Causes and consequences of Russia’s aggression against the states of the Black Sea region in 2008 and 2014
Keywords:
aggression, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia
Abstract
In accordance with the norms of international law, Russia’s actions against Georgia (2008) and Ukraine (2014) must be categorized as aggression. The aggressive policy of Russia is the result of its return to the authoritarian path of development and to the imperial policy of the past. A special attention should be paid at Russia’s policy in the area of managing low-intensity conflicts in the post-Soviet space, where it participates in dual role, as a conflicted party and a mediator. As a result of military intervention in Georgia and Ukraine, the aggressor (Russia) actually occupied South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Crimea and part of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions. Only in Crimea there was a direct annexation, whereas in other cases it was an attempt to proxy annexation and occupation of part of the territory of neighboring states. The asymmetry of potentials between Russia on the one hand and Georgia and Ukraine on the other hand does not allow the latter to independently resist Russian aggression and occupation. Therefore, the diplomatic, legal, economic and military support of the victims of aggression by the international community towards complying with the norms of international law, the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and the right to self-defense is very important and necessary.
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References
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Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych RP, Przyłączenie Krymu do Federacji Rosyjskiej w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Joining Crimea to the Russian Federation in the light of international law]. URL: https://www.msz.gov.pl (Date of the application 11.02.2019). (In Polish).
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Ochman, P., Wojas, J. 2018. Prawne aspekty konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie jako przykład wojny hybrydowej [Legal aspects of the armed conflict in Ukraine as an example of a hybrid war]. Sprawy międzynarodowe, nr 1. (In Polish).
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SShA ocinyuyut` kil`kist` rosijs`ky`x vijs`kovy`x na sxodi Ukrayiny` u 12 ty`syach [The United States estimates the number of Russian troops in eastern Ukraine at 12.000]. URL: http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26880938.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
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Włodkowska, A. 2006. Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej na obszarze WNP [Policy of the Russian Federation in the CIS area]. Toruń. (In Polish).
YeSPL mozhe vyznaty, shho Rosiya kontrolyuvala Krym shhe do okupaciyi [The ECtHR may recognize that Russia controlled Crimea before the occupation]. URL: https://humanrights.org.ua/material/strasburzkij_sud_mozhe_viznati_shho_rosijia_kontroljiuvala_krim_shhe_do_okupaciji (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Yevroparlament prinyal rezolyutsiyu po Gruzii [European Parliament adopted resolution on Georgia]. URL: http://www.apsny.ge/2018/pol/1529016570.php (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
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Zakon RF ot 23.06.1995g. “O ispolzovanii vooruzhennykh sil RF v tselyakh uderzhaniya mezhdunarodnogo mira i bezopasnosti” [RF Law «On the use of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in order to maintain international peace and security»]. URL: http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9937/ (Date of the application 25.08.2019). (In Russian).
Zayava Ministerstva zakordonnykh sprav shhodo yurysdykcijnoyi stadiyi spravy` Ukrayina proty` Rosijs`koyi Federaciyi v Mizhnarodnomu Sudi OON [Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the jurisdictional stage of the case of Ukraine v. Russia in the International Court of Justice]. URL: https://mfa.gov.ua/ua (Date of the application 23.04.2019). (In Ukrainian).
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Baluk, W. 2010. Wybrane problemy ukraińsko-rosyjskich stosunków politycznych [Selected problems of Ukrainian-Russian political relations]. Historia-Polityka-Dyplomacja. Studia z nauk społecznych i humanistycznych. Toruń, M. Mróz, E. Stadmuller (In Polish).
Benvenisti, E. 2004. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press (In English).
Belkanija, N. 2009. Agresja Rosji wobec Gruzji w sierpniu 2008 roku: historyczne paralele [Russia’s aggression towards Georgia in August 2008: historical parallels]. Polityka bezpieczeństwa narodowego państw obszaru WNP. Wrocław, W. Baluk (In Polish).
Bierzanek, R., Symonides, J. 2004. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne [Public international law]. Warszawa (In Polish).
Dogovor mezhdu Rossiyskoy Federatsiey i Ukrainoy o sotrudnichestve v ispolzovanii Azovskogo morya i Kerchenskogo proliva [Agreement between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait]. URL: http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_contracts/2_contract/-/storage-viewer/bilateral/page-169/46287 (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
Federalnyy zakon ot 31.07.1998 g. N 155-FZ «O vnutrennikh morskikh vodakh, territorialnom more i prilezhashchey zone Rossiyskoy Federatsii» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [Federal Law of July 31, 1998 Nо. 155-FZ «On internal sea waters, territorial sea and contiguous zone of the Russian Federation»]. URL: http://base.garant.ru/12112602/#ixzz5YAJJt2Ig (Date of the application 20.02.2019). (In Russian),
Gosduma prosit prezidenta Putina zashchitit Rossiyu ot Gruzii [State Duma asks President Putin to protect Russia from Georgia]. URL: https://www.newsru.com/russia/17feb2006/duma_georgia.html (Date of the application 25.01.2019). (In Russian).
