frameworks of district road networks as close to the optimal. Considering the configuration of the region's territory and the location of the city of Zaporizhzhia, the framework of the regional road network can be considered optimal; it provides a relatively uniform increase in time accessibility with distance from the regional center. However, the significant remoteness of the southern part of the region and, accordingly, its excessive temporal accessibility raise questions on the accelerated development of Melitopol and Berdiansk in the post-war period as subregional centers.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. The state and spatial differences in the level of availability of the automobile transport network in the territory of Zaporizhzhia region and its administrative districts on the eve of full-scale russian aggression have been identified.

The obtained data can be used for scientific substantiation of the development of the road transport network of Zaporizhzhia region and its administrative districts, considering the previous features and problems after the end of the full-scale russian aggression and de-occupation of this territory.

Preservation of Urban Heritage and Promotion of Tourism within the Framework of Algerian Law Using GIS. Case Study: Urban Heritage of the Beni Yellman Casbah, M'sila

Mourad Bouhlal — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. This study addresses the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the Algerian legal framework for heritage protection, with a particular focus on Law 03/03 Related to the protection of archaeological sites and areas of tourism development, which includes several and legal and regulatory texts provisions dedicated to safeguarding heritage sites from neglect or encroachment. The case of the Casbah of Beni Yellman in M’sila province – an urban settlement dating back to the 9th century – was selected to demonstrate how spatial technologies can contribute to the documentation and preservation of heritage as well as an attempt to convert legal texts and materials into spatial layers and geographic maps.

The purpose. Algeria boasts a rich urban heritage resulting from the succession of multiple civilizations (Byzantine, Roman, and Islamic) The province of M’sila represents a vivid example of this wealth, particularly through its urban and architectural landmarks such as the Casbah of Beni Yellman, which dates back to the ninth century AD.

This research aims to highlight the importance of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in protecting and documenting architectural heritage, while promoting tourism by aligning it with Algerian laws related to the protection of urban archaeological sites, particularly Law 03/03.

Research methodology. To map and delineate the boundaries of the Casbah of Beni Yellman, along with its access routes and pathways, the study relied on field surveys that combined Global Positioning System (GPS) Using the Garmin 62 GPS device data with ArcGIS 10.8 for the georeferencing of the site, the definition of its boundaries, access paths, and surrounding buffer zones The analysis revealed the areas most vulnerable to encroachment and provided an evidence-based tool to support local authorities in implementing the provisions of Law 03/03 Especially concerning protected and restricted areas.

The results. The study demonstrated that Geographic Information Systems are an effective tool for safeguarding and documenting architectural and urban heritage. They contribute to the implementation of heritage protection laws under Algerian Law 03/03, particularly in defining the buffer zones specified by the law. GIS also supports decision-making and enhances tourism by linking spatial precision with legal compliance Furthermore, the study confirmed the potential of applying this technology to multiple sites rich in urban, architectural, and natural heritage Where this study can be applied to the other archaeological sites in the Algerian state.

Study of natural-ecological conditions in agro-landscapes based on field surveys and remote sensing

Nizami Hummatov — 2025-12-01

Problem definition. The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in the past two decades because of rapid economic growth and increased agricultural productivity. Under the conditions of climate change, natural and anthropogenic factors related to human activity lead to soil cover degradation, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility and ecosystem productivity, a deterioration in the socio-economic quality of human life, and generally creates serious problems in the country's food security. Failure to take into account the agrophysical, agrochemical, physicochemical and other properties of soils in land use, depending on agroecological conditions, leads to the degradation of agricultural lands and manifests itself in the form of soil salinization, mechanical deformation and compaction, erosion, desertification, decreased productivity of ecosystems, and other forms. Therefore, in conditions of intensive land use, the management of the productivity of agrocenoses depends to one degree or another on the assessment of the agrophysical and agrochemical state of soils, which plays a decisive role in detecting and controlling degradation and making proposals for solving this problem.

The purpose. The study was conducted in the cereal crops of the Lankaran-Astara (Jalilabad, Masalli, Lankaran) economic region of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the rainfed conditions with varying degrees of moisture. The study included cereal fields located in various rural areas of the administrative regions, as well as areas covering cereal crops of the Jalilabad Regional Experimental Station (RES) of the Research Institute of Crop Husbandry.

Research methodology. In accordance with the methodology, the studies were conducted in the relevant departments and laboratories of the Research Institute of Crop Husbandry using space (GIS technologies, Earth remote sensing) and terrestrial (soil agrophysical and agrochemical properties, grain yield and quality indicators) methods.

Conclusions. In terms of assessing the degree of erosion of soils, the structure vulnerability coefficient (K_Z) is often used. K_Z reflects the general structural quality of the soil in terms of its structural-aggregate composition. Structural degradation can lead to compaction and crusting of the soil surface, which reduces the rate of water infiltration, increases the risk of soil erosion and loss of the topsoil. The results show that the indicators characterizing the structural state of soils in all study regions (AVA, K_str, D_s) can be assessed as “very good” (AVA >60%) and “good” (AVA >50%) according to the existing gradations. The trend of NDVI changes indicates that cereal crops are already in the full ripening phase in the Jalilabad region at the end of May and harvesting has begun.

Assessment of the quality of life of the population in Azerbaijan (on the example of the Greater Caucasus)

Turana Huseynova — 2025-12-01

Problem definition. Improving the quality of life of the population is a priority task in solving the socio-economic development problems of countries. In ensuring socio-economic development, it is of great importance to investigate and identify the issues related to the quality of life of the population, as well as to determine the directions for addressing these issues. One of the key conditions for solving these problems is the extensive use of comprehensive assessment methods.

Formulation of the purpose. The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the quality of life of the population in the administrative districts of the Greater Caucasus region, identifying regional disparities, and proposing solutions to address them.

Research methods. The study of changes in the quality of life indicators of the population in the Greater Caucasus region, the examination of the socio-economic conditions and demographic issues of the population, as well as efforts to address them, were carried out using system-structural, comparative analysis, geographic modeling, and cartographic methods (ArcGIS software) for transferring the collected data onto maps. During the mathematical-statistical calculations, MS Excel and its processing tools such as Xlstat were utilized. In the research, while assessing the quality of life of the population, indicators were indexed by taking into account demographic, economic, social, and environmental factors. In this study, the author proposes the calculation of a Quality of Life Index (QLI) to measure the quality of life of the population or the overall development level of regions.

The main material. For the assessment of the quality of life of the population, four groups of indicators have been identified: demographic, economic, social, and environmental. In the study, the author proposed the calculation of the Quality of Life Index (QLI) to measure the overall development level of the population or regions. The Quality of Life Index is calculated as the geometric mean of four indices (demographic, economic, social, and environmental). The comparative assessment of the quality of life using indexing has been carried out for the first time in the region. When calculating the index, various indicators are taken into account. Each of these indicators has a specific weight, which varies according to the characteristics of the indicators. The main purpose of indexing is to standardize the indicators in order to compare regions.

Conclusions. The analysis revealed that the weights of the indices are variable. This variability depends on the geographical location, area, level of socio-economic development, population size, and settlement patterns of the regions. The Quality of Life Index was normalized to a range between 0 and 1, where a value of ‘1’ indicates the region with the highest quality of life compared to others, and ‘0’ represents the region with the lowest. The index values were grouped as follows: low (0.100–0.399), medium (0.400–0.599), high (0.600–0.899), and very high (0.900–1.000).

The tourism of collecting: a case study from the Kharkiv region, Ukraine

Polina Dovzhenko — 2025-12-01

Statement of the problem. Collecting tourism in Ukraine is predominantly practiced in an amateur form. Consequently, there is a lack of relevant statistical information, which impedes the execution of comprehensive scientific research. Nevertheless, the existence of a natural resource base highly suitable for the development of collecting tourism across Ukraine, and particularly within the Kharkiv region, underscores the relevance of this topic and the need to study its potential for further development.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that today there is no reasonable definition of the concept of “collecting tourism”, and this tourist activity in the context of the regions of Ukraine requires a thorough study.

The aim of the study is to outline the peculiarities of collecting tourism and to investigate the impact of physical and geographical prerequisites on the organisation of collecting tourism on the example of the Kharkiv region.

The object of this study is collecting tourism.

The subject is the physical and geographical prerequisites for the development of collecting tourism and the general features of its organisation.

Methods. The descriptive method is essential for systematically characterizing the studied territory and providing a theoretical summary of the collected information. This is complemented by the method of idealization, which is applied to construct “ideal models” of natural-territorial complexes for comparison with the real situation, particularly during the classification stage. The classification method is used to systematize existing knowledge and develop an original classification scheme. The cartographic method involves studying general geographical and thematic maps, as well as deciphering satellite images and utilizing the digital elevation model of the Kharkiv region as auxiliary elements. The comparative method ensures the identification of similarities and differences among the study objects, specifically when analyzing the natural resource base of the territorial communities in the Kharkiv region. The forecasting method is utilized to formulate assumptions about future tourist demand, specifically determining which objects of interest may attract a tourist-collector in the region.

Results. The research analyzed the conceptual and terminological foundation of collecting tourism, revealing a significant gap in both domestic and foreign studies where it is not yet defined as a distinct phenomenon. The authors proposed and substantiated their own theoretical placement of collecting tourism within the scientific system. This work provided the set-up for a practical study of the Kharkiv region’s geological, geomorphological features, and natural resource base in the context of collecting tourism. The study investigated the organisational specifics of this niche tourism and resulted in the development of practical recommendations for constructing specialized collecting tourist routes that account for the narrow focus, aiming to ensure a high-quality final product.

In examining the development prospects, the study confirmed that the Kharkiv region possesses a promising natural resource base highly suitable for collecting tourism; however, current activities are rendered impossible due to the ongoing negative impact of military actions. Additionally, the research analyzed the technical possibilities for route visualization, comparing the capabilities of Google My Maps and ThingLink programs.

The relationship between population growth and economic growth in Egypt: A geographical perspective

Ahmed Fouad Elmoughazi — 2025-12-01

The population is one of the most important factors of production, and its characteristics determine whether population growth is a blessing that enhances the state's competitiveness or a burden that strains resources and the environment. There are five perspectives regarding the relationship between population growth and economic growth, which are: Population growth does not contribute to economic growth, Population growth stimulates economic growth, The population effect is neutral, interrelationship, and The relationship changes over time. In Egypt, the correlation between population growth and economic growth is highly significant; the first rate reflects the increase in the size of the population, while the other rate reflects the economic aspect, as well as the growing concern regarding the dangers of population increase on economic growth in Egypt.

Purpose: The study intends to explore the correlation between population growth and economic growth in Egypt from 1993 to 2023, with a specific focus on the various governorates in 2023; Determining the impact of population growth on economic growth in Egypt during the period 1993-2023, And how have the rates of economic growth and population growth changed in Egypt, the optimal population size for Egypt, and the limits of the relationship between the annual population growth rate and the economic growth rate.

Research methods: The study followed an objective and historical approach, in addition to descriptive and cartographic methods, as well as statistical methods. The data used in this study's statistical analysis were obtained from the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014 (EDHS), Egypt Family Health Survey 2021(EFHS), the Ministry of Planning, Economic Development, and International Cooperation, and CAPMAS 2017. Every governorate in Egypt is covered under the current study.

Research results: The study revealed that the current population growth rate in Egypt is 1.90%, which requires an economic growth rate exceeding 5.7% annually for citizens to reap the benefits of development; however, the economic growth has not reached this level. The study revealed that there is a strong inverse correlation (-0.938*) between the population growth rate and the eco-nomic growth rate, especially Upper Egypt governorates are the most in need of care.

Recommendations: It recommended the necessity of working on three pillars. The first is the population, through supporting the national strategy for population and development in Egypt (2023 - 2030) and controlling the population growth rate. The second is to work on increasing the economic growth rate, especially in the underprivileged governorates that suffer from a high population growth rate and a low economic growth rate, such as the Red Sea Governorate, Marsa Matrouh Governorate, Assiut Governorate, Minya Governorate, and Fayoum Governorate. The third is to work on integrating the economic dimension with the population dimension.

esent tendencies of annual cycle rainfall change in Ukraine

Vasyl Zatula — 2025-12-01

Introduction. The precipitation regime, its amount and distribution throughout the year are an important component of the climate characteristics. This information is of exceptional importance in the planning and management of water resources.

The purpose of article is to present an expanded description of the annual cycle of atmospheric precipitation in Ukraine and to identify the most important features of its change over the period 1961-2020.

Data and methods. This paper examines the features of the annual cycle of atmospheric precipitation in the continental part of Ukraine. The research is based on data from climatological reference books at 153 weather stations across the country. Much attention is paid to the parameters of the harmonic analysis of the initial observation series in 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 and the residual series formed on their basis with changes in precipitation, primarily the amplitude and the phase of the annual harmonic, as well as its contribution to the total variance of monthly precipitation series.

Results. Changes in the repeatability of gradations of the amplitude of the annual harmonic of atmospheric precipitation are analyzed. A comparison of the statistics of the series of the annual harmonic amplitude and annual amplitude of atmospheric precipitation at weather stations of Ukraine during 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 is carried out. Changes in the statistical distributions of the repeatability of gradations of annual and semi-annual harmonics by their contribution to the total variance of rainfall annual cycle in Ukraine in different observation periods were considered. The repeatability of gradations of the timing of annual harmonic of atmospheric precipitation maxima in these periods is analyzed. Significant spatial heterogeneities in the distribution of annual and monthly precipitation amounts were found. Harmonic analysis also allowed us to identify important patterns within the annual cycle. The main role in seasonal fluctuations in monthly precipitation amounts is played by the annual, and less often - semi-annual harmonics. During the transition from the first observation period (1961-1990) to the second (1991-2020), the inverse relationship between the parts of the variance caused by these harmonics noticeably weakened (the coefficient of determination between the parameters and of the annual and semi-annual harmonics decreased from 0.876 to 0.661). At the same time, the slope of the linear relationships between these parameters significantly decreased (the coefficient of the linear regression equation changed from -0.771 to -0.47).

The scientific novelty. It has been established that the amplitude and phase structure of the annual harmonic, as well as the relative role of the annual and semi-annual harmonics of monthly precipitation in the current climate, have undergone significant changes. This is probably due to changes in the nature of atmospheric circulation over the entire Atlantic-European sector, although the influence of local climate-forming factors cannot be completely excluded either.

Practical significance. The identified changes in the phase structure and other characteristics of the annual harmonics of monthly precipitation series contribute to a better understanding of current trends in the evolution of the regional climate system in Ukraine and will be useful for long-term climate change forecasting.

Instrumental Study and Mapping of Lake Synevyr: Remote Sensing Integration for Wetland Geoecological Monitoring

Ivan Kalynych — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement and Objective. The study aims to create a high-precision topographic framework for Lake Synevyr, one of the key internationally significant wetlands in the Carpathian region, by integrating remote sensing techniques and hydroacoustic bathymetric surveying. This approach has facilitated the development of a cartographic foundation for the implementation of long-term geoecological monitoring and the assessment of spatiotemporal changes in the lake system under increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change.

Methodology. The instrumental survey was conducted through a comprehensive mapping campaign using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a LiDAR system, photogrammetric processing of high-resolution digital imagery, and echosounding of the lakebed with GNSS referencing. The collected data were processed in specialized software environments (Terrasolid, Agisoft Metashape, Trimble HYDROpro, Digitals), enabling the generation of a digital terrain model, orthophotomap, TIN bathymetric model, and topographic plan.

Study results. For the first time, a comprehensive high-accuracy instrumental mapping of Lake Synevyr has been carried out, including several key components: construction of a digital terrain model of the coastal area, creation of an orthophotomap with a ground sampling distance of 5.9 cm/pixel, and execution of bathymetric profiling with depth data obtained at an accuracy of ±0,1 m. As a result, the maximum lake depth of 19.98 m was recorded, a 3D model of the lakebed was constructed, and hypsometric profiles were developed. The acquired remote sensing and field survey data formed the basis of a high-quality 1:1 000 scale topographic map, which constitutes the core outcome of the study.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time, a complex instrumental mapping of the mountainous Lake Synevyr has been implemented using an integrated approach combining LiDAR scanning, UAV-based aerial photography, and hydroacoustic bathymetric surveying with high-precision georeferencing. This enabled the acquisition of fundamentally new spatial information on the morphology of the lakebed and the creation of a multi-component geospatial data system and high-quality cartographic materials. The developed topographic plan and digital datasets provide a robust basis for further spatial analysis of natural changes and serve as a cartographic foundation for implementing long-term geoecological monitoring of Lake Synevyr. The data and cartographic products obtained enable highly accurate hydromorphological, landscape-ecological, and other scientific investigations, as well as the identification and monitoring of the dynamics of natural and anthropogenic processes. The proposed instrumental mapping methodology can be adapted for other sites in the Carpathian region, including within the framework of cross-border conservation initiatives and the systematic management of territories with special ecological status.

Restoration as recovery: participatory urbogeosystemic pedagogy of Karazin University for the Erasmus+ project FutureLand

Sergiy Kostrikov — 2025-12-01

Introduction and previous works done. The 2024 European Nature Restoration Law (NRL) introduces binding restoration targets that – for the first time – explicitly include urban habitats. It challenges higher education to prepare practitioners who can bridge technical diagnostics and community priorities. The FutureLand Erasmus+ project answers that call through MOOCs, micro-credentials and participatory Learning Labs. Within FutureLand the authors propose a participatory restoration pedagogy tailored to post-war urban recovery, building on prior urbogeosystemic research with urban remote sensing and open geospatial toolkits. Thus, the main research objective of this paper is to introduce a transferable, trauma‑informed participatory pedagogy.

Exposition of the main research materials. KKNU’s pedagogy rests on a dual representation of the city within the frameworks of the urbogeosystemic approach. The conceptual framework demonstrates how the urbanistic environment (UE), urbogeosystem (UGS), and urban ecological system (UES) are structurally connected: raster diagnostics, vector governance, and socio‑ecological processes converge into a coherent model. All three constituents enable restoration pedagogy to translate spatial evidence into socially legitimate and ecologically grounded urban futures. Together, UE and UGS translate pixel- and point-cloud signals into place-based narratives usable by municipalities. Methodologically, we follow an “Open-Data-First” principle: OpenStreetMap, global DEMs and available municipal LiDAR are combined with pragmatic 2.5D typological heuristics to produce LOD1/1.5 proxies and conditional volume estimates. Multi-method change detection (vector footprint differencing, hybrid volumetric proxies, and airborne LiDAR comparison) generates candidate urban changes that are then verified in participatory annotation workshops. Lightweight, explainable artificial neural networks, trained on community-annotated datasets and interpreted with Grad-CAM and SHAP, support urban pattern recognition, while keeping model decisions transparent and trustworthy. Pedagogically, the Learning Lab – with trauma-informed facilitation, participatory mapping, memory walks and mixed technical–social assignments – yields evidence packages that balance scientific rigor, civic legitimacy and NRL reporting needs. In these labs students, municipal officers, NGOs and residents co-collect, annotate and validate spatial and narrative data. Pilots in Kharkiv show that student–community teams can produce usable restoration scenarios, data-stewardship templates, syllabi, teacher-training modules and containerized software stacks that lower technical barriers for partners.

Conclusion. Our model shows how universities can catalyze ecological recovery and social renewal in urban areas by pairing open, reproducible technical workflows with trauma-aware, community-centered pedagogy. By aligning urbogeosystemic reasoning universities can serve as convenors and translators – producing governance-ready, community-endorsed evidence even in resource-constrained, post-war settings. Our approach is intentionally pragmatic and scalable: open data, modular lab units and clear documentation enable transfer to other cities lacking LiDAR or extensive municipal data. The pedagogical model helps bridge a gap between spatial science and equitable restoration practice, that gap the NRL now requires us to close.

Ethnographic Complexes as Catalysts for Regional Development: Insights from Chernihiv Region

Anastasiia Makeieva — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. The reconstruction of public infrastructure destroyed by Russian aggression, along with the restoration of political, socio-economic, and cultural activity in the de-occupied territories, is an urgent need for the sustainable development of Ukraine's regions and local communities. In this context, tourism and excursion activities, particularly ethnographic tourism as their integral component, can and should become a powerful driver of local development. There is a pressing need for comprehensive research into the functioning of ethnographic tourism complexes under martial law, their financial and organizational potential as hubs of local entrepreneurship, preservation of historical and cultural heritage, enhancement of social cohesion, and post-war community development.

The purpose of the article is to examine the role of ethnographic tourism complexes in the sustainable socio-economic development of territorial communities located in de-occupied regions of Ukraine.

Research methods. To achieve this objective, the study applied a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods: analysis and synthesis, statistical methods, case study and SWOT analysis.

Results. The analysis revealed that “Sokolynyi Khutir” functions as a multifunctional tourism and cultural complex that combines ethnographic, museum, and entrepreneurial activities. The complex provides employment, supports local self-governance, fosters the cultural identity of the territorial community, and contributes to the preservation and promotion of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Its active involvement in social, charitable, and international initiatives strengthens social cohesion and enhances the tourist appeal of the destination. Between 2023 and 2024, the number of visitors increased, largely due to innovative approaches to cultural communication and digital promotion. The economic dimension of the complex’s activity is reflected in the growth of local budget revenues and the attraction of tourist and excursion flows, despite the challenging conditions of wartime.

