Causes and consequences of Russia’s aggression against the states of the Black Sea region in 2008 and 2014
Ключові слова:
aggression, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia
Анотація
Согласно нормам международного права действия России против Грузии (2008) и Украины (2014) необходимо однозначно квалифицировать как агрессию. Агрессивная политика России является следствием отката от демократии и возврата к имперской политике прошлого. Но особое внимание заслуживает политика России в области управления конфликтами низкой интенсивности на постсоветском пространстве, в которых она играет двойную роль – стороны конфликта и посредника. В результате военной агрессии России против Грузии и Украины страна агрессор фактически оккупировала Южную Осетию, Абхазию, Крым и часть Донецкой и Луганской областей. Только в ситуации с Крымом Россия провела прямую аннексию, тогда как в других случаях мы имеем дело с гибридной аннексией части территорий сопредельных государств. Асимметрия потенциалов между Россией, с одной стороны, Грузией и Украиной, с другой стороны, не представляет возможным самостоятельно противостоять российской агрессии и оккупации. Поэтому дипломатическая, юридическая, экономическая и военная поддержка международным сообществом странам жертвам агрессии является очень важным действием на пути соблюдения норм международного права, принципов суверенитета, территориальной целостности и права на самооборону.
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Посилання
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Belkanija, N. 2009. Agresja Rosji wobec Gruzji w sierpniu 2008 roku: historyczne paralele [Russia’s aggression towards Georgia in August 2008: historical parallels]. Polityka bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw obszaru WNP. Wrocław, W. Baluk (In Polish).
Bierzanek, R., Symonides, J. 2004. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne [Public international law]. Warszawa (In Polish).
Dogovor mezhdu Rossiyskoy Federatsiey i Ukrainoy o sotrudnichestve v ispolzovanii Azovskogo morya i Kerchenskogo proliva [Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait]. URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_contracts/2_contract/-/storage-viewer/bilateral/page-169/46287 (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
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Gruzinskiy parlament otkazalsya ot rossiyskikh mirotvortsev v Yuzhnoy Osetii v polzu OBSYe [Georgian parliament abandons Russian peacekeepers in South Ossetia in favor of OSCE]. URL: https://www.newsru.com/world/15feb2006/figa.html (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
Izvestiya, Odin den voyny na yugo-vostoke Ukrainy stoit $3 mln. [One day of war in southeastern Ukraine costs $ 3 million]. URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/571615#ixzz3UGAKoh15 (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Konventsiya ob opredelenii agressii [Convention on the definition of aggression] 1957. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo v izbrannykh dokumentakhq t. 3. Moskva. (In Russian).
Konventsiya Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy po morskomu pravu [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]. URL: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf
(Date of the application 21.03.2019). (In Russian).
Kozak, I. 2015. Kwalifikacja konfliktu we wschodniej Ukrainie w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Classification of the conflict in eastern Ukraine in the light of international law]. Studia prawnicze KUL, nr 2 (62). (In Polish).
Lavrov oproverg prisutstvie rossiyskikh voennykh na Ukraine [Lavrov denied the presence of the Russian military in Ukraine]. URL: http://www.vz.ru/news/2014/11/8/714380.html (Date of the application
20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Legucka, A. 2013. Geopolityczne uwarunkowania i konsekwencje konfliktów zbrojnych na obszarze poradzieckim [Geopolitical conditions and consequences of armed conflicts in the post-Soviet area]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Malashenko, A. Olcott, M. B. Tishkov, V. 1997. Identichnost i konflikt v postsovetskikh gosudarstvakh [Identity and conflict in post-Soviet states]. Moskovskiy Centr Karnegi. Moskva (In Russian).
Marciniak, W. 2001. Rozgrabione Imperium. Upadek Związku Sowieckiego i powstanie Federacji Rosyjskiej [A Crushed Empire. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation]. Kraków. (In Polish).
Marusin, I. 2014. O sootnoshenii printsipa nerushimosti granits i prava narodov na samoopredelenii. Pravovedenie, No. 1 (312). (In Russian).
Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych RP, Przyłączenie Krymu do Federacji Rosyjskiej w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Joining Crimea to the Russian Federation in the light of international law]. URL: https://www.msz.gov.pl (Date of the application 11.02.2019). (In Polish).
Milik, P. Dopuszczalne przypadki użycia sił zbrojnych w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Acceptable cases of the use of armed forces in the light of international law]. URL: http://www.psz.pl/117-polityka/dopuszczalne-przypadki-uzycia-sil-zbrojnych-w-swietle-prawa-miedzynarodowego (Date of the application 14.02.2019). (In Polish).
Mojsiewicz, Cz. 2004. Leksykon współczesnych międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych [Lexicon of contemporary international political relations]. Wrocław. (In Polish).
Ochman, P., Wojas, J. 2018. Prawne aspekty konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie jako przykład wojny hybrydowej [Legal aspects of the armed conflict in Ukraine as an example of a hybrid war]. Sprawy międzynarodowe, nr 1. (In Polish).
Ostroukhov, N. 2013. Territorialnaya tselostnost gosudarstv i ee obespechenie: teoretiko-pravovye i mezhdunarodno-pravovye izmereniya [Territorial integrity of states and its provision: theoretical and legal and international legal dimensions]. „Vestnik RUDN, seriya Yuridicheskie nauki”, № 3. (In Russian).
Pashinskiy – Kolichestvo boevikov v zone ATO vpervye prevysilo chislennost ukrainskikh voysk [Pashinsky – The number of militants in the ATO zone for the first time exceeded the number of Ukrainian troops]. URL: http://112.ua/obshchestvo/kolichestvo-boevikov-v-zone-ato-vpervye-prevysilo-chislennostukrainskih-voysk-pashinskiy-171966.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Pkhaladze, T., Silaev, N. 2011. Rosiysko-gruzinskie otnosheniya v kontekste evropeyskoy bezopasnosti [Russian-Georgian relations in the context of European security]. Rossiya i Gruziya: v poiskakh vykhoda. Dokumenty obshchestvennoy politiki, razrabotannye rossiyskimi i gruzinskimi ekspertami. Karnegi Centr. (In Russian).
Potocki, R. 2009. Wojna sierpniowa [The August War]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Putin – press-konferentsiya 18 dekabrya [Putin – Press conference on December 18]. URL: http://news.bigmir.net/world/866080-Press-konferencija-Putina-18-dekabrja--onlajn-transljacija (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Putin rasskazal “Rossii 1”, kak vernul Krym i spas Yanukovicha [Putin told «Russia 1» how he returned Crimea and saved Yanukovych]. URL: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2412450] (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Rezolyutsiya 3314 (ХХIХ) Generalnoy Assamblei ot 14 dekabrya 1974 goda, Ofitsialnye otchety Generalnoy Assamblei, dvadtsat devyataya sessiya, Prilozhenie, № 31 [Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-ninth Session]. (In Russian).
SBU pidrakhuvala kil`kist` terory`stiv i zhertv na Skhodi [The SBU has counted the number of terrorists and casualties in the East]. URL: http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/537a07686f15f/ (Date of the application 14.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Soglashenie o printsipakh uregulirovaniya gruzinsko-osetinskogo konflikta [Agreement on the principles of the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict]. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1902246 (Date of the application 15.02.2019). (In Russian).
SShA ocinyuyut` kil`kist` rosijs`ky`x vijs`kovy`x na sxodi Ukrayiny` u 12 ty`syach [The United States estimates the number of Russian troops in eastern Ukraine at 12.000]. URL: http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26880938.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
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Turchy`nov: Na Donbasi rosijs`ko-terory`sty`chni vijs`ka nalichuyut` 36 ty`syach osib. [Turchynov: There are 36 thousand Russian terrorists in the Donbass]. URL: http://espreso.tv/news/2015/01/15/turchynov_na_donbasi_rosiysko_terorystychni_viyska_nalichuyut_36_tysyach_osib (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Ustav Mezhdunarodnogo Voennogo tribunala dlya suda i nakazaniya glavnykh voennykh prestupnikov evropeyskikh stran osi [Statute of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis]. URL: docs.cntd.ru/document/901737883 (Date of the application 10.02.2019). (In Russian).
Ustav (OON) Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy [Charter of the United Nations]. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/charter-united-nations/index.html (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
Wilk, A. Rosyjska interwencja wojskowa na Krymie [Russian military intervention in the Crimea]. URL: http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2014-03-05/rosyjska-interwencja-wojskowa-nakrymie (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Polish).
Włodkowska, A. 2006. Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej na obszarze WNP [Policy of the Russian Federation in the CIS area]. Toruń. (In Polish).
YeSPL mozhe vyznaty, shho Rosiya kontrolyuvala Krym shhe do okupaciyi [The ECtHR may recognize that Russia controlled Crimea before the occupation]. URL: https://humanrights.org.ua/material/strasburzkij_sud_mozhe_viznati_shho_rosijia_kontroljiuvala_krim_shhe_do_okupaciji (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Yevroparlament prinyal rezolyutsiyu po Gruzii [European Parliament adopted resolution on Georgia]. URL: http://www.apsny.ge/2018/pol/1529016570.php (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
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Zakon RF ot 23.06.1995g. “O ispolzovanii vooruzhennykh sil RF v tselyakh uderzhaniya mezhdunarodnogo mira i bezopasnosti” [RF Law «On the use of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in order to maintain international peace and security»]. URL: http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9937/ (Date of the application 25.08.2019). (In Russian).
Zayava Ministerstva zakordonnykh sprav shhodo yurysdykcijnoyi stadiyi spravy` Ukrayina proty` Rosijs`koyi Federaciyi v Mizhnarodnomu Sudi OON [Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the jurisdictional stage of the case of Ukraine v. Russia in the International Court of Justice]. URL: https://mfa.gov.ua/ua (Date of the application 23.04.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Zayava MZS Ukrayiny` shhodo podachi Ukrayinoyu memorandumu v arbitrazhnomu provadzhenni proty` RF za Konvenciyeyu OON z mors`kogo prava [ Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the submission by Ukraine of a memorandum in arbitration proceedings against Russia under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea]. URL: https://mfa.gov.ua/ua/press-center/news/63052-zajava-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-podachi-ukrajinoju-memorandumu-v-arbitrazhnomu-provadzhenni-proti-rfza-konvencijeju-oon-z-morsykogo-prava (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Asanaszwili, P. 2009. Transformacja euroazjatyckiej polityki Rosji po konflikcie rosyjskogruzińskim [The transformation of Russia’s Eurasian policy after the Russian-Georgian conflict]. Polityka bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw obszaru WNP. Wrocław, W. Baluk (In Polish).
Baluk, W. 2010. Wybrane problemy ukraińsko-rosyjskich stosunków politycznych [Selected problems of Ukrainian-Russian political relations]. Historia-Polityka-Dyplomacja. Studia z nauk społecznych i humanistycznych. Toruń, M. Mróz, E. Stadmuller (In Polish).
Benvenisti, E. 2004. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press (In English).
Belkanija, N. 2009. Agresja Rosji wobec Gruzji w sierpniu 2008 roku: historyczne paralele [Russia’s aggression towards Georgia in August 2008: historical parallels]. Polityka bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw obszaru WNP. Wrocław, W. Baluk (In Polish).
Bierzanek, R., Symonides, J. 2004. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne [Public international law]. Warszawa (In Polish).
Dogovor mezhdu Rossiyskoy Federatsiey i Ukrainoy o sotrudnichestve v ispolzovanii Azovskogo morya i Kerchenskogo proliva [Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait]. URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_contracts/2_contract/-/storage-viewer/bilateral/page-169/46287 (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
Federalnyy zakon ot 31.07.1998 g. N 155-FZ «O vnutrennikh morskikh vodakh, territorialnom more i prilezhashchey zone Rossiyskoy Federatsii» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [Federal Law of July 31, 1998 Nо. 155-FZ «On internal sea waters, territorial sea and contiguous zone of the Russian Federation»]. URL: http://base.garant.ru/12112602/#ixzz5YAJJt2Ig (Date of the application 20.02.2019). (In Russian),
Gosduma prosit prezidenta Putina zashchitit Rossiyu ot Gruzii [State Duma asks President Putin to protect Russia from Georgia]. URL: https://www.newsru.com/russia/17feb2006/duma_georgia.html (Date of the application 25.01.2019). (In Russian).
Góralczyk, W., Sawicki, S. 2015. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne w zarysie [The public international law: An overview]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Gruzinskiy parlament otkazalsya ot rossiyskikh mirotvortsev v Yuzhnoy Osetii v polzu OBSYe [Georgian parliament abandons Russian peacekeepers in South Ossetia in favor of OSCE]. URL: https://www.newsru.com/world/15feb2006/figa.html (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
Izvestiya, Odin den voyny na yugo-vostoke Ukrainy stoit $3 mln. [One day of war in southeastern Ukraine costs $ 3 million]. URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/571615#ixzz3UGAKoh15 (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Konventsiya ob opredelenii agressii [Convention on the definition of aggression] 1957. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo v izbrannykh dokumentakhq t. 3. Moskva. (In Russian).
Konventsiya Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy po morskomu pravu [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]. URL: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf
(Date of the application 21.03.2019). (In Russian).
Kozak, I. 2015. Kwalifikacja konfliktu we wschodniej Ukrainie w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Classification of the conflict in eastern Ukraine in the light of international law]. Studia prawnicze KUL, nr 2 (62). (In Polish).
Lavrov oproverg prisutstvie rossiyskikh voennykh na Ukraine [Lavrov denied the presence of the Russian military in Ukraine]. URL: http://www.vz.ru/news/2014/11/8/714380.html (Date of the application
20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Legucka, A. 2013. Geopolityczne uwarunkowania i konsekwencje konfliktów zbrojnych na obszarze poradzieckim [Geopolitical conditions and consequences of armed conflicts in the post-Soviet area]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Malashenko, A. Olcott, M. B. Tishkov, V. 1997. Identichnost i konflikt v postsovetskikh gosudarstvakh [Identity and conflict in post-Soviet states]. Moskovskiy Centr Karnegi. Moskva (In Russian).
Marciniak, W. 2001. Rozgrabione Imperium. Upadek Związku Sowieckiego i powstanie Federacji Rosyjskiej [A Crushed Empire. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation]. Kraków. (In Polish).
Marusin, I. 2014. O sootnoshenii printsipa nerushimosti granits i prava narodov na samoopredelenii. Pravovedenie, No. 1 (312). (In Russian).
Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych RP, Przyłączenie Krymu do Federacji Rosyjskiej w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Joining Crimea to the Russian Federation in the light of international law]. URL: https://www.msz.gov.pl (Date of the application 11.02.2019). (In Polish).
Milik, P. Dopuszczalne przypadki użycia sił zbrojnych w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Acceptable cases of the use of armed forces in the light of international law]. URL: http://www.psz.pl/117-polityka/dopuszczalne-przypadki-uzycia-sil-zbrojnych-w-swietle-prawa-miedzynarodowego (Date of the application 14.02.2019). (In Polish).
Mojsiewicz, Cz. 2004. Leksykon współczesnych międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych [Lexicon of contemporary international political relations]. Wrocław. (In Polish).
Ochman, P., Wojas, J. 2018. Prawne aspekty konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie jako przykład wojny hybrydowej [Legal aspects of the armed conflict in Ukraine as an example of a hybrid war]. Sprawy międzynarodowe, nr 1. (In Polish).
