Non-destructive monitoring of highways using georadar (review article, part II)
Abstract
Relevance. The relevance of the research presented in the article is primarily due to the focus on the implementation of the state strategy to ensure the reliability and prolong the residual life of transport and engineering structures. Implementation is associated with methods and means of obtaining information and processing it in real time, as well as methods of assessing the condition of engineering structures, which are characterized by significant heterogeneity of geometric and physical-mechanical parameters. It is clear that this complicates the use of diagnostic results. However, despite the advantages of wave sounding methods, the use of such methods is constrained by the difficulty of interpreting the results and related errors in determining the parameters of structures, as well as multifactorial tasks of estimating the parameters of multicomponent materials and imperfections of existing methods of defectoscopy.
The aim of the work is to review the capabilities of modern pulsed georadars, as well as means of processing ultra-wideband signals together with computer-oriented numerical simulation systems and optimize methods of georadar data processing to solve problems of detection and identification of subsurface inhomogeneities in application of flat-layered medium models.
Materials and methods. The second part of the article provides a brief overview of modern methods of processing data sets obtained using pulsed georadars. To achieve the goal it was necessary to solve several tasks. The first task is to select the optimal technical means to obtain source information, as well as substantiation of the technical characteristics of georadars. Another task is to develop effective methods of processing the data. The last task is to establish the relationship of the obtained data with the geometric and physico-mechanical characteristics of the road surface.
Results. The basis of the obtained results is remote sensing data, as well as the proposed mathematical models and methods of remote sensing data processing. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the capabilities of pulsed georadars, the paper offers practical recommendations for improving the reliability of search and identification of defects such as subsurface cracks and areas of loss of interlayer adhesion between layers of pavement.
Conclusions. The results of laboratory experiments presented in the article testify to the powerful possibilities of modern remote sensing technologies. The analysis of the existing means of remote sensing, first of all, with the help of georadars allowed to formulate a qualitatively new approach to solving the current problem of detecting hidden defects in layered structures. It should also be noted that there are opportunities to improve technical means and methods of georadar data processing.
Downloads
References
2. Dong J, Stankovic V, Davidson N. Target Detection and Recognition of Ground Penetrating Radar using Morphological Image Analysis and Graph Laplacian Regularisation. 2021 Sensor Signal Processing for Defence Conference (SSPD). 2021 Sep doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/SSPD51364.2021.9541516.
3. Massaro A, Savino N, Selicato S, Panarese A, Galiano A, Dipierro G. Thermal IR and GPR UAV and Vehicle Embedded Sensor Non-Invasive Systems for Road and Bridge Inspections. 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 40 & IoT (MetroInd40&IoT). 2021;248-253. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroInd4.0IoT51437.2021.9488483.
4. Li M, Huang L, Al-Jumaily A. Methods for Asphalt Road Density Measurement: A Review. 2021 27th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP). 2021:269-274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/M2VIP49856.2021.9664991.
5. Comite D, Ahmad F, Amin MG, Dogaru T. Forward-Looking Ground-Penetrating Radar: Subsurface target imaging and detection: A review. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. 2021 Dec;9(4):173–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2020.3048368.
6. Chen G, Bai X, Wang G, Wang L, Luo X, Ji M, et al. Subsurface Voids Detection from Limited Ground Penetrating Radar Data Using Generative Adversarial Network and YOLOV5. 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. 2021 Jul 11; p. 8600-8603, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554954.
7. Batrakov DO, Antyufeyeva MS, Batrakova AG. GPR Application with Different Antennas for Road Pavement Condition Assessment. 2021 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques in Wireless Communications (MTTW). 2021 Oct 7; p. 233-237, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MTTW53539.2021.9607094.
8. Abdul Rahman M, Zayed T, Bagchi A. Deterioration Mapping of RC Bridge Elements Based on Automated Analysis of GPR Images. Remote Sensing. 2022 Feb 25;14(5):1131. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051131
Academic Editor: Roberto Orose.
9. Volovski M, Murillo-Hoyos J, Saeed TU, Labi S. Estimation of Routine Maintenance Expenditures for Highway Pavement Segments: Accounting for Heterogeneity Using Random-Effects Models. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems. 2017 May;143(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000041.
10. Woldemariam W, Murillo-Hoyos J, Labi S. Estimating Annual Maintenance Expenditures for Infrastructure: Artificial Neural Network Approach. Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 2016 Jun;22(2):04015025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000280.
11. Adams T. M. Estimating Cost per Lane Mile for Routine Highway Operations and Maintenance. National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education, University of Wisconsin, Madison,WI, USA, 2011, