Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series "Geology. Geography. Ecology"

Determination of shaliness parameters of terrigenous rocks in cased boreholes and while drilling by radioactive logging combination

Maksym Bondarenko — 2024-12-01

Introduction. Shaliness is an important lithological and petrophysical characteristic of reservoirs and seals in section of oil-and-gas boreholes as well as near-surface rocks (grounds) as the basis of buildings and engineering structures. Granulometric shaliness, determined by the presence of pelitic particles, and mineral shaliness, which characterizes the content of clay minerals, are distinguished in terrigenous rocks. In the sections of oil-and-gas fields, granulometric shaliness is one of the criteria for identifying reservoirs and affects their reservoir properties. The physical properties of reservoirs, which are studied by borehole logging, depend on the content and type of clay minerals. Information about clay minerals is taken into account when drilling and stimulation of hydrocarbon production. Shaly grounds apply to the group of cohesive ones, which in construction most often serve as the foundations of structures. At that these grounds are classified as difficult engineering-geological conditions for construction, since clay minerals specifically affect their strength, stability, etc. In oil-and-gas and engineering-geological boreholes the empirical equations relating gamma-ray logging readings and granulometric shaliness are most often used for quantitative estimation. Herewith, it is traditionally thought that the clay minerals make up the bulk of the pelitic particles.

The paper is concerned with increasing the informativity of the borehole logging while investigating the shaliness of terrigenous oil-and-gas reservoirs and near-surface rocks based on a combination of gamma-ray logging, gamma-gamma density logging and neutron-neutron logging (GR+DL+NL).

The investigation methodology included: borehole geophysical measurements by tools created at the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine independently and in collaboration with partner organizations; interpretation and analysis of logging data; justification and development of approaches to increase the informativity of the GR+DL+NL combination; estimation of the effectiveness of author's developments using independent criterions.

As a result of the investigation, on the basis of the abovementioned logging combination, the set of determined parameters is increased as compared with the traditional practice; number of new methods is developed for determining the parameters of shaliness, among them the content of clay minerals, their density and hydrogen index. The use of these parameters, in turn, improves the accuracy of porosity determination and other reservoir properties from logging data. Method for estimating the type of clay mineral according to the GR+DL+NL data is proposed. The method is an available alternative to geochemical core studies and to more expensive and difficult logging methods.

The novelty of the developments is confirmed by patents, and their effectiveness is confirmed by the results of borehole tests and comparison with independent determinations of parameters (laboratory core examinations, control logging data).

Practical significance. The proposed approaches are an important component of technologies for investigating oil-and-gas reservoirs and near-surface rocks, which are being developed at the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Methodical aspects of the assessment of the state of subsurface contamination with petroleum products caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine

Ruslan Havryliuk — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. As a result of Russian military aggression, a significant number of petroleum product supply objects were destroyed in Ukraine, which led to the formation of new sources of subsurface contamination. Such sources cause significant damage to the environment, the assessment of which is one of the key priorities among the entire range of environmental impacts of Russian aggression. The first stage is the assessment of the state of the environment, which includes the determination of objects, nature, scale and features of subsurface contamination. Its results serve as the basis for further stages of damage assessment: development of a monitoring network and restoration measures, the total costs of which should form the basis for a monetary assessment of the damage.

The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for the environmental and geological survey of petroleum contamination sources taking into account the consequences of the destruction of petroleum product supply facilities as a result of military operations.

The scope of the ecological and geological survey of the petroleum contamination sources is determined by the purpose of its implementation, the size of a survey area and adjacent territories under the influence of contamination, the necessary accuracy of forecasting contamination spreading, and determining the risk to humans and the environment.

Main Results. This article describes the methodological aspects of the environmental and geological survey of the sources of subsurface contamination with petroleum products, developed on the basis of our long-term scientific research. The general principles of conducting the ecological and geological survey are described, and the scope and structure of research are proposed at all stages of the ecological and geological survey of petroleum contamination sources: search, exploration and exploration during remedial actions. Three classes of ecological danger of petroleum contamination sources are distinguished. The 1st class refers to contaminated areas where the threat of an above-standard content of petroleum products already exists or it is expected in the next 10 years, which requires urgent remedial actions, including the localization and/or elimination of petroleum contamination sources. The 2nd class of danger refers to territories where the threat of exceeding the regulatory level of petroleum products and the task of economic or social damage is expected after 10 years, and first of all, it is necessary to carry out works on the localization and/or elimination of contamination sources and regular observations. The 3rd danger class includes territories where petrole- um contamination does not pose a significant danger but such a threat may arise when conditions change. In this case, it is recommended to observe the development of petroleum contamination. The cases of environmental and geological surveys conducted in the area of the international airport "Boryspil" and Bila Tserkva town, which are potentially comparable to the sources formed as a result of military aggression of the Russian Federation in terms of the scale of contamination, are considered.

Conclusions. The developed principles of ecological and geological survey of the sources of subsurface contamination with petroleum products can be used at many petroleum product supply facilities that were destroyed as a result of Russian military aggression.

Transformative capabilities of geological processes

Sergey Goryainov — 2024-12-01

Statement of a general problem. Geological processes create the dynamic structure of the Earth. This structure is composed of a hierarchical system of geological bodies. But the relationship of geological processes with this system of geological bodies has not yet been analyzed.

Analysis of the latest research and publications. Back in the 19th century it has been established that geological processes come down to the transformation of some geological bodies into others in stages: 1) destruction of the original substrate; 2) recombination of fragments; 3) constructing new geological bodies from them. A hierarchical structure of many geological bodies has been revealed, including successive ranks: 1) mineral, 2) rock, 3) formational and 4) Earth shells. The entire variety of geological processes is grouped into 5 types according to the mechanisms of their occurrence and the results obtained: 1) terrigenous, 2) organogenic, 3) metamorphic, 4) crystallization (magmatic and cryogenic), 5) chemogenic and metasomatic.

An unresolved part of the overall problem. Bodies that are destroyed and formed as a result of the process necessarily belong to one or another rank. The rank possibilities of transformation of geological bodies by geological processes have not yet been analyzed.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformative capabilities of geological processes in the aspect of those objects that enter the geological process, are transformed in it and form the final result.

Research methods. The basis of the comparative analysis was the ranks of geological bodies and non-geological ranks of objects (molecular and atomic), since they also participate in geological processes. Combinations of bodies of different ranks at different stages of the process were depicted in the form of a diagram - a matrix. Matrices of individual processes allowed us to move on to the analysis of this type of process. After this, the conversion capabilities of different types were compared.

Main results of the study. First, the transformative capabilities of each process were considered separately, then the processes of a given genetic type were compared, then the types were compared with each other. Terrigenous processes do not form new mineral individuals and are capable of forming a planetary shell (stratisphere) only together. Organogenic processes form new minerals and rock bodies, but only benthos can form segments of the planet (biogenic bands). Metamorphic processes form new minerals, rocks and formations, and mantle flows and folding processes form planetary shells. Magmatic and cryogenic processes can not only form new minerals, but also form planetary shells. Chemogenic and metasomatic processes, forming new minerals, rocks and formations, form a planetary metasomatic shell only together, and not separately.

Scientific novelty. Based on the theory of the structure of geological bodies, matrices of their transformations in geological processes have been developed. Each geological process has its own matrix. The matrices made it possible to compare the transformative capabilities of individual processes and all five genetic types of processes with each other.

Conclusions. The transformative capabilities of geological processes and their types differ. In particular, this concerns the possibilities for the formation of new minerals needed by industry. Such an empirical generalization can serve as the basis for improving the theory of ore formation.

Problems of search and diagnosis of carbonatites on the territory of Ukraine

Vasyl Zahnitko — 2024-12-01

Reliably established carbonatites on the territory of Ukraine have characteristics inherent in this class of rocks, in particular, they are enriched with a fairly wide range of rare chemical elements, the most characteristic are rare earth elements and strontium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium. In addition, they contain typomorphic minerals such as apatite, nepheline, alkaline pyroxenes and amphiboles, tantalo-niobates, rare earth carbonates, etc. isotope and geochemical data, in particular, the isotopic composition of carbon, oxygen, strontium.

Problem statement. Most of the carbonate rocks that have certain characteristics of carbonatites cannot be attributed to this class, since they do not meet the selected criteria and do not contain traces of endogenous sources. An important problem is the choice of objective criteria for diagnosing endogenous carbonatitis and, on their basis, to outline promising areas for the search for new manifestations and deposits.

Unresolved aspects of the problem. The genetic position of many manifestations of carbonate rocks remains uncertain. Such objects can be considered calciphyres, marbles, skarns and apatite-containing rocks of the Middle Pobuzhzhia (carbonate associations of the Zavalovskoye graphite deposit, magnetite calcifirs of the Moldovan iron ore deposit, carbonate veins with chromite of the Kapitanovskoye deposit, Troyaniv apatite manifestation) phlogopite calciphyrs of the Upper Pobuzhzhia (Lukashiv manifestation), as well as numerous metamorphic carbonate manifestations of the Priazovsky and Ingulets megablocks (Marble section of the Mangussky iron ore deposit). deposits, carbonate strata of the Kuksunguri iron ore deposit, calciphyra of the Starokrymska area on the periphery of alkaline massifs, Kazankovsky manifestation, etc.)

The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing contradictory models of the genesis of carbonate-containing associations on the territory of Ukraine (mainly on the Ukrainian Shield) and to propose the most objective criteria for diagnosing true carbonatites. This will make it possible to conduct a more reasoned and effective search for these extremely important rocks from the point of view of the presence of strategic minerals in them.