The novelty. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of a privately owned ethnographic tourism complex operating under martial law from the standpoint of sustainable development criteria. The effectiveness of cultural and entrepreneurial practices in preserving national heritage and enhancing social stability within territorial communities is analyzed. The findings of the study can be used by local authorities, entrepreneurs, and researchers in developing strategies for the post-war recovery and development of de-occupied areas through the means of ethnographic tourism.

Characteristics of mudflow occurrence and the study of mudflow deposits in the Azerbaijani part of the Greater Caucasus mountain

Juma Mamedov — 2025-12-01

Problem definition. In recent years, a series of hydrological observations of the studied area show that mudflows not only weaken, but also in a number of regions where mudflows were not previously noted, began to manifest themselves in an active form. This is explained by the fact that in recent years, the detection of mudflows has increased the saturation of emissions of mixed chemical waste into the lower layers of the atmosphere, associated with military actions in the southwestern part of Eurasia, as well as between Russia and Ukraine. Incoming winds to the territory of Azerbaijan from west with chemical waste, pollute air masses compared to the northern ones. In the troposphere, the radiation balance is increased, which pollutes it and, as a result, the ecological balance is disturbed and affects the passage of mudflows along the Greater Caucasus.

The purpose of the study. The aim of the study is to analyze the distribution of mudflows taking into account the regional specifics of the Greater Caucasus and the natural factors influencing them, causing the formation of mudflows. The rivers of the territory under consideration are generally characterized by the prevalence of all types of mudflows compared to other areas. Mudflows of rivers of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus are special.

Methodology of the study. While performing this study, mainly geographic-hydrological and comparative methods, as well as the analysis of expedition data and their hydrological monitoring were used. Hydrological data are almost the only objective source for judging the formation of mudflows. Therefore, the initial material for this study was the data of stationary observations of the largest discharges of suspended sediments, as well as the results of field expeditionary studies.

Discussion of results. It was determined that mudflows, along with changes in synoptic processes and the intensity of daily precipitation, depend on the direction of highlands to lowlands and vice versa, their precipitation. For these reasons, with the same rainfall, in the first case, mudflows occur on rivers, and in the second case river floods. This is explained in the first case by a sufficient, and in the second case, insufficient amount of weathering products from surface washout.

Conclusion. It was determined that in the belt section, especially formed by strong mudflows, the lithological relationship of differentiation of weathering products, forming the cone deltas, clearly appears. In the nearest foots of the lowlands to the piedmonts in parts of the cone delta, the section almost entirely consists of coarse-grained material with ripple-wake suspensions, with gravel and coarse sands. As moving away from the piedmont plain to the plain, the presence of sloping sands is observed, which are presented in the section of dry deltas and cause water strikes flows. Similar is observed on the cone deltas of the Talachay, Naibbulag rivers, on the cone deltas near the village of Suvagil where water strikes on the surface of the land.

Glacier regime of the Drakhtik River (Lake Sevan basin) in the conditions of climate change

Varduhi Margaryan — 2025-12-01

Formulation of the problem. River ice plays a significant role in biological, chemical, and physical processes occurring in freshwater bodies of temperate latitudes. In high latitudes and at high elevations, one of the main factors controlling hydrological and biogeochemical processes is river and lake ice formation and breakup. In the context of contemporary climate change, the importance of systematic studies of river ice regimes has increased.

The aim of the study is to investigate the ice regime of the Drakhtik River and to analyze and evaluate the patterns of temporal distribution and changes in ice phenomena.

Methods. The study is based on observational data on the water and ice regime of the Drakhtik River, as well as data on air and water temperature and atmospheric precipitation.

Results. The paper presents the results of a study of the spatio-temporal features of the ice regime of the Drakhtik River, which belongs to the Lake Sevan basin. The research is based on long-term meteorological, climatic, and hydrological observations for the period 1956–1957 to 2024–2025, obtained from the Center for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Armenia for the Drakhtik River near the Drakhtik settlement.

The temporal analysis of ice regime characteristics indicates a tendency toward a reduction in the duration and intensity of ice cover. A decrease in both the duration of ice phenomena and the period of stable ice cover has been recorded. At the studied hydrological stations, the dates of freeze-up and ice breakup remain relatively stable. A clear relationship between air temperature fluctuations and ice formation parameters was identified, particularly during the winter period. Ice growth throughout the winter depends on hydrometeorological conditions – air temperature, amount of precipitation, thickness of snow cover on ice, its density, etc. Ice growth in the studied area occurs throughout the winter until the river opens up. Over the studied time interval, the maximum ice thickness has a decreasing trend at the studied posts – k linear trend coefficient thickness of ice makes up - 3.4 cm/10 years. The thickness of the snow cover on the ice also has a downward trend. The maximum thickness of the snow cover on the ice was 23-24 cm.

Changes in river ice phenomena are directly related to climatic dynamics, primarily air temperature. Under current climatic conditions, freeze-up dates tend to shift to later periods, while ice breakup dates occur earlier, resulting in a shorter ice-cover duration. The maximum ice thickness shows a consistent decreasing trend, similar to that observed on other rivers. Snow depth on the ice also tends to decrease.

The analysis of the dependence of characteristics elements of snow on orography on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus

Matanat Musayeva — 2025-12-01

Problem definition. Currently observed global warming is manifesting its effects, as in all regions, on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Specifically, the increase in air temperature has caused changes in the elements of the snow cover in the area. The spatial-temporal distribution of snow cover elements, snow cover formation and melting dates, and changes in snow-covered days have been analyzed in the study area.

Formulation of the purpose. The research was conducted to determine the variation of snow cover elements depending on orography on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus.

Research methods. During the analysis, stationary data on snow cover depth collected from 1964 to 2018 at the Khachmaz, Quba, Khaltan, Altiaghach, Giriz, and Khinalig hydrometeorological stations, as well as snow survey route data for the Gusarchay basin from 1986 to 2019, were used. The research was conducted using comparative and mathematical-statistical methods, along with the StokStat software. Here, the relationship between absolute elevation and snow cover duration was assessed, and it was determined that the number of snow-covered days exhibits greater persistence with increasing altitude.

The main material. The analysis determined that on the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus, in the period after 1990, while the height of the snow cover increased with rising air temperature, its density decreased. Furthermore, the formation and melting dates of the snow cover underwent variability compared to earlier years (before 1990). This process, as in all areas in recent years, is related to the increase in air temperature and changes in the zero isotherm in the study area.

Conclusions. The analysis established that in the upper zones, the passage of the zero isotherm is observed 15-20 days after the average snow cover formation date. In spring, it was determined that snow begins to melt 25-30 days after the temperature crosses zero degrees. On the northeastern slope above 1500 m, the average ten-day snow height varies between 10-25 cm, the maximum height between 15-30 cm, and the extreme height between 30-100 cm. The change in snow line elevation occurs intensively during winter, which is related to periodic temperature rises, with maximum snow height occurring in late February and early March. The research results can be used for water resource assessment, water management planning, and developing specific measures considering the impact of climate change on water resources.

Analysis of the Radiation Regime of the Atmosphere for the Assessment of Potential Solar Energy Resources of Ukraine

Larysa Nedostrelova — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. Solar energy is steadily gaining a strong foothold in global energy systems. Solar energy is accessible in every corner of our planet, differing in radiation density by no more than a factor of two. Moreover, solar energy is an environmentally clean energy source, enabling its use on an ever-increasing scale without adverse effects on the environment. Solar energy is also an almost inexhaustible source of energy, available even millions of years from now. Thanks to the development of solar installation designs, which are economically viable in certain physical-geographical areas, the prospects for utilizing radiant energy from the Sun have become more tangible. However, this requires researchers to conduct detailed studies of the energy resources of specific regions of the globe to assess their energy potential thoroughly.

The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of the atmospheric radiation regime to evaluate Ukraine's solar energy resources.

Methodology. The utilization of solar energy primarily depends on the geographical location of the area, and the level of solar radiation determines the efficiency of solar installations. Therefore, analyzing the prospects for using solar radiation in various regions of Ukraine based on their geographical location, cloudiness, and season is essential. Solar energy inflow across Ukraine should be studied not individually by regions but grouped by the geographical position of the regions in degrees of northern latitude. To assess the potential solar energy resources of a given area, justify the technical-design parameters of various solar systems, and evaluate the economic feasibility of their operation across different seasons and times of day at specific locations, the following indicators are needed: potential sums of direct, diffuse, and total solar radiation, sunshine duration (number of hours), average cloud cover indicators, number of clear and cloudy days. The research includes an analysis of total solar radiation sums under various sky conditions and sunshine duration for Ukrainian regions over different periods. Meteorological stations across different regions of the country were selected to achieve the study's objectives.

Results. The analysis of total radiation flows over the territory of Ukraine for different periods and under various sky conditions shows that the maximum sums are typical for Odesa, while the minimum values are observed in Kovel. The annual distributions have a clearly defined pattern, with peaks in June and July. The sums of total radiation differ under various sky conditions across regions: in summer, these changes range between 10–30 %, while in winter, the values may vary 1.5 to 2.5 times, particularly during the 1991-2020 period. Annual sums of total radiation are generally lower during the 1961-1990 period. The analysis of sunshine duration demonstrates that the highest figures are characteristic of Odesa. The annual curves have a similar structure across different periods at all stations, with peaks in June-July and lows in December.

Novelty and Practical Significance. The study analyzed two indicators of the atmospheric radiation regime – total solar radiation inflow and sunshine duration across different climatic periods. The findings of the research highlight that Ukraine's energy potential is promising for supporting the fuel-energy sector and the further development of the country's solar energy industry.

Modern runoff of the major rivers of Ukraine into the Northwestern part of the Black Sea

Valeriya Ovcharuk — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Understanding the current water discharge of major Ukrainian rivers flowing into the Black Sea is essential for modelling hydrological and oceanographic conditions in its north-western part. Freshwater inflow has a strong influence on thermohaline structure, salinity gradients, circulation, and ecosystem functioning. Under climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure, river runoff in southern Ukraine has undergone significant alterations, resulting in prolonged low-flow phases. This study assesses long-term and recent trends in water discharge in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester, and Danube rivers - the main freshwater sources for the Black Sea coastal zone -and provides input data for a Climate-Smart Decision Support System (CSDS), contributing to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Methods. The analysis is based on long-term hydrological records (1981–2021) and operational data up to 2024 obtained from the Hydrological Information Laboratory of Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University and the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Centre. Hydrological-genetic analysis of runoff time series, statistical trend evaluation, residual mass curves, and comparison of characteristic hydrological years (wet, normal, dry) were applied. For rivers with limited observations in the lower reaches, correlations between upstream discharge and downstream water levels were used to reconstruct typical intra-annual runoff patterns.

Results. All four rivers show a pronounced shift toward persistent low-flow conditions during the past decade. The Southern Bug has experienced a sharp discharge decrease since 2010, reaching less than one-third of the long-term mean by 2024. The Dnieper exhibits alternating wet and dry phases over the last 40 years; however, the 2010s–early 2020s are marked by the lowest runoff values, particularly in 2015 and 2020. The Dniester exhibits relatively regular phase alternation; however, a sustained low-flow period has persisted since 2013–2014. In the Danube delta, discharge variability remains cyclic, yet the period 2016–2024 is characterized by consistently reduced water volumes. Typical intra-annual runoff distributions for wet, normal, and dry years reveal decreased spring peaks and increased warm-season variability.

Conclusions. Major rivers supplying freshwater to the Black Sea coastal zone are currently in a prolonged low-flow phase, which must be considered in hydrodynamic and thermohaline modelling. These trends should be incorporated into numerical oceanographic models (e.g., D-Flow FM) when defining boundary conditions. Under present climatic conditions, dry-year runoff distributions are recommended, while wet-year scenarios should be applied for extreme events. The results provide a basis for CSDS development, supporting adaptive water management and informed decision-making in a climate context.

The state of tree-covered territories of Kreminna community in Luhansk region during the war: satellite analysis

Serhii Ostapchuk — 2025-12-01

Problem statement. As a result of Russia's military aggression, the environment is suffering extensive damage, among which the loss of woody vegetation is one of the most significant. Areas covered with woody vegetation (forests, plantations, gardens, parks, etc.) have camouflage properties, so they are constantly destroyed and damaged by shelling, fires, mines, military vehicles, construction of fortifications, etc.

Analysis of the latest research and publications. Various issues related to the study of the environmental impact of military operations are a complex and large-scale task, so a considerable number of scientific publications with analysis of relevant situations and assessment methodologies are devoted to their study.

The purpose of the research is to monitor and identify the loss of woody vegetation on the territory of the most forested Kreminna territorial community in Luhansk Oblast, where hostilities have been taking place for a long time and are currently taking place.

Material and methods of research. Free Sentinel-2 satellite images and QGIS software were used in the research. It was decided to select the images for 2019-2024 in the period of June-July, when the vegetation is in the active vegetation phase. This approach seems correct and logical, as it provides equal time intervals and covers 3 years before the full-scale Russian invasion and 3 years after. In a generalized form, the procedure of the research methodology can be presented as follows: downloading vector data and satellite images; image preparation; image classification; monitoring the state of woody vegetation.

Results. According to the methodology described above, using the NDMI moisture index, the corresponding raster images were created, which contained only pixels related to trees: healthy, dry, and damaged. Based on the obtained materials, the areas of tree-covered areas of the Kreminna community for the 3 classes of trees were found. All areas with healthy, dry, and damaged trees are clearly identified on the images. It was found that during 2019-2024, the total area of tree-covered territories of the community decreased from 30359.5 hectares to 28636.8 hectares. Particularly severe losses have been detected since the beginning of full-scale Russian military aggression: the total area of tree-covered territories decreased by 1886.5 hectares. At the same time, the area of territories with healthy trees decreased by 6932.5 hectares, the area with damaged trees increased by 6792.4 hectares, and the area with dry trees decreased by 1747.1 hectares due to large-scale fires that occurred there.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. The proposed model for determining the state of woody vegetation in the conditions of full-scale Russian military aggression was first implemented for the territory of the Kreminna territorial community. The surveys conducted allow us to quickly determine the condition of areas covered with woody vegetation and create plans for their restoration. In this regard, they can be useful for authorities at various levels, territorial communities, individual departments, enterprises, and institutions on whose lands hostilities took place or are currently taking place during the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Temporariness vs. Integration of Internally Displaced Persons under Uncertainty: The Case of Border Territorial Communities in Zakarpattia

Nataliia Provotar — 2025-12-01

Introduction. The integration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) into host communities has become a pressing issue in Ukraine due to ongoing war and large-scale displacement. Understanding the factors that facilitate or hinder integration is critical for designing effective policies and interventions that support IDPs’ social, economic, and cultural adaptation. This study examines IDP integration in the border communities of Berehove District, Zakarpattia Region, with a focus on community participation, satisfaction with basic needs, and the role of host community authorities and residents. The main objective is to identify determinants of integration under conditions of uncertainty and temporary displacement.

Methods. The study employed a survey-based approach targeting registered IDPs across several border communities, combined with comparative cross-contextual interpretation. The questionnaire included thematic blocks on demography, self-assessment of satisfaction with key needs (housing, employment, social assistance, education, and health services), migration intentions, evaluation of local authorities’ activities, and participation in community life. Participation in community life was used as the primary indicator of integration. The data were analyzed to identify patterns of basic needs satisfaction, barriers to participation, and the influence of local institutional and socio-cultural factors on integration.

Results. Findings show that IDPs vary in their readiness to integrate, depending on employment conditions, satisfaction with basic services, and socio-cultural and institutional contexts of host communities. Employment satisfaction emerged as a key factor facilitating participation, while informal employment and lack of stable jobs hindered integration. Housing satisfaction, while relevant to well-being, did not directly determine community participation. Institutional mechanisms, such as local IDP councils and integration strategies, created structural opportunities for engagement, but actual integration depended strongly on the attitudes of local residents and authorities. Social media and community organizations were found to be the main channels for socio-cultural integration. Perceptions of temporary displacement and migration intentions further shaped integration pathways.

Conclusions. IDP integration is multidimensional, combining access to resources with the openness of host communities. Satisfaction with employment and health services strongly underpins engagement, whereas informal employment represents a barrier. Institutional support alone is insufficient: local attitudes, socio-cultural interaction, and opportunities for participation play decisive roles. The study highlights the importance of tailoring integration policies to local contexts and addressing both structural and socio-cultural dimensions to enhance the integration of IDPs.

Assessment of the reliability of a statistical model for developing a scenario of possible air temperature changes in the spring season over the territory of Azerbaijan

Surkhay Safarov — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. This study validates statistical estimates of Azerbaijan’s mean spring temperatures up to 2022. Although precise long-term forecasts remain difficult, analysis of meteorological data from 1968–2022 demonstrates that statistical methods effectively capture regional spring temperature trends and provide a reliable basis for future climate research and scenario development.

Purpose. The study aims to develop a statistical spectral model that reliably identifies climate-induced changes in meteorological elements, particularly air temperature. The model employs optimized analytical methods whose adequacy is verified through comparisons of observed and calculated temperature series using smoothing techniques, Schuster tests, and correlation analyses. Establishing this model and its optimal application enhances the development of regional climate models and scenarios, improving the reliability of projected climatic trends.

Methods. The methodology is based on analyzing long-term air temperature series, classified into periodic and non-periodic variability indicators, the latter being useful for studying future temperature changes. Given the non-stationary nature of meteorological variables, trends in long-term series are treated as reliable, but series must first be transformed into stationary sequences for analysis using statistical techniques. Extrapolating observed trends beyond a few years is physically unreliable due to natural variability; thus, only anthropogenic trends linked to CO₂ increases are suitable for climate scenario development. Additionally, the length of meteorological records is critical, as classical climatology assumes stationarity and estimation accuracy improves with longer observational series.

Results. Spectral analysis revealed dominant 3-, 5-, and 7–9-year temperature cycles across most of Azerbaijan, while Nakhchivan exhibited only 3- and 9-year cycles. The model showed strong agreement between observed and simulated spring temperatures, with R² values of 0.906 (1998–2000), 0.953 (2001–2005), and 0.933 (2006–2010). Error assessment showed that 36–56% of cases had ΔT ≤ 1°C, 76–88% had ΔT ≤ 2°C, and nearly all cases had ΔT ≤ 3–4°C. For ΔT ≤ 2°C, the forecast accuracy reached 76–94%, confirming the reliability of the proposed spring temperature scenario.

Conclusions. Using a statistical spectral model, a new scenario of spring temperature change for Azerbaijan was developed. Projections recalculated from linear trend equations for 1968–2010 demonstrate higher accuracy compared with earlier approaches, and the post-2023 estimates can be treated as updated climate scenarios, improving the reliability of future assessments. A five-year (2026–2030) averaged spring temperature map for the country’s physiographic zones was also compiled. Overall, the model offers a robust and scientifically grounded basis for future spring temperature projections and broader climate-related analyses.

Integrating Sustainable Development into Geographical Education: From Global Perspectives to the Case of Ukraine

Kateryna Sehida — 2025-12-01

Today society is facing a number of very acute problems unable to be solved even in the developed world. Problems are especially acute in interaction of the system "society - economy - nature". Global transformations taking place in society, related to overcoming systemic crises and contradictions as well as transition of humanity to a new way of civilizational development require evolution of sustainable development policies and strategies for education. Geography should be the core, the basis of the educational standard of education for sustainable development, because geography is interdisciplinary in nature and includes knowledge, concepts, competencies about nature and society, their interaction is pretty much important. Taking into account current trends in reforming the education system in Ukraine, including the higher education, the uncertain place of geography in the knowledge system require finding ways to transform educational programs and curricula with increased practical training and emphasis on formation of competencies in demand for the labor market. This requires use of a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach.

This article aims to identify the key features of ESD globally, and in particular, in Ukraine, by analyzing literature that address and substantiate ESD-related issues. It highlights best international practices in this field, examines the potential of geographical education for SD, and outlines the role of geographical education at all levels of the education system – particularly in higher education in Ukraine - from a sustainable perspective. Additionally, the study explores the implementation of educational programs within Ukraine´s free economic education system, identifying both existing opportunities and challenges. The focus on Ukraine is particularly relevant due to the transformation of its education system, shifting toward European integration.

Results. This study examines ESD in Ukraine through global forum analyses and best practices worldwide. It identifies the potential of geographical education in promoting SD and evaluates the implementation of educational programs in Ukraine. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of social geography, whose methodologies align with ESD needs. Geography, as an interdisciplinary and sustainability-focused science, offers significant potential for ESD. The school geography curriculum already incorporates key SD principles, but their full realization requires diverse teaching methods and teacher engagement. In Ukraine’s higher education, geography should be recognized as a core discipline across all specialties, aligning with international ESD standards. Education, as the largest social system shaping public consciousness, must embed sustainability values beyond formal education to drive ethical and sociocultural progress. Ignoring sustainability in education risks perpetuating unresolved global, regional, and local issues. In Ukraine’s higher geographical education, defining its role, improving curricula, and strengthening human-geographical education based on sustainability principles should be a research priority.

Raw material base of crushed stone and rubble stone in Khmelnytskyi Region

Myroslav Syvyi — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. Analysis of the “Geoinform” archival materials indicates that the reserve of explored raw material deposits for crushed stone and rubble stone in Khmelnytskyi Region (that are suitable for operation based on the magnitude of reserves, environmental conditions, logistical requirements, etc.) is practically exhausted. Exploration work is not being conducted, the capacities of operating mining enterprises are far from fully utilized, and predominantly small-volume deposits are available for development. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a critical analysis of the current state of the raw material base for rubble and crushed stone in the Khmelnytskyi Region. This is especially crucial given that in the post-war period, the demand for increasing their production volumes will sharply rise for restoring housing and destroyed infrastructure.

Presentation of the Main Material. The article analyzes the current state of research into deposits of raw materials for crushed stone and rubble production in the Khmelnytskyi Region. It shows the correlation of deposits with specific stratigraphic subdivisions and clarifies the general patterns of placement for various types of building stone deposits across the region. The degree of exploration of building stone deposits and their level of industrial development are analyzed. The territorial density (saturation of the territory) and the provision of explored reserves to the population of territorial units are calculated. The dynamics of raw material extraction in recent years are shown, and proposals for increasing extraction volumes in the region are presented.

The areas occupied by active quarries under productive lands, unproductive lands, and forest areas have been identified. It’s concluded that the placement of a significant number of explored raw material reserves in the region on unproductive lands creates favorable prospects for their future development.

Analysis of raw material extraction volumes at state and commercial enterprises in the region, the assortment of their products, and the long-terms of provision with reliable reserves allowed us to conclude that overall, the volumes of raw material extraction in the region are satisfactory, even compared to pre-war years. However, there is insufficient provision of reliable reserves for some active quarries, extraction is concentrated in just a few territorial communities, and many enterprises are insufficiently utilized compared to their design capacities.

Conclusions. The article establishes patterns in the location of various types of crushed stone and rubble raw materials across the region. Calculations were made for the territorial density of explored reserves, their provision to individual administrative units, and the placement of explored deposits on productive, unproductive, and forest lands. Current volumes of raw material extraction and the provision of reliable reserves for active quarries have been determined, and possibilities for genuinely increasing raw material extraction in the region have been recommended.

Comprehensive forecasting of geospatial changes in soil fertility in Cherkasy region using CLUE-S and ANN models

Nadiia Sopova — 2025-12-01

Introduction. This study analyzes soil fertility dynamics in Ukraine’s Cherkasy region, considering natural, socio-economic and anthropogenic factors. Soil fertility underpins agricultural productivity, ecological stability and food security, yet is highly sensitive to climate variability, land-use changes, and economic decisions. The research focuses on developing a spatially explicit predictive model to forecast fertility trends, capturing interactions between land use, agrochemical properties (e.g., humus content, pH) and economic drivers of land management. By linking environmental and socio-economic processes, the study provides a tool for informed, sustainable land resource management.

Methods. To achieve this objective, an integrated modeling framework was developed, combining the CLUE-S model, which is designed for spatially dynamic analysis of land-use change, with an artificial neural network (ANN) capable of predicting agrochemical indicators based on climatic, agronomic, and socio-economic data. The CLUE-S component enabled the simulation of land-use transitions and the assessment of spatial patterns of change, while the ANN provided forecasts of humus content and pH levels using historical datasets. This approach allowed for the synthesis of geospatial modeling and data-driven prediction in a unified system. Special consideration was given to socio-economic parameters, including state agricultural policies, the availability of financial resources for the agricultural sector, and prevailing market conditions, ensuring that the modeled scenarios would be both scientifically valid and reflective of real-world constraints.

Results. The modeling revealed that humus content and soil pH are the primary determinants of long-term soil productivity. Under the business-as-usual scenario, where current land-use practices remain unchanged, humus content is projected to decrease by 8–12 % by 2050, while pH levels could fall to 5,7, resulting in a 15–20 % decline in fertility. In contrast, the sustainable land-use scenario, which incorporates optimized crop rotations and practices aimed at maintaining soil organic matter, is expected to stabilize humus content at 4 % and maintain pH levels between 6,3 and 6,5, leading to improved nutrient availability and more efficient use of resources. These results clearly demonstrate the significant potential of targeted land management strategies to mitigate future losses in soil fertility.

Conclusions. The findings confirm the effectiveness of an integrated spatial-predictive modeling approach that combines the CLUE-S model with artificial neural networks for forecasting soil fertility under different environmental and socio-economic conditions. A distinctive feature of this study is its comprehensive inclusion of socio-economic drivers alongside biophysical variables, enabling the development of realistic and policy-relevant projections. The proposed framework has considerable practical value for agricultural landscape planning, the design of sustainable land-use strategies, and the creation of land resource management policies. By enabling the assessment of long-term impacts of land-use change, the optimization of soil resource utilization, and the prevention of degradation, the CLUE-S + ANN model provides a strategic tool for ensuring agricultural productivity and ecological stability in the face of climate change and socio-economic transformations.

Challenges and advances in the assessment of damaged agricultural land using remote sensing

Iryna Stakhiv — 2025-12-01

Background. Wartime hostilities have resulted in large areas of Ukrainian land becoming temporarily inaccessible, damaged, or mined, thereby challenging the validity of conventional land valuation approaches, notably the Normative Monetary Valuation (NMV). The current NMV framework is ill-suited for current realities, as it does not incorporate factors such as physical destruction, cratering, and the extent of soil degradation resulting from military operations and the use of missile weaponry. Consequently, an investigation into the relevance and effectiveness of the NMV under martial law is crucial for taxation and for planning the country’s reconstruction.

The purpose of the study is to identify challenges in the assessment of damaged land, to substantiate the methodology for its operational monitoring and classification based on remote sensing (RS) data, and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of NM through the introduction of a correction coefficient. The object of the study is the system of Normative Monetary Valuation of land in Ukraine under martial law. The subject is the relevance, effectiveness and challenges of using NMV of land under martial law, as well as ways to improve it.

Methods. This study employs a comprehensive approach, including: a systematic and comparative analysis of the legal and regulatory framework, cartographic modeling, and spatial and statistical data analysis. The key methods were geographic information technologies (GIS) and analysis of satellite images (Planet Labs, Google Earth) for the identification, vectorization and spatial assessment of the affected areas.

Results. It was confirmed that remote sensing is the most effective tool fora large-scale and safe damage assessment, enabling to record craters. During the study, a classification of missiles was developed according to the degree of damage done to the ground. Four main levels of damage were established (Low, Medium, High, and Critical), which correlate with the crater's diameter and depth, as well as with the approximate percentage of soil productivity loss. The introduction of the “Land Suitability Coefficient” (LSC) as a mandatory corrective amendment to the current NMV formula was proposed and justified. It has been established that the LSC should incorporate both the area of damage and the coefficient of destruction intensity (D), obtained on the basis of the classification of remote sensing. Improving the NMV model by incorporating the LSC ensures increased objectivity of the assessment and its compliance with the actual ecological condition of the land, which is necessary for fair land taxation and compensation calculation.

Conclusions. The findings of the study demonstrate the critical need to reform land valuation relations in wartime through the integration of geospatial data. The proposed approach based on remote sensing and the implementation of the LSC is a practical solution that allows authorities and cadastral services to promptly account for losses and fairly regulate financial relations in the field management, thereby contributing to effective planning of the recovery of the agricultural sector.

Landscape traces and palimpsests in industrial cultural and historical heritage

Yulian Tyutyunnyk — 2025-12-01

The article examines theoretical and applied issues of the landscape science approach to the study and preservation of industrial cultural and historical heritage.

Purpose. To justify and illustrate with specific examples the provisions about industrial traces and palimpsests in relation to post-technogenic landscapes, as well as to show the possibilities of applying the developed concept in the practice of research and preservation of industrial heritage.

Methods. 1. Comparative-historical, paleolandscape studies. 2. Industrial-archaeological. 3. Historical-hermeneu-tic. 4. Remote (using Internet resources). 5. Sociological-field.

Results. Landscape traces are newly formed and transformed elements, components and images of the landscape (in the landscape), which were caused by human activity, which actually stopped or was greatly reduced. Traces accumulated layer by layer in the landscape form a landscape palimpsest (landscape as a palimpsest). Landscape traces and palimpsests are important for the landscape to acquire cultural qualities. They are the subject of protection and preservation, objects of cultural and historical heritage. If the human activity that creates traces and palimpsests is a production activity and causes the formation of a post-technogenic landscape, then we should talk about industrial landscape traces and palimpsests. They are objects of industrial heritage and are also subject to protection and preservation. The simplest monument protection category that can be applied to them is "monument of science and technology" (this concept is regulated by law). Industrial traces and palimpsests consist of material and ideal objects and phenomena related to production activities and the daily life of working people, prominent figures of scientists, engineers, and technologists. The ideal component of the industrial footprint in the industrial post-technogenic landscape is represented by workers' slang, folklore, music, legends, superstitions, traditions, toponyms, surnames, etc. The article presents experience and outlines problems related to the identification, study, and preservation of industrial traces and palimpsests in post-technogenic landscapes that were formed by sugar beet production (Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Chernihiv regions), glassmaking (Transcarpathia), uranium mining (Kryvbas). All of them are the industrial heritage of our Motherland and require accounting, research, and protection.

Scientific novelty. Theoretical developments in the field related to the doctrine of landscape traces and palimpsests in general and regarding industrial post-technogenic geosystems in particular are brought into a coherent system. Unique examples of landscape traces and palimpsests in the sugar factory, glass-making and uranium-mining heritage of Ukraine are presented.

Practical significance. The developments of the article can be effectively used in the identification, study and protection of industrial cultural and historical heritage.

Methodology and practical implementation of assessing the scale and consequences of fires within the Emerald network of Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya using remote sensing

Vasyl Fesyuk — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Climate change, anthropogenic pressure and wildfires are key threats to ecosystems, including unique protected areas. The sites of the Emerald Network in Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya are important for the conservation of biodiversity at the national and European levels, but at the same time suffer from the negative effects of fires.

The purpose of article is to develop and test a methodology for assessing the scale and consequences of fires within the Emerald Network sites in Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya using remote sensing data, taking into account the specific natural conditions of the region and the specific nature conservation status of the territories.

The object of the study is the natural complexes of the Emerald Network sites in Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya that are affected by fires.

The subject of the study is the regularities of the spread and spatial distribution of fires within the Emerald Network sites of Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya.

Data and methods. The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) service was used to obtain the initial data. From there, a data array on thermal anomalies recorded by the MODIS Aqua and MODIS Terra satellites during 2012-24 was downloaded. Data sampling was carried out for the territories of Volyn, Rivne, and Zhytomyr regions of Ukraine. The main statistical indicators of fire occurrence for this period were calculated. A corresponding vector data layer was created in QGIS. The density of hot spots was calculated for each cell of a regular grid. A layer of Emerald Network object contours was created for the area of interest, based on data from the Emerald Network by European Environment Agency portal. The number of hot spots within each Emerald Network territory was calculated.

Results. It was found that meadow ecosystems were most often affected by fires. This indicates their low resilience and the need to comply with fire prevention rules. Despite their different structure and protection status, the Emerald Network areas provide better protection of habitats from fire threats. This is evidenced by GIS and statistical analysis of the dataset on the intensity and frequency of fires.

The scientific novelty. An integrated approach is proposed for identifying fire hotspots, assessing affected areas, and classifying the degree of impact on natural ecosystems, in particular on protected habitats and species.

Practical significance. The proposed methodology allows for the optimization of satellite data use for risk assessment and restoration of disturbed ecosystems.

Economic, environmental and social dimensions of green transformation in Ukraine: aspects of management in conditions of war and post-war reconstruction

Maksym Khozhylo — 2025-12-01

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and assess the effectiveness of existing financial and economic instruments of the green transformation in Ukraine’s public administration, and to provide a rationale for improving specific areas in the post-war reconstruction context.

Methods. The research is based on a systemic and comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks, policy documents, and statistical data related to Ukraine’s green transformation. Qualitative and analytical methods were used to identify barriers to effective policy implementation, while comparative assessment allowed evaluation of Ukraine’s mechanisms in the context of EU environmental and fiscal practices. The study also incorporates expert assessments and secondary data from international organizations such as the OECD, World Bank, and UNEP.

Results. The analysis revealed several structural barriers hindering the effectiveness of financial and economic instruments for the green transition. These include policy fragmentation, lack of an integrated national strategy, overlapping departmental functions, and high corruption risks. The impact of the full-scale war has significantly reshaped the priorities of public administration, redirecting fiscal resources toward defense, increasing infrastructure destruction, and slowing green investment. Nevertheless, the post-war recovery period presents opportunities to integrate sustainability principles into the reconstruction process. The key principles of achieving sustainable development goals are determined by the economic, environmental and social components. Criteria for their measurement have been established: economic criteria show how effectively financial resources are used to achieve green goals. Environmental criteria directly measure the impact of the mechanism on the state of the environment. Social and institutional criteria reflect the impact of the mechanism on society and the effectiveness of public administration. The application of these criteria will allow not only to state the fact of the implementation of green policy, but also to objectively assess its effectiveness, identify weaknesses and substantiate recommendations for its improvement.

Conclusions. The study concludes that Ukraine’s post-war recovery represents a unique opportunity for a “green leap,” enabling structural modernization of the national economy according to sustainable principles. Effective implementation of fiscal and institutional reforms, combined with enhanced transparency and public accountability, can accelerate Ukraine’s integration into the European Green Deal and global sustainability frameworks.

Restored and modern landscape structures of the Synytsky Park in Cherkasy region

Yurii Yatsentiuk — 2025-12-01

Problem statement. In the conditions of increasing anthropogenic environment, loss of biodiversity, important problems are the preservation of quasi-natural areas and the rational design of landscape complexes. An important role in this regard is played by parks-monuments of garden and park art. The organic combination of their nature conservation and recreational functions requires knowledge about the landscape complexes of the territory. The park-monument of garden and park art of local importance “Synytsky Park” (hereinafter - Synytsky Park) was founded in the 18^th century. In 2023 it was included in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine as an object of cultural heritage of national importance. However, a significant number of park’s cultural monuments have been destroyed or have undergone negative changes. Its restoration and further development require knowledge about landscapes that existed here before the park was founded (restored) and exist today (modern).

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the landscape complexes of the Synytsky Park.

Methods. To achieve the purpose, landscape studies of the territory were conducted, revealing the features of the restored (middle of the 18^th century) and modern landscape structure of the park. The research was conducted using the following methods: field expeditionary continuous survey (to identify the features of the modern landscape structure); analytical and cartographic analysis (in the process of analyzing existing maps of nature, economy, anthropogenic changes in landscapes); geoinformation methods - QGIS software (to create maps of natural (reconstruction) and modern landscapes).

Results and Discussion. The slope terrains dominated and still dominate (44.17 %) both in the restored and in the modern landscape structures of the Synytsky Park. The flat interfluve terrains occupied 40.4 %, the flood-plain terrains – 14.71 %, the channel terrains – 0.72 %. In the restored landscape structure of the park dominated (39.11%) the tracts of slightly undulating loess surfaces with dark gray podzolic soils under hornbeam oak forests. The landscape structure of the modern territory of the Synytsky Park has become significantly diversified and complicated. Based on 14 types of natural tracts 44 types of anthropogenic tracts have been formed and are currently distinguished. The most common (34.46 %) tracts in the modern landscape structure of the park are slightly undulating loess surfaces with dark gray podzolic soils under ash forest of the flat interfluve terrains. The area of the channel terrains in the Synytsky Park has decreased by half compared to the middle of the 18^th century. Due to the flooding of the dominant part of the river flood-plains by pond waters, the flood-plain type of terrains has transformed into a pond-flood-plain type.

Scientific novelty. The features of the restored landscape structure of the Synytsky Park were identified for the first time. The features of the anthropogenic transformation of types of terrains and tracts of the park from the middle of the 18^th century to the present day were identified.

Practical significance. The research results will become a scientific basis for the further development and optimization of the landscapes of Synytsky Park.

The role of morphometric indicators of relief in the assessment of ecogeomorphological conditions in the Fuzuli administrative region

Samira Abushova — 2025-12-01

In the assessment of ecogeomorphological conditions, morphometric indicators of relief (such as slope, elevation differences, horizontal and vertical fragmentation, exposure etc.) make it possible to determine the intensity of natural processes and the characteristics of ecological risk formation within the area. The article analyzes the morphometric indicators and ecogeomorphological assessment of the relief of the Fuzuli administrative region. The characteristics of the morphometric parameters of the relief include quantitative indicators of the degree of complexity of the formation of the relief of the earth's surface. Morphometric indicators wich determine the complexity coefficient of the earth's surface relief play an important role in the implementation of engineering works, as well as territorial planning. Quantities of morphometric indicators were calculated based on the digital elevation model of the relief (Aster DEM) of Azerbaijan and interpolated in the Arcmap 10.8 software to determine the degree of tension of the territory. According to the ecogeomorphological tension, the study area was divided into 3 zones and the morphometric values of each zone were given. It was determined that 36.98% of the Fuzuli administrative region has favorable conditions for the construction of infrastructure.

The aim of this study. To determine the degree of ecogeomorphological tension of the area based on the morphometric indicators of the relief. This allows for identifying areas with high susceptibility to natural processes and assessing potential ecological risks.

Research Methodology. The research maps, created using the Mercator projection system, have been georeferenced and aligned with the WGS 1984 UTM Zone 38N coordinate system. Based on the digital model of the relief, the morphometric indicators of the relief (horizontal and vertical fragmentation, slope, exposure) were analyzed, quantified, and the degree of ecogeomorphological tension was determined using the interpolation method in the ArcMap program.

Results. The study area consists of 501.13 km² of low-voltage, 696.66 km² of medium-voltage, and 157.36 km² of high-voltage areas, which are mainly suitable for land use. Only 11.61 percent of the area has high voltage, which allows these areas to be used as pastures, as well as for tourism purposes. It is possible to carry out various tourism and recreational activities in these areas, including hiking, mountaineering, and other outdoor pursuits, taking advantage of the natural landscape and scenic relief features.

Chlorine residual behavior in water disinfection using combined sand media with chlorine application

Rezania Asyfiradayati — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Water is a need for every human being in all parts of the world. The demand for water, particularly clean water, is expected to increase in line with population growth. In Indonesia, wells providing access to both shallow and deep groundwater sources serve as the primary source of clean water Microbiological contamination of water causes a bad impact, especially on health. The water supply system is a fundamental component of sustainable urban development. Nevertheless, it frequently encounters a range of complex challenges, especially in developing nations.

The purpose of article. The objective of this study is to investigate the concentration of residual chlorine over varying contact times using different media combinations, namely black sand, silica sand, and white sand, to evaluate their effectiveness in sustaining chlorine levels during water treatment.

Research methods. This research employed a quasi-experimental design to evaluate residual chlorine levels in treated water using various types of sand integrated with chlorine within diffuser pipes. A total of 720 liters of water was used, divided into 36 reservoirs. holding 2.5 mg of chlorine each of which contained 20 litres and 500 grams of one of three types of sand: black sand, white sand, or silica sand. Water samples in 20-litre containers were treated with a chlorine sprayer for exposure periods of 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The study assessed several parameters, including temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and residual chlorine. Data were analyzed and presented using univariate and bivariate tables, with statistical testing conducted using one-way ANOVA.

Result. The results indicated that the chlorine diffuser containing white sand exceeded the permissible residual chlorine threshold at contact times of 45 and 60 minutes. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in residual chlorine concentrations between the silica sand and black sand media (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the chlorine concentrations over time for the white sand diffuser. These findings suggest that white sand may lead to prolonged chlorine retention, potentially resulting in concentrations above recommended limits

Scientific novelty and practical value. for the first time, an analysis that the various types of sand in the chlorine diffuser have differences in the remaining chlorine in the water so that it can be used as a reference for further research in water treatment.

Entropy-weighted model for assessing the environmental safety of surface waters in the Southern Bug river basin

Vitalii Bezsonnyi — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Ensuring the environmental safety of river basins is a critical challenge for Ukraine, particularly for strategically important waterways like the Southern Bug, which is subject to significant technogenic and agricultural pressure. Traditional assessment methods often rely on fixed weighting coefficients that fail to capture the local specifics of pollution. The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the environmental safety of surface waters in the Southern Bug River basin using an entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), which accounts for the spatiotemporal variability and informational significance of hydrochemical indicators.

Methods. The study is based on a database of hydrochemical observations for the period 2020–2024, collected from 36 monitoring stations across the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river. The analysis included 12 key water quality parameters. The methodology involved data normalization and the calculation of entropy weights using Shannon’s information theory to determine the contribution of each parameter to the overall pollution level. Analytical tools included the calculation of seasonal EWQI values, spatial visualization using OpenStreetMap (OSM), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for factor identification, and k-means clustering for zoning the basin.