Góralczyk, W., Sawicki, S. 2015. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne w zarysie [The public international law: An overview]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Gruzinskiy parlament otkazalsya ot rossiyskikh mirotvortsev v Yuzhnoy Osetii v polzu OBSYe [Georgian parliament abandons Russian peacekeepers in South Ossetia in favor of OSCE]. URL: https://www.newsru.com/world/15feb2006/figa.html (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Russian).
Izvestiya, Odin den voyny na yugo-vostoke Ukrainy stoit $3 mln. [One day of war in southeastern Ukraine costs $ 3 million]. URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/571615#ixzz3UGAKoh15 (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Konventsiya ob opredelenii agressii [Convention on the definition of aggression] 1957. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo v izbrannykh dokumentakhq t. 3. Moskva. (In Russian).
Konventsiya Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy po morskomu pravu [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]. URL: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf
(Date of the application 21.03.2019). (In Russian).
Kozak, I. 2015. Kwalifikacja konfliktu we wschodniej Ukrainie w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Classification of the conflict in eastern Ukraine in the light of international law]. Studia prawnicze KUL, nr 2 (62). (In Polish).
Lavrov oproverg prisutstvie rossiyskikh voennykh na Ukraine [Lavrov denied the presence of the Russian military in Ukraine]. URL: http://www.vz.ru/news/2014/11/8/714380.html (Date of the application
20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Legucka, A. 2013. Geopolityczne uwarunkowania i konsekwencje konfliktów zbrojnych na obszarze poradzieckim [Geopolitical conditions and consequences of armed conflicts in the post-Soviet area]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Malashenko, A. Olcott, M. B. Tishkov, V. 1997. Identichnost i konflikt v postsovetskikh gosudarstvakh [Identity and conflict in post-Soviet states]. Moskovskiy Centr Karnegi. Moskva (In Russian).
Marciniak, W. 2001. Rozgrabione Imperium. Upadek Związku Sowieckiego i powstanie Federacji Rosyjskiej [A Crushed Empire. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation]. Kraków. (In Polish).
Marusin, I. 2014. O sootnoshenii printsipa nerushimosti granits i prava narodov na samoopredelenii. Pravovedenie, No. 1 (312). (In Russian).
Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych RP, Przyłączenie Krymu do Federacji Rosyjskiej w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Joining Crimea to the Russian Federation in the light of international law]. URL: https://www.msz.gov.pl (Date of the application 11.02.2019). (In Polish).
Milik, P. Dopuszczalne przypadki użycia sił zbrojnych w świetle prawa międzynarodowego [Acceptable cases of the use of armed forces in the light of international law]. URL: http://www.psz.pl/117-polityka/dopuszczalne-przypadki-uzycia-sil-zbrojnych-w-swietle-prawa-miedzynarodowego (Date of the application 14.02.2019). (In Polish).
Mojsiewicz, Cz. 2004. Leksykon współczesnych międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych [Lexicon of contemporary international political relations]. Wrocław. (In Polish).
Ochman, P., Wojas, J. 2018. Prawne aspekty konfliktu zbrojnego na Ukrainie jako przykład wojny hybrydowej [Legal aspects of the armed conflict in Ukraine as an example of a hybrid war]. Sprawy międzynarodowe, nr 1. (In Polish).
Ostroukhov, N. 2013. Territorialnaya tselostnost gosudarstv i ee obespechenie: teoretiko-pravovye i mezhdunarodno-pravovye izmereniya [Territorial integrity of states and its provision: theoretical and legal and international legal dimensions]. „Vestnik RUDN, seriya Yuridicheskie nauki”, № 3. (In Russian).
Pashinskiy – Kolichestvo boevikov v zone ATO vpervye prevysilo chislennost ukrainskikh voysk [Pashinsky – The number of militants in the ATO zone for the first time exceeded the number of Ukrainian troops]. URL: http://112.ua/obshchestvo/kolichestvo-boevikov-v-zone-ato-vpervye-prevysilo-chislennostukrainskih-voysk-pashinskiy-171966.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Pkhaladze, T., Silaev, N. 2011. Rosiysko-gruzinskie otnosheniya v kontekste evropeyskoy bezopasnosti [Russian-Georgian relations in the context of European security]. Rossiya i Gruziya: v poiskakh vykhoda. Dokumenty obshchestvennoy politiki, razrabotannye rossiyskimi i gruzinskimi ekspertami. Karnegi Centr. (In Russian).
Potocki, R. 2009. Wojna sierpniowa [The August War]. Warszawa. (In Polish).
Putin – press-konferentsiya 18 dekabrya [Putin – Press conference on December 18]. URL: http://news.bigmir.net/world/866080-Press-konferencija-Putina-18-dekabrja--onlajn-transljacija (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Russian).
Putin rasskazal “Rossii 1”, kak vernul Krym i spas Yanukovicha [Putin told «Russia 1» how he returned Crimea and saved Yanukovych]. URL: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2412450] (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Russian).
Rezolyutsiya 3314 (ХХIХ) Generalnoy Assamblei ot 14 dekabrya 1974 goda, Ofitsialnye otchety Generalnoy Assamblei, dvadtsat devyataya sessiya, Prilozhenie, № 31 [Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-ninth Session]. (In Russian).
SBU pidrakhuvala kil`kist` terory`stiv i zhertv na Skhodi [The SBU has counted the number of terrorists and casualties in the East]. URL: http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/537a07686f15f/ (Date of the application 14.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Soglashenie o printsipakh uregulirovaniya gruzinsko-osetinskogo konflikta [Agreement on the principles of the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict]. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1902246 (Date of the application 15.02.2019). (In Russian).
SShA ocinyuyut` kil`kist` rosijs`ky`x vijs`kovy`x na sxodi Ukrayiny` u 12 ty`syach [The United States estimates the number of Russian troops in eastern Ukraine at 12.000]. URL: http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26880938.html (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Sutyagin, I. Russian Forces in Ukraine, Royal United Services Institute. URL: https://www.rusi.org/ (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In English).
Trenin, D. 2012. Post-Imperium: evraziyskaya istoriya [Post-Imperium: Eurasian History]. Moskva. (In Russian).
Turchy`nov: Na Donbasi rosijs`ko-terory`sty`chni vijs`ka nalichuyut` 36 ty`syach osib. [Turchynov: There are 36 thousand Russian terrorists in the Donbass]. URL: http://espreso.tv/news/2015/01/15/turchynov_na_donbasi_rosiysko_terorystychni_viyska_nalichuyut_36_tysyach_osib (Date of the application 20.01.2015). (In Ukrainian).
Ustav Mezhdunarodnogo Voennogo tribunala dlya suda i nakazaniya glavnykh voennykh prestupnikov evropeyskikh stran osi [Statute of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis]. URL: docs.cntd.ru/document/901737883 (Date of the application 10.02.2019). (In Russian).
Ustav (OON) Organizatsii Obedinennykh Natsiy [Charter of the United Nations]. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/charter-united-nations/index.html (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
Wilk, A. Rosyjska interwencja wojskowa na Krymie [Russian military intervention in the Crimea]. URL: http://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2014-03-05/rosyjska-interwencja-wojskowa-nakrymie (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Polish).
Włodkowska, A. 2006. Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej na obszarze WNP [Policy of the Russian Federation in the CIS area]. Toruń. (In Polish).
YeSPL mozhe vyznaty, shho Rosiya kontrolyuvala Krym shhe do okupaciyi [The ECtHR may recognize that Russia controlled Crimea before the occupation]. URL: https://humanrights.org.ua/material/strasburzkij_sud_mozhe_viznati_shho_rosijia_kontroljiuvala_krim_shhe_do_okupaciji (Date of the application 20.01.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Yevroparlament prinyal rezolyutsiyu po Gruzii [European Parliament adopted resolution on Georgia]. URL: http://www.apsny.ge/2018/pol/1529016570.php (Date of the application 12.02.2019). (In Russian).
Zadorozhniy, A. V. Referendum kak institut pryamoy demokratii: kriterii legitimnosti [Referendum as an institution of direct democracy: criteria of legitimacy]. URL: http://www.uail.com.ua/ (Date of the application 25.08.2014). (In Ukrainian).
Zakon RF ot 23.06.1995g. “O ispolzovanii vooruzhennykh sil RF v tselyakh uderzhaniya mezhdunarodnogo mira i bezopasnosti” [RF Law «On the use of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in order to maintain international peace and security»]. URL: http://council.gov.ru/services/reference/9937/ (Date of the application 25.08.2019). (In Russian).
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Published
2020-12-08
How to Cite
Балюк, В. (2020). Causes and consequences of Russia’s aggression against the states of the Black Sea region in 2008 and 2014. Drinovsky Sbornik, 13, 175-190. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2020.13.19
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Статті