Presentation of the main material. In the first place among the reliably diagnosed carbonatites, in terms of size and variety of mineralization, is the Chernihiv alkaline-ultrabasic-carbonatite massif, the carbonate associations of which are typical representatives of this group of rocks. In addition, the Khlebodarovsky manifestation, veins and dikes meet

certain criteria Oktyabrsky massif, Petrovo-Gnutivska dike, part of the carbonate rocks of the Malotersyansky massif.

Conclusions. Promising areas of the Ukrainian shield for the search for carbonatites can be considered Pryazovsky, (continuation of the Khlibodarivska dike, Yuzhno-Kalchytskyi massif), Malotersyansky massif, and some manifestations of the Volyn megablock of the Shch (Berezova Gat structure). The Anadolskoye and Azov deposits of rare earths, where carbonate rocks have not yet been discovered, but there are geochemical and petrological prerequisites for the development of carbonatites (the existence of powerful zones of metasomatic processes of an alkaline nature, in particular phenitization, the presence of high concentrations of rare elements and accessory rare earth carbonates, etc.)

Groundwater pollution risks assessment in Ukraine-Poland transboundary aquifers

Halyna Medvid — 2024-12-01

Problem statement. For states that share a common border it is important to have reliable and up-to-date information on the condition of groundwater used for water supply. Transboundary aquifers (TBA) are rather a complicated object for controlling, monitoring research and management due to inherent transboundary flows. Within the framework of the international project EU-WATERRES, the development of a concept for coordinated management and harmonized monitoring of the TBA at the border areas of Ukraine and Poland has been launched. Among many aspects of the project's research scope, it was important to study the risks of groundwater pollution. The study of potential scenarios of anthropogenic impact within the aquifers will make it possible to predict changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of transboundary groundwater, which, in turn, will allow qualitative planning of economic activities with minimal risks.

The purpose of the study is to qualitatively assess the risks of pollution of transboundary groundwater used for drinking water supply taking into account their vulnerability and the overall anthropogenic pressure.

The research methodology is to analysis the cumulative impact of hazards and the degree of vulnerability of transboundary aquifers using the index-rating method as well as to map pollution risks using the overlay method.

Research results. The substantial volume of groundwater in the transboundary catchments between Ukraine and Poland (85.3%) is classified as vulnerable and very vulnerable. Within the Polish territory, their share is 99.9%, and within the Ukrainian territory it amounts to 79.5%. In contrast, the study area is marked by a low degree (4.74%) of groundwater pollution hazards. High and very high hazards in Ukraine account for 6.5% of the study area, and in Poland to 0.55%. The calculations and risk mapping showed that low vulnerability minimizes the impact of pollution hazards, and in the absence of anthropogenic pressure the risk may be modest. This is especially important for assessing the quality of groundwater in the main useful aquifers (MUA), which is a valuable water supply resource for both countries. The Roztochchia area is a vivid example of a territory where high anthropogenic pollution hazards are offset by the low vulnerability of the Lower Neogene aquifer, resulting in a significant reduction in risks.

Scientific novelty of the research. For the first time, an assessment of groundwater pollution risks for the Polish-Ukrainian transboundary area was carried out. The results of the research can be used in the management and protection of transboundary groundwater between Ukraine and Poland.

Impact of the Petrivsko-Kreminsky deep fault on the fluid migration in rocks of the Svyatohirsk brachyanticline

Anton Pyvovarov — 2024-12-01

Introduction. Deep regional faults serves as primary pathways for fluid mass migration in the Dnipro-Donetsk aulacogen, particularly affecting fold faults and anticline structures. The interaction between heated fluid migration and structural development is evident in the Svyatohirsk brachyanticline structure and the Petrivsko-Kreminsky deep fault, where numerous geochemical and thermohydrodynamic inversions demonstrate their systematic influence on adjacent structures.

Problem definition. This study examines how the Petrivsko-Kreminsky deep fault and its secondary fractures impact hydrogeochemical and thermohydrogeodynamic processes in the Svyatohirsko-Kamyanska deposit area. The periodic tectonic activation of crustal-mantle centers intensifies heat and mass transfer in fluid flows, particularly in unloading zones along deep faults, where rapid and impulsive migration of heated fluid masses occurs, transporting rock particles and charged ions from underlying strata and the basement.

Purpose of the article. The research aims to analyze the impact of the Petrivsko-Kreminsky regional deep fault on the Svyatohirsk brachyanticline structure and its associated geological processes, focusing on the mechanisms of fluid migration and their influence on rock formations.

Analysis of recent research. Previous studies have documented significant thermohydrodynamic anomalies in Upper Cretaceous sediments, with temperatures ranging from 23°C to 27°C compared to background temperatures of 10°C to 12°C.

Tectonical configuration. The Svyatohirsk brachyanticline, formed during the Palatinate phase of Hercynian tectogenesis, contains numerous discontinuous faults attached to the Petrivsko-Kreminsky deep fault. Modern tectonic movements are reflected in varying uplift rates: 1.4-2.9 mm/year for the hanging wing and 5.2-11.1 mm/year for the lying wing, creating visible relief differences.

Deep fault impact on fluid migration. These fault structures facilitate vertical fluid and heat flow migration from deeper crustal and mantle layers. This results in localization of hydrogeochemical inversions, evidenced by groundwater enrichment with endogenous elements (helium, radon, argon, CO2). The isotopic composition (δ¹³C: 5-8‰) indicates thermometamorphic origin and deep degassing processes from the mantle. The activity of deep faults has impacted the lithological composition, increasing reservoir rock density through pyritization, ferruginousness, secondary quartz, and carbonation processes.

Geological model and practical significance. Deep-seated fractures act as conduits for heated fluid migration, disrupting natural thermal gradients and causing thermohydrogeodynamic inversions. These processes contribute to secondary mineralization and cementation of fracture networks within reservoir rocks, significantly influencing the region's lithological characteristics. The model reveals that during both current and future tectonic activations, this process will continue intermittently, though with progressively less impact on the cement substance, while leading to accumulation of endogenous gas. The correlation between inversions and tectonic structures offers significant potential for identifying geological features and predicting hydrocarbon accumulations, particularly in areas where deep fault zones intersect with anticline structures.

Influence of mineral adsorbent on efficiency of fractionation of heavy hydrogen isotopes in aqueous solutions

Oleksandr Pushkarov — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. Solving the problem of separation of heavy hydrogen isotopes in aqueous solutions is important for the purification of process waters from the tritium formed in them at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. The authors' research established the possibility of cleaning tritiated water from tritium using mineral adsorbents. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of the mineral adsorbent structure on the efficiency of fractionation of heavy hydrogen isotopes in aqueous solutions.

Materials and methods. To determine the dependence of the fractionation of heavy hydrogen isotopes in the tritium-deuterium-protium aqueous solution H(DT)O on the structure of the mineral adsorbent, eight experimental water-mineral systems were created. The clay rocks used as adsorbents are mainly composed of: kaolinite from the Glukhovetsky deposit (structural type 1 : 1), layered silicates of the structural type 2 : 1 – octahedral montmorillonite and tetrahedral saponite , palyhorskite from the Cherkaske deposit and sepiolite from the Vikalvaro deposit , as well as clinoptilolite. Experiments were performed in stationary conditions. Determination of temperature intervals for extracting moisture fractions from the mineral mass corresponding to certain structural positions in montmorillonite, saponite, palyhorskite and sepiolite was performed using thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses. According to the obtained results, the temperature intervals were determined in which, with the help of special equipment, moisture fractions corresponding to certain structural positions in mineral adsorbents were isolated.

Results. It was established for the first time that the fractionation of heavy hydrogen isotopes in water-mineral systems depends on the structural type of the mineral adsorbent. The largest shift in the deuterium/tritium isotopic ratio in the residual solution (decantate) was recorded in systems where the mineral adsorbent is represented by layered silicates – montmorillonite, saponite, and sepiolite. Also, it was established for the first time that hydrogen isotopes were distributed in mineral adsorbents depending on their structural structure. The largest shift in the isotopic deuterium/tritium ratio during surface adsorption occurred in systems with clinoptilolite, palyhorskite, and montmorillonite, which was probably due to the presence of uncompensated surface charges in the mineral substance and the developed specific surface area. The exchange of hydroxyl groups between the H(DT)O solution and the silicate structures of the substrate was accompanied by the largest shift in the deuterium/tritium isotopic ratio in palyhorskite, sepiolite, and kaolinite.

Conclusions. The presence of different types of structural structure in layered and framework silicates, as well as different types of connections in their structures, is of significant importance for the consequences of the interaction of mineral adsorbents with heavy water solutions, which can be accompanied by the separation of heavy hydrogen isotopes and be used for the purification of process waters of nuclear power plants from tritium.

Rheological processes in the slope massifs of the city of Kyiv

Maksym Reva — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. The paper examines landslide processes that occurred on the right bank of the city of Kyiv. The authors demonstrate the general statistics of the development of landslides in the city, which is a dangerous phenomenon for the safety of the city. In Kyiv, 42 landslides have been recorded, which are in the active phase. The authors identify the main reasons for the development of landslides as engineering-geological, geomorphological conditions, climate and anthropogenic impact. The article examines the use of GIS technologies as a modern and quite effective method of monitoring landslide processes. The authors focus attention on two landslides that occurred and differ from the rest due to the atypical mechanics of the process, which was affected by the overwetting of the soil mass. It was this difference that led to this scientific research. This theoretical study was conducted on a site in the Park of Vichnoyi Slavy, since by all indicators this slope has the potential for the development of just such a landslide. Overmoistened soil mass has a special mechanics of movement on the slope and is classified as – a landslide flows.

Purpose. The article examines this movement of the overmoistened soil mass on the slope as a rheological process.

Methodic. The authors analyzed the theoretical foundations of soil mass behavior in such conditions, they consider it as a rheological model. The solution to the problem is based on the classical Bingham-Shvedov, Newton, and Maxwell models. The methodology for solving such tasks is given in the study. The authors investigated the necessary parameters of the soil, which are used in the construction of the calculation model. The article highlights the coefficient viscosity of soil, this coefficient deserves special attention when considering rheological processes in the soil. The considered solution model of the rheological process cannot be solved without the coefficient viscosity of soil. Using the scientific work of Ukrainian scientists, the authors determined this coefficient in the laboratory.

The main material. The article investigates the possibility of a landslide occurring on one of the cultural objects in order to preserve the latter. The authors built their research on the basis of engineering investigations, which were carried out for the purpose of reconstructing the stairs in the Vichnoyi Slavy Park in Kyiv. The surveys show an engineering-geological section of the slope, which consists of 14 soil layers. The researchers established that under natural conditions this slope is in a stable state K_st=1.56. The studies have shown that at this site, with excessive moistening of the upper soil layer, a rheological process may occur. This process can develop in bulk soils (dusty sandy loam) due to its large angles of inclination and rather weak physical and mechanical properties. The article analyzes the possibility of the occurrence of rheological processes on the slopes and their role in the safety and life of the city of Kyiv.

Conclusions. The calculated model is solved and shows the capture depth D=1,08 m and speed V₀=0,75 m/day of movement of a potential landslide in case of overwetting of the soil on the slope in the Vichnoyi Slavy Park in the city of Kyiv.

The Paleogeographic Conditions for the Late Eocene sediments of Zhytomyr Polissya in connection with their amber content (on the example of the «Pravoberezhnа» site)

Tetiana Shevchenko — 2024-12-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. The work is relevant because of the need to create a reliable history of the formation of the physical and geographical environment of the Paleogene in the territory of Zhytomyr Polissya to decipher the processes of amber accumulation. In accordance with the mineragenic zoning, the territory of the amber-bearing site "Pravoberezhna" is located within the Perha amber-bearing region. The latter is located within the Volyn-Podilskyi plutonic belt and is separated from the adjacent regions by the Hlynnensky and Sushchan-Perha tectonic zones. The main difference between the Klesiv-Rokytnyansky, Sloveschansky-Ovrutsky and Barashiv-Perha amber-bearing zones is the different age of the amber-bearing rocks.

Data and Methods. A comprehensive lithological-micropaleontological and palynofacial analysis of amber-bearing deposits of the «Pravoberezhna» site of the Perha amber-bearing district of Zhytomyr Polissya was conducted. 38 sections exposing Paleogene deposits have been described.

Results and Discussion. The age of the host rocks was reinterpreted based on dinocysts. For the first time in this territory, the dating of amber deposits to the Late Eocene interval was proven. The Obukhiv sediments, isolated from the Paleogene sequence, are characterized by a complex of dinocysts from Rhombodinium perforatum, Thalassiphora reticulata, Charlesdowniea clathrata angulosa, Glaphyrocysta semitecta, etc. zone DP11 of the biozonal scheme of A.S. Andreeva-Grigorovich (1991). The granulometric and material composition of the Obukhivian sediments was studied. A model scheme shows the change in the occurrence of sediments of the Obukhiv regiostage according to the evolution of ancient tectonic valleys. New data about the Obukhiv marine palynological association within the «Pravoberezhna» site which contributes to the little-studied area of marine environments of the Late Eocene of Northern Ukraine was presented. Palynobiota includes representatives of Dinoflagellata, Prasynophyta, Acritarcha, pollen and spores of terrestrial plants, as well as transparent and opaque phytoclasts, fungal palynomorphs, «palynoforaminifera», scolecodonts. Palynofacies analysis shows that the sediments containing amber deposits within the «Pravoberezhna» site were formed by a shallow warm sea with high hydrodynamics under the high influence of river systems. It was found that the largest accumulations of amber are probably associated with paleodelta facies.

Strategic Spatial Planning of Territorial Communities to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

Sergii Bortnyk — 2024-12-01

Problem Statement. Strategic spatial planning in Ukraine focuses mainly on economic aspects and takes less into account the environmental consequences of planned activities, which may be threatening to natural and cultural heritage. This is explained, in particular, by the insufficient number of trained specialists for planning sustainable spatial development. It is especially important to integrate scientific natural research into educational programs for training specialists in spatial planning, which include the study of geodiversity, the evolution of natural and cultural landscapes, methods of creating nature conservation areas, the formation of eco-networks, as well as the introduction of innovative technologies in land use and various branches of the national economy. Such research is the basis for developing community strategy and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), effective territorial management and successful spatial planning practices.

The purpose of the article is to consider strategic spatial planning as a modern interdisciplinary field that integrating social, economic, and ecological aspects of sustainable spatial development.

Research methodology proposes an interdisciplinary approach to strategic planning, which takes into account the geodiversity of the territory, the evolution of natural and cultural landscapes, as well as natural and anthropogenic risks. This approach makes it possible to predict optimal scenarios of spatial development, adapted to specific geographical conditions. Special attention is paid to the training of highly qualified specialists at the bachelor's and master's levels, emphasizing their important role in the development of strategic plans, which are the basis of comprehensive plans for the spatial development of territorial communities.

The results. The article presents scientific approaches to strategic planning based on an interdisciplinary study of territories. This study highlights the international experience of strategic planning and similar successful practices in Ukraine territorial communities.

Scientific novelty. The study provides a theoretical basis for the mandatory integration of natural science research into strategic spatial planning. This includes data on geodiversity, natural settings and resources, cultural and natural landscapes, nature reserves and ecological networks. The combination of this information with the data of the land and urban cadasters creates a comprehensive basis for determining the optimal scenarios of spatial development.

Practical significance. The results of this study can be applied to improve the methodology of strategic spatial planning at the local level. Generalized international experience is a valuable guide for setting long-term spatial development goals and implementing specific measures to achieve them. Practical aspects of spatial planning, such as innovative land use systems, implementation of renewable energy sources, inclusive residential and public spaces, protection and preservation of natural and cultural heritage, are illustrated by specific examples discussed in the article. This study is useful for professionals in spatial planning and community management, as well as for researchers, teachers, and students who focus on integrating natural science research into the practice of spatial development.

Urban integration of forced migrants: lessons from Canada and Ukraine

Daria Venhryn — 2024-12-01

Statement of the problem. Active hostilities began in Ukraine, leading to the imposition of a state of war in the country on 24 February 2022. This has resulted in a mass displacement, with citizens leaving their homes in search of safety and protection. Currently, 3.6 million people have left Ukraine, while 6.5 million people are internally displaced. These unprecedented migration flows have created immense challenges for both the displaced populations and the host communities that strive to accommodate them. In the face of extraordinary challenges, Canada was one of the first countries to come to Ukraine's aid. The Canadian government facilitated the visa process for Ukrainians, allowing them to migrate to Canada.

The aim of the work is to analyze and evaluate the impact of migrants on urban development, focusing on the cases of Ukraine and Canada.

Methods. In the course of the research and preparation of the article, the author used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative-geographical and comparative-historical approaches, as well as the method of generalization.

Results. This article delves into two critical aspects of Ukrainian migration during the ongoing war: internal displacement within Ukraine and international migration to Canada. We analyze the settlement patterns of migrants and the pressure they exert on cities. The geographical distribution is diverse. IDPs settle both in cities near the frontlines and in western regions in Ukraine. Despite all the risks, Kyiv the capital city of Ukraine, remains highly attractive. When relocating to Canada, migrants are guided by two factors: either having acquaintances, relatives, or friends already living there, or simply choosing a well-known large city. As research indicates, various sectors of urban infrastructure and services face challenges and opportunities under the influence of migration. Canada demonstrates effective integration through its well-developed laws, inclusive policies, and support systems that protect migrants' rights, fight discrimination, and provide essential services. The Ukrainian diaspora plays a significant role in this process by helping newcomers adapt. Ukraine's experience with internal migration caused by armed conflict shows the country's challenges in managing large-scale resettlement. The lack of housing, jobs, and social services pushed local authorities to respond quickly to the situation and learn from the practices of other countries. Our analysis underscores the need for strategic planning and investment to ensure sustainable urban development in the face of large-scale migration. Understanding the implications of these movements is essential for building resilient communities and addressing the complex challenges posed by displacement.

The novelty. For the first time, the readiness of Canadian and Ukrainian cities to accommodate migrants was compared. Furthermore, the study analyzed how various sectors of urban infrastructure and services adapt to challenges and take advantage of opportunities created by migration.

Summer and Autumn Long-term Dynamic of Air Temperature in Central Ukraine

Olha Helevera — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. This is the second part of a trilogy dedicated to the analysis of climate indicators in central Ukraine over the entire period of instrumental observations, which analyzes air temperature data from the weather stations of Uman, Kropyvnytskyi, and Poltava. This work addresses issues related to the 13th Sustainable Development Goal, which is to combat climate change and strengthen resilience and adaptation to climate-related hazards and disasters in all countries.

The purpose of this study was to analyze data from weather stations in central Ukraine that have the longest period of observation and to find patterns in the dynamics of temperature indicators over the past 140-200 years.

Data and methods. To characterize the climate of central Ukraine, we analyzed the average monthly and average annual temperatures of Uman, Kropyvnytskyi, and Poltava, which have the longest continuous or almost continuous period of observation. Based on these data, we have constructed graphs of changes in the average annual and average monthly temperatures for the winter and spring seasons. To analyze the dynamics of temperature indicators, we constructed linear and 11-year moving trends.

Results. At all weather stations, there is a trend towards an increase in both average annual air temperatures and temperatures for certain months. In particular, in Uman, the average annual temperature over the entire observation period (138 years) has increased from +6.8⁰C to +8.6⁰C, i.e. by 1.8 degrees. In Kropyvnytskyi, average annual temperatures over 149 years increased from +7.4⁰C to +8.9⁰C, i.e. by 1.5 degrees. In Poltava, the average annual temperature over 199 years has increased from +5.9⁰C to +8.7⁰C, i.e. by 2.8 degrees (since 1886 from +6.4⁰C to +8.7⁰C, i.e. by 2.3 degrees). At all weather stations, the most significant increase in average annual temperatures occurred between 1989 and 2023. Temperatures in the autumn months increased the least. Over the entire observation period, average monthly temperatures in September/October/November increased from 0.3/0.1/0.1⁰C in Uman, 0.6/0.1/1.8⁰C in Kropyvnytskyi to 1.5/1.2/1.9⁰C (since 1886 – 0.9/0.9/1.7⁰C) in Poltava. All three meteorological stations have common periods of temperature increases and decreases, in particular, a decrease in average monthly summer temperatures occurred from 1947-1969 to 1985-1995; from 1986-1996 to 2023, an increase in air temperature. Air temperatures in the summer months have increased quite significantly. Over the entire period of observation, the average monthly temperature in June/July/August increased from 0.9/0.3/0.7⁰C in Kropyvnytskyi, 1.9/1.3/1.6⁰C (since 1886 – 1.3/1.2/1.4⁰C) in Poltava to 2.0/1.1/1.1⁰C in Uman. The greatest increase in average monthly autumn temperatures occurred from 1999-2001 to 2023. Analyzing the graphs of 11-year moving averages, one can see the presence of periods of increase and decrease in average monthly temperatures lasting about 33 years or doubled periods lasting about 66 years.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, the data of meteorological stations in central Ukraine for the entire period of observation (138 years – Uman, 149 years – Kropyvnytskyi, 199 years – Poltava) were analyzed and regularities in the dynamics of temperature indicators were determined.

The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results of the study to predict future climate change.

The role of turbulent heat flows of the atmospheric boundary layer in the formation of radiation fogs

Oleh Hrushevskyi — 2024-12-01

Introduction. The article presents an approach to forecasting the evolution of radiation fog by determining the turbulent heat fluxes in the fog formation layer. Utilizing high temporal resolution data from atmospheric radio sondes at Lindenberg station, a database of radiation fog cases has been established. Based on the frequency of different types of stratification of the atmospheric boundary layer, it has been found that the formation of radiation fog is associated with the development of a near-surface inversion layer, where the upper boundary fluctuates between 200 and 800 meters.

The aim of the study. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of turbulent heat flows in the boundary layer of the atmosphere in the formation of radiation fogs and their influence on the temporal evolution of fogs in order to evaluate the use of their characteristics as a prognostic criterion.

Relevance of the research. Stems from the need to develop new effective approaches to fog forecasting at the local level, using highly informative predictors available in operational practice with further integration of the resulting techniques into specialized platforms. In addition to the already worked out predictors (synoptic situation, cloudiness, wind, humidity), the formation and evolution of radiation fogs are influenced by turbulent flows of heat and moisture in the boundary layer of the atmosphere, which are a relatively little-studied but important factor in improving the effectiveness of their forecasting

Analysis of recent research and publications. The forecast for the formation of radiation fog typically involves comparing the minimum air temperature with the temperature needed for fog formation. While the forecast for the former is generally well-developed, challenges in predicting the latter primarily stem from the need to determine the additional decrease in temperature (after it reaches the dew point temperature around sunset) that is necessary for the condensation of a specific amount of water per unit volume of air, which will ensure that the critical value of horizontal visibility is achieved.

Highlighting previously unsolved problems. Thus, the specified criterion likely enables the forecasting of fog evolution, as visibility fluctuations within it are associated with the vertical restructuring of temperature-humidity stratification. Prior to the formation of fog and at the beginning of its existence, condition (2) is satisfied, leading to the development of a surface inversion, a deterioration of visibility near the ground, and, at the same time, a reduction in the effective radiation of the underlying surface.

Results and discussion. The choice of the procedure for calculating the turbulence coefficient for fog cases should consider the characteristics of the synoptic situations favorable for their formation and the temperature stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer. Determining the turbulence coefficient for cases of radiation fog formation should ideally be conducted for a layer whose thickness encompasses the entire near-surface stabilizing layer (excluding the surface layer). The criterion for determining its upper boundary is proposed to be the averaged values of the upper limits of the stabilizing layers in the presence of radiation fogs.

Demographic development of the countries of Northern Europe: current trends for the Ukrainian experience

Iryna Hudzelyak — 2024-12-01

Problem statement. The current demographic parameters of Northern Europe are due to the absence of large human losses in the two world wars, and domestic political and socio-economic stability in the countries. As a result, a model of the demographic behavior of the population was formed, which for a long time ensured natural and migration growth. Therefore, the demographic parameters of the region can be considered a benchmark for developing measures to overcome demographic threats in the post-war period in Ukraine.

The purpose of the study is a spatial analysis of the demographic development of the countries of Northern Europe - Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland.

Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of official data of the Nordic Council and Eurostat. Using the statistical method, the dynamics of the population, the main indicators of demographic processes and structures, migration and ethno-structural changes were assessed.

Results. Effective demographic policy in the countries of Northern Europe had a short-term effect. In all countries, the birth rate has significantly decreased, which no longer ensures the simple reproduction of generations. The transition to narrowed reproduction has become irreversible. Population growth rates have decreased significantly. Population growth in all countries is mainly provided by migration growth. Thanks to immigration and high birth rates compared to other European countries, the region has managed to fully use the demographic dividend that has ensured economic growth. However, the influx of migrants has not solved the problem of declining birth rates, as migrants quickly adopt the norms of low-childbearing reproductive behavior of host societies. The increase in the level of demographic aging and the decrease in the coefficient of potential support for the elderly have put the countries of the region in need of introducing new and non-standard measures in various spheres of society. The implementation of such a policy in the future may become a reference example for post-war Ukraine. Demospatial disparities are increasing in the region at the subnational level: many rural areas are depopulating, and urban regions, especially metropolitan agglomerations, are growing. The worst demographic situation has developed in Finland in the border areas with Russia, where the rates of depopulation are the highest in the region. A powerful influx of migrants from Asia and Africa has contributed to the ethnic and religious diversification of society. In recent years, the share of Ukrainians has been growing. In Northern Europe, the ethnolinguistic dominance of indigenous peoples has noticeably weakened. Other internal problems associated with the weak integration of migrants into host societies have become more acute, and tension is emerging in society. The experience of the countries of Northern Europe is valuable for understanding the scenarios of demographic development of Ukraine, the development of demographic and migration policies, and the strategy of post-war adaptation of the economy, social system, and political sphere to new demographic realities.

Complex assessing of aridity in Ukraine

Vasyl Zatula — 2024-12-01

Introduction. The aridity is an important part of the climate characterization of a territory. Over the past 100 years, aridity indices have been used to assess it.

The purpose of article is to characterize the patterns of the spatial distribution and changes over time of aridity indices on the territory of Ukraine for the period 1961-2020.

Data and methods. The Pinna combinative index (PCI) and its modification (PCIm) were used to determine the aridity assessment. Basic calculations of these indices were performed for more than 150 weather stations in Ukraine over the last two 30-year periods. The main results of the research were obtained using statistical methods and GIS technologies.

Results. It has been found that the use of the PCI index in temperate countries may be constrained by its high sensitivity to the moisture conditions in the driest month of the year, which often extends beyond the growing season. The modification of the index proposed by the author better reflects the peculiarities of aridity in temperate countries, which are necessary for making decisions on agricultural irrigation. Maps of the distribution of aridity indices for 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 periods and its changes between them are presented. For the modified version of the index, an in-depth statistical analysis was conducted. It is shown that the aridity of Ukraine increases at least one and a half times faster with moving from north to south than with moving away from the Atlantic Ocean in the eastern direction. The tendency to increase the humidity of the climate with elevation turned out to be particularly clear (the coefficient of determination ). The coefficients of the linear trend of this indicator in both parts of the studied period are close to 6 units in terms of elevation per 100 m. Multiple regression models were shown that the leading role in the formation of the total variance of the index is played by absolute elevation (with a share of more than 60-65%) and geographic longitude (with a share of more than 20%). Changes in the PCIm index were observed in different regions of Ukraine with different signs. As a rule, they did not exceed 5 units, but the fact that this indicator exceeds one standard deviation (~2.5 units) already indicates a significant violation of previous climatic conditions. The calculated changes in the PCIm index in about half of the country's territory are actually on the verge of this criterion of irreversible climate change. Aridization of the climate is becoming an important signal of the imbalance of the regional climate system of Ukraine, and therefore requires an urgent response at the level of development and implementation of appropriate state climate policy measures.

The scientific novelty. The paper analyses for the first time the limits of applicability of the Pinna combinative index and proposes and justifies its improvement.

Practical significance. The proposed modification of Pinna combinative index can be of great importance for the comparability of climate aridity assessments in countries with temperate and subtropical climates. The assessment of the aridity in Ukraine will be useful in the development and implementation of state climate policy measures in areas of intensive climate aridization according to Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations.

War consequences and prospects for post-war reconstruction (case of Ukrainian urban agglomerations)

Kateryna Kravchenko — 2024-12-01

During the years of russia's lasted war against Ukraine, cities and suburbs have become the main centers of military aggression. The restoration and revitalization of territories – particularly cities and urban agglomerations – is a pressing issue, as they serve as concentrators and catalysts for development. Many countries of the world have experience of recovery after large-scale hostilities. Their successful recovery practices should be studied and can be implemented for effective recovery and post-war development of cities and urban agglomerations of Ukraine.

The purpose of this study is to identify the key characteristics of the war's consequences, as well as the challenges and prospects for post-war recovery in Ukraine's urban agglomerations, incorporating successful global practices and aligning with the goals of sustainable development. This analysis incorporates successful global practices and aligns with the goals of sustainable development. The research aims to develop a flexible recovery model that integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects, adapted to the contemporary challenges facing Ukraine.

Results. The study highlights the multidimensional impact of the war on Ukrainian cities, including the physical destruction of infrastructure, socio-economic disintegration, and environmental challenges. Drawing on international experiences of post-war reconstruction in countries such as Germany, Japan, and South Korea, the research identifies effective strategies, including infrastructure modernization, industrial recovery, social integration of internally displaced persons, and land restoration. The article examines urban agglomerations around the world that have experienced significant destruction, including Warsaw, Berlin and Tokyo, and identifies key features of their reconstruction processes. The study emphasizes the importance of rebuilding Ukraine in alignment with the principles and goals of the Concept of Sustainable Development, adhering to the "build back better" strategy. This includes the reuse of "post-war brownfields," the integration of innovative technologies, and the active involvement of local communities in the recovery process. The article outlines the potential for restoring Ukraine's urban agglomerations and presents a comprehensive set of measures and practical recommendations for the recovery of cities, urban areas, and affected regions. These recommendations are rooted in the framework of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.

The role of hydrological factors in the die-back of the European spruce in the territory of the Southeast Carpathians

Ruslan Kravchynskyi — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. The article is dedicated to studying the processes of European spruce stand dieback, a phenomenon that is currently relevant not only in Ukraine but also in most European countries, including the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Austria, and Poland. The focus is on an in-depth investigation of the relationships between one of the abiotic components – the hydrological factor – and the locations where European spruce dieback occurs on the southeastern slopes of the Carpathians. Geographically, the research area is outlined by the boundaries of the first and one of the largest nature parks in Ukraine, the Carpathian National Nature Park (NNP).

Purpose. The aim of the study is to identify the relationships between the processes of European spruce dieback and dynamic and quasi-static (relatively constant) hydrological descriptors in the southeastern Carpathians.

Methods. The informational basis for the study includes the results of forest pathology research conducted by specialists of the Carpathian NNP in 2022, along with long-term hydrometeorological observation data from the Carpathian Flood Monitoring Station Network (Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine). The study also utilized various remote sensing, field, dendrochronological, laboratory, analytical, comparative, cartographic, mathematical, and instrumental methods.

Research results. The research established that zones of spruce stand dieback are linked to stream source systems, associated with "meanders" in river channels, and are localized near water springs, particularly those with unique chemical water composition. These features may serve as indirect indicators of connections with regional and local tectonic disturbances. The study found a significant relationship between the annual growth of European spruce trunks and the average annual water discharge of the Prut River (r = 0.6) and the annual precipitation in the area (r = 0.68). In areas where spruce dieback is active, a distinctive evaporation mist formation regime and soil moisture patterns were observed. Temporally, the timing of spruce dieback appears to be connected to abrupt changes in annual water discharge and precipitation levels, likely indicating the impact of "water stress" on the biotic resilience of Picea abies [L.] Karst.

Conclusions. The results of this research can contribute to local, regional, or global models for spatiotemporal forecasting of spruce stand dieback processes, not only in the Carpathian region but also in other areas where this issue is relevant. The conclusions and recommendations presented in the article are important for the development of the local tourism and recreation sector, for planning forestry management activities, and for scientific and educational purposes (including conducting scientific excursions and field practices for students in natural sciences, among others).

Using Remote Sensing Normalised Difference Vegetation Index to Rec-ognise Irrigated Croplands via Agroland Classifier Application

Pavlo Lykhovyd — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. Recognition between irrigated and non-irrigated croplands is an important task of modern agricultural science in order to ensure efficient management of water resources in agriculture and control the usage of irrigation systems. Remote sensing data could be utilized as a means for the automation of this task through the implementation of machine classification algorithms. The normalised difference vegetation index, calculated based on aerospace images, could be of great usefulness in this regard to determine the patterns of vegetation cover in different humidification conditions and provide a key to distinguish between rainfed and irrigated crops.

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of cropland meliorative status recognition using remote sensing normalised difference vegetation index through different mathematical algorithms within Agroland Classifier application and to find out whether this application could be applied for automated cropland recognition.

Methods. The study was conducted for the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine, and included 100 randomly selected fields (50 irrigated, and 50 non-irrigated) within the boundaries of Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. The data on the values of the field normalised difference vegetation index were obtained through the calculation of the average monthly index value using free of distortion cloudless aerospace imagery with a resolution of 250 m from OneSoil remote sensing platform, and then fetched to the application Agroland Classifier to get a decision on the meliorative status of the field (irrigated or non-irrigated). Agroland Classifier utilises linear canonical discriminant function and logistic regression algorithms to distinguish between the irrigated and rainfed fields. The accuracy of the application recognition was evaluated through the calculation of general correctness rate, as well as correctness rates for each recognition algorithm separately.

Results. The study revealed that Agroland Classifier provides high general correctness rate (92% for the combined algorithms) for the recognition between the irrigated and non-irrigated croplands. Each algorithm of the application was established to have its unique advantages and disadvantages. The linear canonical discriminant function provides more stable results both for the irrigated (88% of correct assumptions) and non-irrigated lands (84% of correct assumptions). At the same time, logistic regression failed to recognize the irrigated crops (just 78% of correct assumptions), while the accuracy of the non-irrigated lands recognition was significantly higher (96% of correct assumptions).

Scientific novelty and practical significance. The article provides novel insights on the implementation of remote sensing data in the classification between irrigated and non-irrigated crops in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine via Agroland Classifier application. The application could be recommended for scientific and practical purposes to improve cropland mapping and monitoring of the use of water resources in agriculture.

Possible determination of temperature and space-time probable distribution of air temperature in the territory of the Republic of Armenia

Varduhi Margaryan — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. Climate studies cover a wide range of issues, from causes to consequences and adaptations to climate change, aimed at collectively addressing environmental protection, conservation, and sustainable use of natural resources within the framework of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Considering that air and soil, like any other terrestrial or astrophysical objects, are characterized by an important scalar physical quantity-temperature, which constantly changes in the Cartesian coordinate system, it is crucial to understand the features of its distribution. It has been established that temperature is considered a physical quantity that characterizes the degree of heat of an object. Given that modern physical studies describe temperature both from a thermodynamic perspective and statistically, according to the molecular-kinetic theory, which characterizes the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of molecules and is measured on the Kelvin scale. In meteorology in many countries around the world, the temperature of air, soil, and water is typically measured in SI units, specifically in degrees Celsius (°C).

The aim of the work. Analysis and assessment of regularities and features of the spatio-temporal distribution of air temperature for the period 1931-2021.

Methods. The following methods were used in the work: mathematical-statistical, analysis, correlation methods, fundamental laws of modern physics were used in the work.

Results. Actual data of temperature observations of meteorological stations of "Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center" of RA Ministry of Environment, climate bulletins and chronicles were used as initial data sources. The temperature-heat (energy) difference becomes known in the sense that a system can have high energy but low temperature. Energy depends on the geometry (dimensions) of the system, but temperature does not. In the territory of the Republic of Armenia, a trend of increasing air temperature is observed, which is also a result of the entropy change of the system. It can be changed very quickly, depending on the process of disruption of excessive permissible norms of environmental factors in the given area, which currently needs separate serious research. The tendency to increase temperature indicators can be considered as the result of a change in the entropy of the system. This trend can change rapidly depending on the influence of excessive environmental factors in a certain area, which requires a separate and thorough study.

Knowledge-based urban development: opportunities for Lviv as a knowledge city

Nataliia Provotar — 2024-12-01

Purpose. This study aims to examine the potential for knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) in Lviv, focusing on how city authority, educational institutions and IT cluster can serve as primary drivers for this model and which knowledge zones will define the spatial development of Lviv as a knowledge city. Given Lviv’s dynamic growth and the challenges posed by Ukraine’s current socio-economic climate, KBUD provides a strategic approach to promote sustainable development, enhance the city’s role at both the national and global levels, and shape Lviv's brand as an innovative city.

Methodology. The study conducted from June 2023 to June 2024, involved a multifaceted research approach to understand KBUD's applicability in Lviv. Spatial planning documents, legal frameworks, and population and quality of life indicators from 2011-2024 were analyzed through comparative geographical, statistical, and graphical methods. To assess the impact of the Lviv IT Cluster on urban transformation, expert interviews were conducted, involving 12 specialists from urban management, strategic planning, academia, youth policy, and technology sectors. These experts assessed the city’s KBUD readiness, the IT cluster’s transformative role, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of KBUD implementation.

Results. Lviv’s KBUD potential is evidenced by its growing population, proximity to the EU, and an established IT cluster – the largest in Ukraine. The Lviv IT Cluster’s development has proceeded in three stages: initial formation (2011-2013), rapid expansion (2014-2019), and pandemic- and war-induced constraints since 2020. While the cluster has catalyzed Lviv’s economic and intellectual capital growth, challenges include spatial inequality and economic disproportions. The expert assessment positioned Lviv’s KBUD at a median score of 7 from 10, with the city authority, universities, NGOs, and the IT Cluster recognized as KBUD drivers, albeit with the city council leading in importance. In the context of the Lviv IT Cluster, it has been found that it is currently a cluster initiative, as there is no clear spatial localization of the formed IT cluster within the city. Its impact remains insufficient to serve as the driving force behind Lviv's knowledge-based urban development. The proposed model for Lviv’s knowledge-based spatial development suggests creating nine knowledge zones, including central zone as a connectivity hub, linking other zones and managing KBUD resources, as well as educational (emerging around university campuses as knowledge production hubs) and industrial zones with growth potential. This model aims to establish a network of centers, foster connections between the zones, and create a central axis for KBUD.

Scientific Novelty. This study contributes a comprehensive model for KBUD specific to the Ukrainian context, with Lviv as a case study. It demonstrates the potential of an integrated approach combining intellectual, cultural, economic, and environmental components to enhance urban sustainability. The study’s findings emphasize a collaborative ecosystem involving municipal, educational, civic and private sectors in fostering knowledge-driven urban transformation.

Practical Significance. The insights gathered provide a foundational framework for implementing KBUD in Ukrainian cities, addressing both current challenges and long-term strategies. By emphasizing the creation of knowledge zones and local-level planning, this model can guide cities in utilizing their intellectual assets effectively.

Cartographic and analytical assessment of land price formation depending on the physical and geographical conditions of the territory under military aggression in Ukraine

Petro Trofymenko — 2024-12-01

Background. The presented study sheds light on the issue of land price formation in Ukraine as a result of military aggression in conditions of uncertainty. The research involved identifying the peculiarities of the formation of the real price of land plots in the case of concluding a purchase and sale agreement in conditions of uncertainty, depending on a complex of price-forming factors, primarily, taking into account the distance from the line of combat with intensive combat operations, geographical conditions of the territory. It has been shown that the land market under wartime conditions is effectively in a state of stagnation due to numerous risks for both sellers and buyers. The lack of clear legal regulation and the high risk of property loss lead to land purchase and sale transactions being carried out with significant restrictions, which do not meet the criteria for the full functioning of a market mechanism.

Methods. Used research methods: geospatial data analysis (kriging method), mathematical statistics, cartographic-analytical assessment. Among the main types of uncertainty, several determining factors are identified: political and military risks, instability of the legal environment, potential losses, uncertainty of the reliability (sufficient security) of the geographical location of land plots, as well as the uncertainty of the future.

Results. The sale price of land plots for various purposes exhibits dynamic and geospatial differentiation, depending on the manifestation of various determining factors: the state of the military-political and economic situation, as well as their geographical location, which generally corresponds with soil quality. It is characterized by the location of land plots within urban agglomerations of large settlements and/or under the protection of natural obstacles, such as rugged terrain or large bodies of water (lakes, rivers), which can potentially slow down a military offensive.

Conclusions. A significant influence of the remoteness of land plots for the maintenance of a residential building and farm buildings from a localized combat zone (in the period 2014-2022) was revealed, however, the distance of land plots from the combat line at a distance of 50 to 100 km had practically no effect on the formation of the purchase price - the sale of land plots, which is connected with the intensification of hostilities and the transition of the situation to a state of higher degree of uncertainty. The obtained results provide important information for planning the future development of the land market under wartime conditions and post-war recovery. They indicate the need to adapt land valuation methods considering the current military-political realities and are aimed at minimizing risks for participants in land relations. The results of the study indicate the need to make appropriate changes in the methodology of normative monetary valuation of land plots and the methodology of expert monetary valuation of land plots.

Key aspects of seawater intrusion in the Dniester River during storm surges

Yurii Tuchkovenkо — 2024-12-01

Introduction. This article explores the potential for saline water from the Dniester Estuary to travel upstream into the mouth of the Dniester River, a critical area where the “Dniester” station supplies potable water to Odesa City and where the intake point of the Lower Dniester Irrigation System is located. The study is urgent due to the risk that saline water poses to the quality of drinking and irrigation water at these intake points. The primary objective of this research was to utilize hydrodynamic modeling to determine the specific hydro-meteorological conditions under which saline, transformed sea water from the estuary could penetrate the mouth of the Dniester River.

Material and methods. To address this task, a simplified version (without considering the thermal factor) of the numerical 3-D non-stationary hydrodynamic model MECCA (Model for Estuarine and Coastal Circulation Assessment), supplemented with a block for the transport of a conservative tracer, was used. The input data for the model included observations of wind condition variability and corresponding sea level fluctuations at the marine boundary of the Dniester Estuary, as well as observations of water level fluctuations in the mouth section of the Dniester River.

Results and Discussion. The findings of the study identified two key conditions necessary for such an event: (1) a significant reduction in the average daily river discharge to below 100 m³/sec, and (2) the occurrence of a strong surge wind from the south or southeast at speeds exceeding 15 m/sec, sustained for several consecutive days. Under these conditions, transformed sea water from the estuary can travel upstream through the right arm of the river, the Glybokyi Turunchuk. From there, it reaches the point where the Dniester River divides into two arms. The saline water is then drawn into the left arm, the Dniester, and eventually returns to the estuary. This process represents a significant threat to the region’s freshwater resources, especially during periods of low river discharge and adverse wind conditions. The penetration of brackish estuarine waters into the Dniester River’s mouth branches, namely the Dniester and Hlybokyi Turunchuk branches, occurs over some time of 12 to 24 hours. It has been concluded that due to the presence of two mouth branches through which the Dniester River flows into the Dniester Estuary, considering their location in the northeastern part of the estuary and the characteristics of water level rises in the estuary during wind surges, the penetration of estuarine waters with increased salinity (up to 7 ‰) into the main channel of the Dniester River (above the point where the river splits into two mouth branches) is unlikely, even when river discharge falls below 100 m³/s.

Conclusion. The case study presented in the article can serve as a valuable reference for experts tasked with designing hydro-engineering solutions. One proposed solution is the construction of a second estuarine canal (branch) to prevent the intrusion of transformed sea water into the river mouth, thereby safeguarding the quality of drinking and irrigation water in the region.

Current situation of glacier and snow glades in the southern mountain area of Lesser Caucasus province

Jamal Huseynov — 2024-12-01

Problem definition. The rise in air temperature due to the impact of global warming causes the melting of glaciers in mountainous regions and accelerates freshwater scarcity in lowland areas. This process gradually reduces the annual duration of ice and snow cover in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The reduction in the area of ice and snowfields, along with the decline in precipitation, leads to an expansion of desertification and deforestation in lowland and foothill regions.

Formulation of the purpose. The research was conducted to determine the current state of perennial snowfields and glacier reserves located on the Karabakh volcanic plateau, Mixtoken, and Saribulag ridges, considered part of the southern mountainous region of the Lesser Caucasus.

Research methods. For this purpose, satellite imagery interpretation was conducted, utilizing the data archives of satellites such as Azersky, Landsat, Sentinel-1, and others. Analyses were carried out on the raster files obtained after decoding the satellite images, employing various measurement and processing methods. The study also addressed the region's physical geographical position and climatic conditions, examining the long-term variations in air temperature and precipitation levels. The analyses were conducted using observational data (air temperature and atmospheric precipitation) covering the years 1961–2023. Mathematical-statistical and cartographic methods were employed in the study. The interpretation of satellite images, their analysis based on various indices, and the mapping of data were carried out using GIS technology.

The main material. In comparison with the period 1981–2010, the average monthly temperature in this part of the Lesser Caucasus region increased by 0.9-1.4°C in January (0.9°C), May (1.4°C), and June (0.9°C) during 2011-2022, while it decreased by 0.5°C in February and 0.7°C in November. Between 2011–2015, the average annual precipitation in the region decreased by 1%, or approximately 7 mm, compared to the overall period. The results indicate that, depending on air temperature, the extent of snowfields in this region does not exceed 6.0 km². Firn ice in the region is distributed at elevations of approximately 3100–3300 meters. These glaciers are located on the eastern slope of the Gizilbogaz Heights, accumulating on rocky surfaces exposed on sloping terrain. The total area of firn ice, which is situated in small clusters, is 0.148 km², comprising five glacier clusters of varying sizes. Two of these are large, covering an area of 0.14 km², while the remaining three smaller glaciers have a combined area of approximately 0.005 km² (8.67 hectares).

Conclusions. The area of snowfields decreases during warm years as air temperature rises. In this mountainous region, the long-term average increase in air temperature has been 0.2°C. In other months, temperature fluctuations remained within climatic norms. The reduction in the period during which precipitation falls in solid form due to the effects of climate change prevents the formation of new glaciers and snowfields. In periods with higher average annual temperature, the process of glacier melting accelerates.

Spatial variability of some soil properties around Zaria area, Kaduna state, Nigeria

Yasin Agono Awwal — 2024-12-01

Introduction. Spatial variability of soil properties as influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, plays a pivotal role in agricultural productivity. Understanding this variability is critical for implementing site-specific management, which optimizes resource allocation while sustaining soil health. This study investigates the spatial variability of selected soil properties in agricultural fields around Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, utilizing geostatistical techniques to provide insights for sustainable land management.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in an 85-hectare area located in Zaria, Kaduna State. Seventy soil samples were collected using a grid sampling approach across 85 hectares. Following standard laboratory procedures, the samples were analysed for properties, including particle size distribution, bulk density (BD), pH, organic carbon (OC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Geostatistical analysis using Kriging interpolation and semivariogram modelling was employed to determine spatial dependence.

Normal Distribution Test and Data Transformation. Laboratory data from the studied soil properties were tested for normality using the Ryan-Jover test, which revealed that most soil properties did not follow a normal distribution (P<0.05). Johnson trans-formation was hence applied to improve normality for reliable geostatistical modelling, as confirmed by the residuals from QQ Plots.