Results. Spatial analysis revealed a distinct downstream gradient of water quality deterioration: from clean waters (Classes II–III, EWQI ≤ 1.0) in the upper basin to polluted and highly polluted waters (Classes V–VII, EWQI > 3.0) in the estuarine zone near Mykolaiv. A significant seasonal trend was established, with the mean EWQI increasing from 1.85 in the cold period to 2.46 in the warm period, indicating a 33% degradation in water quality due to intensified eutrophication processes. Entropy weight analysis identified ammonium (22%), phosphates (18%), and BOD₅ (15%) as the dominant contributors to the index, confirming the prevalence of biogenic and organic pollution. PCA results indicated that three factors – organic load, nutrient enrichment, and mineralization – explain more than 80% of the variance in the data.

Conclusions. The study confirmed that the entropy-weighted model provides an objective and sensitive tool for assessing aquatic ecosystems, effectively revealing spatial heterogeneity and seasonal risks. The research highlights that the warm season represents a period of critical ecological stress for the Southern Bug. The practical value of the model lies in its applicability for automated assessment and spatial mapping within the state environmental monitoring system, providing a scientific basis for optimizing monitoring networks and management decisions.

Ecogeochemical assessment of heavy metal contamination in the soil cover of the Izyum district under the impact of military operations

Yuriy Buts — 2025-12-01

Purpose of the study. The ongoing military conflict in eastern Ukraine has caused significant damage to the environment, especially the soil cover in regions that have been subjected to intensive shelling. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of hostilities on the ecogeochemical composition of soils in the Kharkiv region using modern monitoring and laboratory analysis methods, as well as to determine the level of environmental risk of heavy metal contamination in areas of missile and artillery shelling.

Materials and methods of research. The study was carried out in the format of a comprehensive expedition organized within the Izyum district, in the east of the Kharkiv region - the region that suffered the greatest destruction from artillery shelling and bombing. Experimental studies were conducted in the laboratory of ecological and analytical research on the basis of the Scientific Research Institution "Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Ecological Problems" (UKRNDIEP) (Kharkiv). The main method for determining the concentration of BM was atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), which provides high sensitivity and accuracy of measurements. The analysis covered key toxic chemical elements - lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), as well as a number of associated heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Mn), which allowed for a more significant characterization of the geochemical background. The interpretation of the results was based on modern approaches to environmental risk assessment. First of all, the contamination factor (CF) was determined, which shows how many times the BM content exceeds the natural background level. Next, the geoaccumulation index (Geoaccumulation Index, Igeo) was calculated, which made it possible to establish whether the excess concentrations are a consequence of man-made influences, in particular military actions. At the final stage, an integral Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was calculated, which takes into account the toxicity of each HM and predicts the possible consequences of its accumulation for the ecosystem.

Results. This study presents the results of a comprehensive field and laboratory study of chemical contamination of soils in the eastern Kharkiv region, focusing on areas directly affected by artillery and air bombardments. Soil samples were collected from 12 explosion craters throughout the Izyum district using georeferenced sampling methods. Concentrations of heavy metals, namely zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and others, were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. The data show significant excesses of background levels for several toxic elements, especially Zn, Pb and Cu, with contamination closely correlated with the composition of munitions and metal debris. Pollution indicators such as the contamination coefficient (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) indicate moderate to high ecological risks in most of the studied sites. The highest PERI values were observed in areas of concentrated bombing, which highlights the long-term ecological consequences of military operations. The obtained ecogeochemical assessment emphasizes the need for an intelligent environmental monitoring system and provides a scientific basis for soil restoration strategies in post-conflict areas.

Ecological assessment and forecasting of surface water conditions in the Southern Bug River in the territory of Mykolaiv region

Lidiia Horoshkovа — 2025-12-01

Introduction. The issue of water supply and water security has become more relevant in the territory of Ukraine under conditions of war. Taking into account that Ukraine has an extensive water infrastructure, which includes large multipurpose reservoirs, hydroelectric power station dams, cooling systems for nuclear power plants, and others, the impact of the war is already environmentally hazardous and catastrophic. That is why research into anthropogenic influence, including during military actions, is relevant for the Southern Bug River, which is an important strategic resource for the ecological, social, and economic development of the Mykolaiv region of Ukraine.

The purpose of article. Assessment of anthropogenic and military impact on the surface waters of the Southern Bug River within the Mykolaiv region, which are used for drinking water supply, in order to forecast the development of the ecological situation and to form measures for its improvement at the stage of post-war recovery of the country.

Research methods. Methods of comparison, computer-based statistical data processing using correlation analysis of the results, as well as modeling and forecasting using regression analysis, were applied.

Research results. The paper presents the results of studies on the impact of anthropogenic and military pressure on the ecological state of surface waters within the Mykolaiv region, namely the Southern Bug River, at 153 km, near the village of Oleksiivka (village of Pankratove), drinking water intake of the city of Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolaiv region (47°86′87″ N, 31°11′97″ E). A forecast of the level of anthropogenic load from key pollutants was carried out using regression equations, and projected levels of phosphate ions, ammonium ions, sulfate ions, chloride ions, BOD₅, and dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of the Southern Bug River were determined.

Conclusions. The study presents the results of a comprehensive ecological assessment of the quality of surface waters of the Southern Bug River in the city of Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolaiv region, over the period of 2003–2024. The dynamics of key water quality indicators were studied, in particular the content of phosphate ions, ammonium, sulfate ions, chloride ions, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), and the level of dissolved oxygen. The obtained analysis results allow us to conclude that the aquatic system of the Southern Bug River in the area of Oleksiivka (Pankratove) has a stable biogenic-organic load, which intensified during 2020–2024. An increase in nitrogen, phosphates, surfactants, and herbicides indicates a systematic influence of domestic and agricultural pollution sources. The trends in COD/BOD₅, combined with a decrease in dissolved oxygen, indicate a decline in aeration potential and an increased risk of hypoxia. A forecast of the anthropogenic load level from key pollutants was carried out using regression equations, and projected levels of phosphate ions, ammonium ions, sulfate ions, chloride ions, BOD₅, and dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of the Southern Bug River were determined.

Seliteb hydraulic network in the context of the implementation of EU environmental protection strategies

Anatoliy Hudzevych — 2025-12-01

Problem statement. The article examines the structural organization of the Southern Bug basin, operating under urban conditions. This involves obtaining detailed objective information about its condition, which is determined by the need to harmonize this process with European standards in the field of hydrography and with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The purpose of this study is to inventory the watercourses of the Southern Bug basin within the Vinnytsia city catchment area, assess their ecological state and functional problems, and provide a basis for management decisions.

Methods. Classical and modern methods of hydrological, structural-geographical, structural-functional, analytical, remote sensing, instrumental, cartographic, mathematical, and comparative-geographical analyses were applied. The central part of the materials was collected by the authors of the publication during field etymological studies of water bodies of Vinnytsia city, when performing scientific research work in 2023-2024.

Results of the study. The study clarified the location and nature of the discharge capabilities of previously identified watercourses. At the same time, an assessment of the elements of the hydrological regime and morphometric features within the basins was conducted. An inventory of the current state of watercourses in Vinnytsia city enabled us to identify technogenic violations in some of them that developed during the urban development of the territory. It has been established that intensive anthropogenic loading of small-river basins leads to significant transformation of the original natural valley-river landscape, up to its complete disappearance. Focusing research on local needs helps structure efforts in responsible consumption (SDG 12), combating climate change (SDG 13), and preserving ecosystems (SDG 15), which is important for restoring the environment transformed by unsustainable consumer practices.

Conclusions. The results of the study on the structural organization of the Southern Bug basin in the conditions of Vinnytsia city can significantly expand and activate areas of rational water resource management, ensuring their balanced functioning. They have a decisive influence on the planning of optimal water-use scenarios in urban environments, not only at the local but also at the regional and state levels. The results of the study are the basis for developing a strategy for the urban community and achieving the Goals of balanced development and effective management of territorial resources, as well as for scientific and educational purposes.

An analysis of the formation of profiles of physical and chemical indicators discharge in the context of compliance with the environmental quality of the recipient river

Mykola Klymenko — 2025-12-01

Introduction. Rivne Nuclear Power Plant, located on the Styr River, releases return water into the river without pre-treatment. While radiological impacts are well controlled, non-radiological effects remain poorly studied. The purpose of this work was to assess the non-radiological influence of Rivne NPP’s ORCS discharges on the physicochemical quality of the river. The research object comprised additional return cooling waters from the Rivne NPP and water from the river in the discharge zone. The subject was the variation of physicochemical quality indicators and their compliance with operational, discharge, and environmental standards.

Methods. In 2023, weekly sampling was performed for additional cooling water, return water from the ORCS, and Styr River water downstream of the discharge. Measured parameters included pH, temperature, dry residue, alkalinity, hardness, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, N–NH₃, SS, DO, COD, and BOD₅. Analyses were conducted according to standardized methods. The data were compared with operational standards, permissible concentrations in return water and maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for the environment. The water quality of the river was assessed using the following indices: salinity (SC), trophic-saprobiological state (TSS), organic pollution (OPI), nutrient pollution (NPI), and eutrophication (EI). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) using JASP version 0.14.3.

Results and Discussion. Return water parameters were stable and within discharge standards. Styr River water largely met ecological MACs, but sporadic exceedances occurred: pH up to 8.66 (above 8.5), COD up to 83.2 mgO₂/L (MAC = 50 mgO₂/L), ammonium nitrogen up to 2.13 mg/L (MAC = 0.5 mg/L), PO₄³⁻ up to 0.798 mg/L (MAC = 0.7 mg/L), and BOD₅ up to 3.87 mgO₂/L (MAC = 3 mgO₂/L). These deviations were observed both upstream and downstream of the discharge, suggesting non-local sources unrelated to NPP activity. PCA identified three principal components explaining 66.9% of variance: PC1 (39.2%) linked to temperature and mineralization (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Na⁺, K⁺), PC2 (18.6%) related to pH, alkalinity, hardness, and dissolved oxygen, and PC3 (9.1%) defined by SO₄²⁻ and BOD₅. Positive correlations were found between temperature and nitrates, pH and ammonium, and negative correlations between COD and BOD₅ or SO₄²⁻ and BOD₅. Cluster analysis showed that SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and N–NH₃ demonstrate the most consistent relationships between the return water and the Styr River. According to the integral indices (IC, ITS, OPI, NPI, EI), it was found that the river water is characterized by a high degree of purity in terms of salt composition (IC = 1.25), the absence of eutrophication (EI = 0.08) and a low level of organic pollution (OPI = 0.15), with a slight trophic-saprobic load (ITS = 3.25) and moderate nutrient pollution (NPI = 1.56).