Ostroukhov, N. 2013. Territorialnaya tselostnost gosudarstv i ee obespechenie: teoretiko-pravovye i mezhdunarodno-pravovye izmereniya [Territorial integrity of states and its provision: theoretical and legal and international legal dimensions]. „Vestnik RUDN, seriya Yuridicheskie nauki”, № 3. (In Russian).
Pashinskiy – Kolichestvo boevikov v zone ATO vpervye prevysilo chislennost ukrainskikh voysk [Pashinsky – The number of militants in the ATO zone for the first time exceeded the number of Ukrainian troops]. URL: http://112.ua/obshchestvo/kolichestvo-boevikov-v-zone-ato-vpervye-prevysilo-chislennostukrainskih-voysk-pashinskiy-171966.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Pkhaladze, T., Silaev, N. 2011. Rosiysko-gruzinskie otnosheniya v kontekste evropeyskoy bezopasnosti [Russian-Georgian relations in the context of European security]. Rossiya i Gruziya: v poiskakh vykhoda. Dokumenty obshchestvennoy politiki, razrabotannye rossiyskimi i gruzinskimi ekspertami. Karnegi Centr. (In Russian).
Potocki, R. 2009. Wojna sierpniowa [The August War]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Putin – press-konferentsiya 18 dekabrya [Putin – Press conference on December 18]. URL: http://news.bigmir.net/world/866080-Press-konferencija-Putina-18-dekabrja--onlajn-transljacija (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Putin rasskazal “Rossii 1”, kak vernul Krym i spas Yanukovicha [Putin told «Russia 1» how he returned Crimea and saved Yanukovych]. URL: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2412450] (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Rezolyutsiya 3314 (ХХIХ) Generalnoy Assamblei ot 14 dekabrya 1974 goda, Ofitsialnye otchety Generalnoy Assamblei, dvadtsat devyataya sessiya, Prilozhenie, № 31 [Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-ninth Session]. (In Russian).
SBU pidrakhuvala kil`kist` terory`stiv i zhertv na Skhodi [The SBU has counted the number of terrorists and casualties in the East]. URL: http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/537a07686f15f/ (Date of the application 14.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Soglashenie o printsipakh uregulirovaniya gruzinsko-osetinskogo konflikta [Agreement on the principles of the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict]. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1902246 (Date of the application 15.02.2019). (In Russian).
SShA ocinyuyut` kil`kist` rosijs`ky`x vijs`kovy`x na sxodi Ukrayiny` u 12 ty`syach [The United States estimates the number of Russian troops in eastern Ukraine at 12.000]. URL: http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26880938.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Sutyagin, I. Russian Forces in Ukraine, Royal United Services Institute. URL: https://www.rusi.org/ (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In English).
Trenin, D. 2012. Post-Imperium: evraziyskaya istoriya [Post-Imperium: Eurasian History]. Moskva. (In Russian).
Turchy`nov: Na Donbasi rosijs`ko-terory`sty`chni vijs`ka nalichuyut` 36 ty`syach osib. [Turchynov: There are 36 thousand Russian terrorists in the Donbass]. URL: http://espreso.tv/news/2015/01/15/turchynov_na_donbasi_rosiysko_terorystychni_viyska_nalichuyut_36_tysyach_osib (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Ustav Mezhdunarodnogo Voennogo tribunala dlya suda i nakazaniya glavnykh voennykh prestupnikov evropeyskikh stran osi [Statute of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis]. URL: docs.cntd.ru/document/901737883 (Date of the application 10.02.2019). (In Russian).
Ustav (OON) Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy [Charter of the United Nations]. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/charter-united-nations/index.html (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
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Опубліковано
2020-12-08
Як цитувати
Балюк, В. (2020). Causes and consequences of Russia’s aggression against the states of the Black Sea region in 2008 and 2014. Дриновський збірник, 13, 175-190. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2020.13.19
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