Descriptive Statistics of Soil Properties. Clay content exhibited the highest variability (CV = 43.09%), ranging from 60 to 420 g kg^-1. CEC showed moderate to high fertility potential, ranging from 6.33 to 25.50 cmol kg^-1, while OC were generally rated low. BD and pH showed weak spatial variability (CV < 15%) due to the influence of intrinsic soil factors.

Geostatistical Analysis of Soil Properties. Semivariogram modelling revealed strong spatial dependence for most soil properties (nugget ratio < 0.25), including BD, OC, and pH, suggesting intrinsic factors as key drivers. Spatial ranges varied across properties, with clay and CEC extending to 339.9 m and 347.6 m, respectively, while pH and BD showed shorter ranges of 85.4 m and 93.3 m. Spatial patterns in sand and clay demonstrated inverse relationships, as areas with higher clay contents exhibited higher CEC and pH levels.

Spatial Distribution Maps. Kriging interpolation highlighted distinct spatial patterns, such as higher clay and CEC concentrations in specific zones, and lower pH in sandy areas, indicative of leaching effects. Maps showed that the spatial distribution of OC and BD is influenced by short-range processes, requiring localized management strategies.

Conclusion. This study demonstrates the necessity of addressing spatial variability in soil management plans. Strong correlations between clay and CEC emphasize the critical role of texture in influencing soil fertility. Properties like OC and BD, with weak spatial dependence, demand immediate attention through targeted interventions such as organic amendments and improved tillage practices.

Formation of biocenoses in roadside landscapes of Cherkasy Region

Iryna Kravtsova — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. The problem solved in the article is relevant primarily due to the constant growth of the density of the transport network, and, therefore, the ever-increasing "theft" of natural ecosystems by humans from aboriginal plants and animals. However, new alien plants, which are gradually displacing local species, are able to form completely independent biocenoses, which proves the extraordinary ability of the biosphere to support life.

The purpose of the article to investigate the formation of biocenoses in the vertical structure of roadside landscapes of Cherkasy Region.

Methods. The main theoretical approach to identifying human-made landscapes, including linear ones, in this study is based on the prioritization of ecosystem dynamics. This approach emphasizes the maintenance or enhancement of the ability of ecosystems to maintain their natural processes and functions over time. General scientific and specific scientific methods of geographical research were applied. Especially important for the implementation of the tasks are the methods of geobotanical research.

Results. The study of the main parameters of the roadside landscapes of the Cherkasy Region was carried out by us in accordance with the pre-developed program. All parameters were combined into the following groups of factors: natural-geographic factor (geolocation, air temperature and humidity, natural radiation background); the degree of anthropogenic impact (noise level, dustiness, some geochemical indicators, proximity/distance of the roadway from agricultural land); the degree of manifestation of ecosystem relations (the number of plant species and their recurrence, the presence of invasive species and those that are indicators of salinization and waterlogging, the presence of species included in the National Catalog of Biotopes of Ukraine, the value of the Menkhinik index (species diversity). Using the method of petal diagrams, as well as the method of qualitative background, an analysis of the entire set of parameters for each polygon was performed, which made it possible to identify 5 districts of different degrees of completeness of the formation of ecosystem relations in the territory of the Cherkasy Region. Two core regions - Umansky (medium degree) and Cherkasy (low degree), the main characteristics of which are dominated by different parameters of ruderal vegetation, and three peripheral areas, in which the parameters of ruderal vegetation are below the average level - North-peripheral (Zhashkivskyi, initial degree), South-peripheral (Ladyzhynskyi, elementary level), and Central-peripheral (Zvenigorodsko-Shpolianskyi, elementary level). In general, the conducted zoning covers only those sections of highways that directly border agricultural lands. But due to the presence of mainly herbaceous vegetation in such ruderal phytocenoses, they can be the basis of future soil formation with further gradual cultivation by replacing ruderal plants with aboriginal ones.

Scientific novelty and practical significance. Studies of the biodiversity of Cherkasy Region in the territories covering biocenoses formed along the Kyiv-Odesa (M 05) and Vinnytsia-Cherkasy (M 12 and H 16) highways showed that there is almost no native vegetation. Instead, roadside biocenoses mainly consist of ruderal plant species. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the zoning of highways in the Cherkasy Region has been carried out according to the degree of completion of the formation of ecosystem relations in roadside landscapes.

Ecosystem degradation in Kharkiv region during the war: satellite analysis

Olena Krainiuk — 2024-12-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. The article investigates the degradation of ecosystems in the Kharkiv region due to military actions, specifically in Kupiansk and Izyum districts. The destruction of plant cover and natural landscapes, exacerbated by fires and other war-related damages, poses long-term ecological challenges. The purpose of the study is to assess these impacts through satellite monitoring using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to identify the most affected areas and plan for their ecological restoration.

Materials and Methods of Research. The research utilizes satellite images from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 platform to analyze changes in NDVI values between 2021 and 2024. This methodology allows for the detection of vegetation degradation in the studied areas and employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map and visualize the extent of environmental damage. NDVI indices are analyzed for variations over time, providing insights into the effects of military actions on the region's vegetation.

Results. The results of the study indicate a dramatic reduction in NDVI values in the Kupiansk and Izyum districts, particularly in 2022, which coincided with the height of military activities in the region. NDVI values in 2022 showed a 48% decrease compared to 2021, reflecting the extensive loss of vegetation due to forest fires, bombings, and the movement of heavy military equipment, which caused both direct destruction and secondary effects such as soil compaction and erosion. In 2024, some recovery in NDVI values was observed, but these remained significantly lower than pre-war levels, indicating that full ecological recovery has not yet been achieved. The study further identified key ecological hotspots where vegetation loss was most severe, particularly in areas close to conflict zones, such as military bases and frontlines. The analysis showed that forested areas suffered the greatest damage, with significant portions of these ecosystems either destroyed or severely degraded. The GIS-based analysis also revealed a correlation between the intensity of military actions and the degree of vegetation loss, with the most severely affected areas being those that experienced sustained bombardment and heavy combat. The data suggest that the recovery of these areas will require substantial effort, including reforestation, soil remediation, and the implementation of erosion control measures to prevent further degradation.

Conclusions. 1). The war has led to significant environmental damage in the Kharkiv region, with substantial loss of vegetation cover and ecosystem services. 2). The NDVI analysis highlights the most affected areas, showing both the immediate and lingering effects of war on plant cover. 3). Continued monitoring and a comprehensive ecological restoration strategy are necessary to restore the region's natural landscapes, with reforestation and soil recovery being critical components. This study provides a crucial foundation for further research on the ecological impacts of warfare and offers practical recommendations for the restoration of war-torn ecosystems in Ukraine. The findings can be applied to other conflict-affected regions, emphasizing the need for a proactive approach to environmental recovery in post-war scenarios.

Econometric modeling and forecasting of environmental conditions of cities and population health problems: case study of Navoi and Zarafshan cities

Normurod Latipov — 2024-12-01

This study explores the connection between atmospheric emissions of harmful substances and population morbidity indicators in Navoi and Zarafshan, two highly industrialized cities in Uzbekistan’s arid climate. With industrialization in arid environments presenting unique health risks, the research seeks to deepen scientific understanding of pollution-related health impacts specific to these cities. Identifying the health effects of air pollution in urbanized, dry regions not only advances scientific knowledge but also informs public health policies, contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.

A review of recent studies shows extensive evidence linking industrial air pollution to adverse health effects, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and immune system issues. However, few studies focus specifically on the unique challenges faced by industrial cities in arid regions like Navoi and Zarafshan, where pollutant types and environmental interactions may differ significantly. Existing research associates industrial emissions with general morbidity rates, yet it lacks detailed analyses of how pollutants specifically affect health outcomes in arid climates.

Unresolved aspects of the problem include a generalized approach in correlating air pollution with health deterioration without considering how pollutants impact health differently across various climatic and environmental contexts. The effects of pollution in arid regions, with distinct pollutant composition and dispersal patterns, remain underexamined in current environmental health research.

The primary goal of this research is to quantify and evaluate the relationships between industrial air pollutants and morbidity indicators, particularly focusing on respiratory, immune, neurological, and digestive health in Navoi and Zarafshan. By providing actionable data on these connections, the study intends to guide health interventions to reduce health risks associated with industrial emissions in these areas. The purpose is to offer empirical evidence that supports policymakers and public health professionals in developing effective strategies to mitigate pollution-related health challenges in industrialized arid regions.

The findings of this research indicate a strong correlation in Navoi between annual pollutant emissions and increased rates of respiratory, immune, and neurological conditions, suggesting these health issues are particularly sensitive to pollution in the city. In Zarafshan, however, a different pattern is observed, with pollutants more closely associated with digestive diseases. This regional variation suggests that pollution’s health impacts may vary significantly depending on local environmental conditions.

In conclusion, the study confirms a significant relationship between environmental conditions and public health, demonstrating that industrial emissions notably impact morbidity rates in arid, urban settings. By establishing these connections, the research supports SDG 11’s mission to create sustainable and healthy urban environments, presenting evidence-based recommendations to minimize the health impact of industrial pollution. The proposed measures focus on addressing the primary health challenges–respiratory, immune, neurological, and digestive issues–identified in the Navoi region, promoting healthier urban environments through targeted interventions.

The main causes of soil contamination with heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Adik Mammadov — 2024-12-01

Problems Statement and Purpose. The subject of discussion is soil pollution - a type of anthropogenic degradation in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level. The population of the earth is growing rapidly. Population growth requires food supply and meeting their consumption. At this time, the environment is polluted. Industry and agriculture especially cause soil pollution. For this reason, its research is an urgent issue. We also analyzed environmental pollution during the study. The research area is located in the Lesser Caucasus physical-geographic region, where the most important industrial enterprises in our country are located. The region is located in the western part of Azerbaijan, in an area rich in minerals. Both non-ferrous and ferrous metals are rich here. The natural conditions are also favorable for the development of industry in the area. Its richness in mineral deposits makes large-scale research of the area relevant. Therefore, our research is dedicated to the actual topic.