Conclusions. Rivne NPPs ORCS return water met permissible concentrations, indicating effective cooling and water treatment. Styr River water generally complied with ecological MACs, and rare exceedances were not linked to Rivne NPP. PCA and correlation analyses identified temperature and mineralization as the main drivers of variability. Overall water quality is good but requires preventive, continuous monitoring and improved water management to ensure long-term ecological stability and environmental safety.

Aquatic Ecosystem Degradation Due to Industrial Pollution: A Case Study of the Okchu River

Kamila Majidli — 2025-12-01

State of the problem. Once recognized for its substantial hydropower potential of about 130 million kWh annually, the Okchu River is now classified among the most polluted rivers globally due to severe heavy metal contamination, making it unsuitable for human use without extensive treatment. The ecological degradation, mainly caused by copper-molybdenum mining in Armenia’s Gafan and Gajaran regions, has led to declining biodiversity, unsafe water quality, and health risks for communities dependent on the river.

Object learning. The article proposes a comprehensive strategy for developing hydropower resources along the Okchu River in Azerbaijan while simultaneously addressing ecological challenges. It aims to restore the river’s health by combining hydropower development with corrective ecological measures, ensuring a balance between energy production and environmental sustainability.

Methodology. The research employs historical and contemporary datasets, including water and sediment quality assessments, supported by environmental monitoring conducted by Azerbaijani and international bodies. Analytical approaches are used to measure concentrations of heavy metals – specifically copper, iron, and nickel – and to assess their ecological consequences on the river’s ecosystem and groundwater resources. In 2023, 108 water samples and 39 bottom sediment samples from the Oxchuchay River underwent 1,728 physico-chemical, 398 physico-chemical, and 3 ecotoxicological analyses. Findings revealed that iron, zinc, copper, and manganese concentrations were considerably higher than those of other metals.

Research results. Findings reveal that copper-molybdenum concentrations far exceed permissible limits, endangering drinking water safety, agricultural irrigation, and aquatic life. Monitoring at the Shayıflı station in 2023 revealed frequent exceedances of ammonium (up to 2.4 mg/L, 4.8× MPC) and manganese (up to 674 µg/L, 6.74× MPC), indicating episodic contamination. Iron levels fluctuated widely, peaking at 946 µg/L (3× MPC) in May and dropping to 37.7 µg/L in October. Hardness and sulfate remained mostly within limits but showed clear seasonal trends, linked to climatic and hydrological factors. The study highlights the declining ecological condition of the Okchu River while presenting a hydropower development plan expected to generate 120–140 million kWh annually, supplemented by an additional 70 million kWh from a new Hydropower Plant. To safeguard ecological flow, a 5.3 km purified-water pipeline to the Shayifli reservoir is proposed, along with innovative water management techniques and advanced monitoring systems.

The scientific novelty of the research. This study introduces an integrated framework that prioritizes sustainable hydropower generation alongside ecological restoration. By combining cross-border collaboration, advanced monitoring technologies, and ecological flow management, it outlines a model for balancing industrial development with the urgent need for environmental protection in transboundary river systems.

Assessment of the hazard risk of the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Nakhchivan autonomous republic

Elnara Seyidova — 2025-12-01

Problem Statement. Although nuclear power plants are considered to be a more economically efficient type of energy, they are considered a source of environmental danger in many respects. The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (Armenia) is one of the main sources of environmental risk, contributing not only to ecological problems in the area of its location within Armenia but also to transboundary impacts on neighboring countries, particularly affecting the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijan), as well as Eastern Anatolia (Türkiye), western Iran and parts of the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan).

The aim of this study. The aim of the study is to study atmospheric dispersion processes, The aim of the study is to assess the environmental impact of radioactive discharges, in relation to the location of MNPP reactors in a high seismic-risk border region, and to investigate the possible transport of pollutants to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic via air currents and the Aras River.

Research Methodology. The study covers a spatial analysis of transboundary radioecological hazards in the Aras River basin, based on the collection of hydroecological samples in the field, laboratory analysis of water and ichthyofauna, geoinformation mapping, and a comprehensive assessment of seismotectonic risks. Physico-chemical, microbiological and biological parameters (pH, heavy metals, nitrates, phosphates, oxygen content, etc.) were investigated in water samples, and fish were used as bioindicators to assess the long-term accumulation of radionuclides. Furthermore, using ArcGIS (ArcMap) software, the risk factors of tectonic processes that have occurred and could occur in the area were studied, and an ecological zoning map of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic portion of the Aras River basin was prepared.

Scientific novelty of the research. For the first time, the radiological risk associated with the Metsamor NPP has been assessed in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic based on an integrated regional analysis of atmospheric transport, riverine dispersion, and the biological migration of radioisotopes. In recent years, ecological zoning has been carried out and a map has been prepared, illustrating the impact of the Metsamor NPP on the Aras River basin and the Aras reservoir.The novelty of the study is characterised by the development of a spatial model of transboundary ecological risk in the Aras River basin, based on the integration of hydrochemical indicators, biotic accumulation data, and seismic hazard analysis.

Results. The study determined that the main pathways of radionuclide dispersal are the Aras River, atmospheric circulation, and fish migration. Taking into account the potential dispersion of radioactive waste in the basin, the area's rivers were divided into three categories based on their ecological condition: clean, relatively clean, and highly polluted. A map compiled using ArcMap confirms the area's seismic risk, showing that hundreds of earthquakes with a maximum magnitude of 7 have been recorded in the last 45 years since the AES began operating. The environmental risk posed by the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant to the region was determined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the migration pathways of radionuclides in the atmospheric, hydrographic, and biological environments, as well as an integrated assessment of hydrochemical, biotic, and seismic indicators in the Aras River basin.

Noospheric vision of the concept of sustainable development

Segiy Sonko — 2025-12-01

Introduction. The absence of a paradigm for socio-natural development at the noospheric level is now confirmed by the almost complete failure of the concept of sustainable development (especially after Rio+20). Instead of its original restrictive content, the current "strategy" for sustainable development with 17 goals contains only three that are truly close to the high ideals of Rio-92. The rest of the goals emphasize the intensification of economic development at the expense of the planet's natural resources. The authors are deeply convinced that the biosphere's direct response to the expansion of our species is numerous cataclysms, pandemics, and wars.

The purpose of this study is to identify socio-natural systems in space and time, which will help determine where humans are now and how far they have "broken away" from the biosphere on the complex and long path to the noosphere/sustainable development.

Research methods. The study is based on an analysis of fundamental natural science works, huge amounts of data on the spatial organization of agriculture in the Kharkiv and Cherkasy regions, and the results of previous studies. In addition to traditional methods of geographical and ecological research, cartographic methods were widely used, in particular the author's methodology of elementary GIS (EGIS), historical-geographical and historiosophical research, modeling, and the development of possible scenarios for the development of socio-natural interaction.

Main findings. The interpretation of the mechanisms of aggravation of the global environmental problem within the evolutionary process is considered in terms of the categories and concepts of the natural history paradigm. It is stated that the global environmental problem is the result of spatial inconsistency of territorial combinations of different types of ecosystems – agroecosystems, urban ecosystems, and infrastructure ecosystems. The main reason for the ineffectiveness of the concept of sustainable development is the incorrect positioning of the species "Homo" in the planet's biosphere. It has been substantiated that the "ecotope" of Homo sapiens goes far beyond the organismic level of species organization and encompasses the ecosystem level, forming an agroecosystem as an ecological niche with moving spatial boundaries. Based on an analysis of the evolution of agroecosystems in the Kharkiv region over a 3-year period, it has been established that the cause of the aggravation of the global environmental problem is the spatial inconsistency of territorial combinations of noospheric ecosystems. A possible way to harmonize the development of nature and society could be the spatial rotation of the functions of agro- and urban ecosystems while preserving the connecting functions of infraecosystems and striving for contact-type boundaries.

Scientific novelty and practical value. The proposed ideal model of socio-natural interaction in the process of nature use, based on the principle of spatial rotation, radically changes the main direction of interaction between nature and society from anthropocentric to adaptive. At the same time, one of the main conditions for noospheric (sustainable) development is fulfilled—a change in the structure and functions of natural ecosystems by humans that leaves them capable of self-reproduction.

Estimation of the extent of marine pollution as a consequence of the Kakhovka reservoir dam destruction based on simulation results

Yurii Tuchkovenkо — 2025-12-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. In June 2023, as a result of the Kakhovka reservoir dam destruction, pollutants from the Dnipro River entered the Black Sea. This paper discusses the problem of determining the possible accumulation zones of these pollutants in the bottom sediments of the north-western Black Sea water area. The urgency of the problem is determined by the fact that these accumulation zones are potential long-term sources of secondary pollution of the marine environment. Preliminary identification of these zones is necessary for assessing damage done to the natural resources of the sea, as well as for the preparation of marine environment monitoring after the end of military operations. Numerical modelling is used to determine zones of marine pollution, since contact studies in the open sea and in the coastal areas are currently impossible. The hypothesis is accepted that the zones of pollutant accumulation in bottom sediments correspond to those sea areas where the concentration of conservative spill of neutral buoyancy was high in the bottom water layer.

Data and Methods. The numerical hydro- and thermodynamic model Delft3D Flow Flexible Mesh (D-Flow FM), developed by an independent institute for applied research Deltares (Delft, the Netherlands), was used to solve the above problem. The distribution of conservative spill of neutral buoyancy and mineral suspended matter coming with polluted transitional waters from the Dnipro-Bug estuary during June 2023 was modelled. Near the mouth of the Dnipro River an open lateral boundary was set in the model. Based on the data from the hydro-meteorological station “Port Kherson”, boundary conditions in the form of water level time-series were imposed. During the simulation, the concentration of the conservative spill of neutral buoyancy was assumed to be equal to 1 conditional unit at the open boundary. The mineral suspended matter concentration was set equal to 100 conventional units. The gravitational settling velocity of suspended particles was assumed to be 5 ×⋅10^-5 m s^-1. The variability of meteorological parameters (zonal and meridional components of wind speed, atmospheric pressure reduced to mean sea level, air temperature, relative air humidity, percentage of total cloudiness) was set at the upper boundary of the computational domain based on data from the forecast archive of the global weather model GFS (Global Forecast System).

Results and Discussion. The simulation results allowed us to estimate the spatial extent and relative level of pollution of the sea water in the north-western Black Sea area both in the surface and near the seabed. This estimation would not be possible using remote sensing methods only. Areas with possible significant level of sediment contamination and potential sources of secondary marine pollution (due to resuspension) were highlighted. It is recommended to conduct a verificatory monitoring of water and sediment contamination levels for these areas after the end of military operations.