Data and Methods. For analysis, soil samples were taken from the research area and analyzed in the laboratory. Soil samples were taken from different soil types in the Lesser Caucasus. Based on the results of these analyses, comparisons were made for soil types.Then calculations were made based on mathematical and statistical methods. During the study, the results of previous studies in the area were also used.

Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, the influence of man-made emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury on various soil types on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus was studied, and the mechanisms that determine the state and behavior of heavy metals in background and soils subject to contamination were investigated. Ganja aluminum plant and Dashkasan ore refining plant located in the study area play a special role in soil pollution.

Conclusion. It has been noted that the excess content of certain chemicals (Pb, Hg, Cd) in the human environment (compared to natural levels) due to their receipt from anthropogenic sources has a negative impact on the environment. The process by which uncharacteristic microelements appear in the soil, characterized by a toxic effect and affecting the properties of the soil, is called soil contamination with heavy metals. It has been established that soil contamination with such chemical elements as lead, cadmium, and mercury poses a particular environmental hazard.

Factors and processes of natural environment contamination with substitute waters and petroleum products

Vasyl Suyarko — 2024-12-01

Statement of the problem determine the factors and processes of contamination of the natural environment with secondary stratum waters.

The subject of the research is associated reservoir waters of oil and gas wells.

The object of the study is the physical and chemical features of associated reservoir solutions containing hydrocarbons and the processes of their influence on natural ecological systems.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the danger of accompanying reservoir waters and oil products for natural ecological systems and human health. Factors and processes of pollution of the natural environment due to leaks of associated formation water (SW) and oil products in the process of search, exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits are considered. The mechanisms and ecological consequences of this phenomenon, as well as the level of danger of individual pollutant components, were analyzed. Changes in natural ecosystems as a result of the arrival of sewage sludge and petroleum products into them were studied. Measures to protect the natural environment and reduce environmental risks during drilling of oil and gas wells and development of hydrocarbon deposits are proposed. Accompanying formation waters are brines of sodium chloride solutions (brines) formed at great depths and characterized by high pressures. In the process of drilling deep wells and extracting oil and gas, sewage sludge can gush out onto the earth's surface. This leads to salinization of soils and withdrawal of large areas of agricultural land from circulation, pollution of local water intakes, disruption of the vital activity of flora and fauna, and most importantly – to a negative effect on the human body. It is proposed to divide the types of pollution of sewage containing petroleum products into 4 groups: sodium chloride solutions; petroleum products; toxic components of sewage sludge and petroleum products; thermal pollution by thermal SW.

Results. The factors of natural protection of underground water from pollution have been determined. Intensive water exchange in the infiltration zone leads to both rapid pollution and rapid purification of groundwater and non-pressurized groundwater. Underground waters that lie deeper, due to hydrodynamic pressures, push pollutants out of aquifers and remain clean. The chemical elements and compounds of hazardous waste and oil products belonging to the first, second and third classes of danger are given. The consequences of their negative impact on the human body are indicated. A conclusion was made about the need for environmental monitoring near oil and gas industries. The environmental and economic expediency of using SW as a hydro-mineral raw material for the industrial extraction of valuable chemical elements from them is emphasized.

Water security status and associated challenges in Guwahati city (India)

Bharati Hazarika — 2024-12-01

Introduction. Although cities are becoming increasingly developed in all spheres, there occur formidable multidimensional challenges associated with urban development. One such challenge is the water security, as water in the urban areas is the hotspot in regard to its consumption due to fast growing population on small geographical extent. Moreover, the development of urban water system is unable to keep pace with the rapid growth of population in cities, leaving majority of the dwellers lacking access to water supply system.

The purpose of article. This study intends to identify the problems associated with the urban water systems, its challenges in effective supply of water and the resultant water insecurity at households. It examines the water infrastructures in the city since its development in 1930 on a spatio-temporal context. The impact of prevailing water infrastructures on the status of households’ water insecurity has also been assessed.

Research Methods. Google earth engine software was used to visualize the spatial spread of urban water networks in the city. A kml file generated from the Google earth was converted to compatible layer in ArcGIS. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for household survey in three different zones, based on distance from reservoirs, slope, reservoir capacity and number of household connections from reservoirs. Selection of households from different zones under each scheme was done on the basis of consumers of urban water system and water security status. Water security status at households has been assessed through its components, quantity, quality, reliability and accessibility.

Main findings. Water infrastructures have been inadequate since a very long time with just one third of the population having access to the urban water systems. Households reported that enhancing the quantity and quality of water, which constitute vital aspects of water security, requires resorting to diverse strategies, incurs considerable cost and compromises welfare. Moreover, there exists a spatial variation in quantity and quality of water obtained from a shared scheme with increasing distance from service reservoirs/plants. Further, along with poor reliability and accessibility from water supply schemes at households, disparities among different water supply schemes have also been revealed.

Scientific novelty and practical value. The article analyzes for the first time the status of urban water security and associated challenges in the city through primary data and information on water infrastructures. The practical value of the study is the possibility of revealing the spatial variation in quantity and quality of water obtained at households despite a shared scheme or system that can be conducted in other studies of developing countries. The results of the study are significant in the context of justifying measures to strategize security of water at individual level.

Against the background of global climate changes, the current ecological situation of Azerbaijan's water resources and the directions of efficient use

Ilgar Khalilov — 2024-12-01

State of the problem. The article describes the full range of hydrological threats related to the limitation and pollution of the water resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is noted that the consequences of year-by-year aggravation of hydrological threats are the increase of conflicts with neighboring states, the development of new centers of ecological instability, the republic's socio-economic development programs are not fully implemented in the regions. It is known that the main features of Azerbaijan's water resources are their limitation, uneven distribution, approximately 70% of surface water resources are formed outside the country's borders and are seriously polluted when entering the country. The total water reserve of Azerbaijan is 35 billion cubic meters, of which 5 billion cubic meters is underground water. River water resources of the republic are 30.0 billion cubic meters, of which 10.0 billion cubic meters are local waters.

Research object. Azerbaijan's water resources, their modern ecological condition and directions for effective use.

The purpose of the study. Based on the long-term observation data and climate forecasts of Azerbaijan, it is to show the scarcity of fresh water resources, the potential to be significantly affected by climate change, and the directions of efficient use. However, the ability to quantify future changes with hydrological changes and their impacts on systems and sectors is limited by uncertainty at all stages of the assessment process. Uncertainty arises from different socio-economic development scenarios, given different climate model forecasts, reduction of climate impacts to local and regional scales, impact assessment. In accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, it is important to study its effects in the study area within the framework of climate action.

Methodology. Generalization, statistical, systematic analysis and comparison methods were used in the preparation of the article.

Scientific novelty of the research. Against the background of modern climate change, the ecological situation of Azerbaijan's fresh water sources is analyzed and the characteristics of the use of water in various economic fields, the situation of pollution of transit river waters with industrial and domestic sewage of neighboring countries, and the harmful effects of their use on human health and environmental components are emphasized.

Research results. In the article, the improvement of the national strategy in the implementation of the ecological-geographical assessment of water bodies in Azerbaijan, the implementation of projects supported by various international organizations, the application of river basin management plans to a larger number of rivers and the improvement of legislation for the purpose of protection, the implementation of international cooperation are among the necessary steps.

Ecological consequences of the catastrophic destruction of the Kakhovka reservoir dam

Leonid Chernogor — 2024-12-01

Formulation of the problem. The relevance is due to the need detail physical and mathematical modeling to the ecological consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovka Reservoir dam (Kherson region, Ukraine) on June 6, 2023.

Purpose. Determination of the ecological consequences by numerical modeling of the parameters of unregulated release of super-strong water flow that occurred as a result of the destruction of the Kakhovka Reservoir dam.

Methods. Multi-factor analysis, mathematical simulation, analytical and numerical calculations.

Results. For the first time, mathematical 1D, 2D and 3D models dynamics of water flow from the Kakhovka Reservoir have been developed, which make it possible to assess the ecological consequences of flooding large territorials of the country. Relationships were obtained to estimate the potential energy of the water mass in the reservoir, the kinetic energy of the water flow, the height of the level and mass of water in the reservoir, flow speed, and water outflow rate. These relationships were used to assess the consequences of the disaster. The developed methodology can be used to predict the consequences of dam damage on other rivers and reservoirs. Numerical modeling of the dynamics of the main parameters of the water flow from the destroyed Kakhovka Reservoir was carried out. It was established that in about ten days the height of the water column in the reservoir decreased by more than an order of magnitude, the flow speed by about 4 times, the volume by 45 times, water flow by almost two orders of magnitude, the flow power and potential energy of water in the reservoir by almost three orders of magnitude. The reservoir lost approximately 18 Gt of water. A territory of 650 km² was flooded. The height of the water column in the vicinity of the dam reached 10 m, and at a distance of ~80 km it reached 5 m. The initial speed of water flow below the dam was close to 10 m/s. This speed remained at a distance of ~80 km from the dam, which contributed to the rapid onset and inevitability of the disaster, which took place late at night (about 03 h). The environmental consequences of the world's largest man-made disaster in decades were very significant. Some consequences will be observed for ~10 years or more. It can be argued that the ecosystems of Ukraine have suffered irreparable damage that qualifies as ecocide.

Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovka dam were catastrophic for the ecological situation of the region, hydropower, water supply, fisheries and agriculture, etc.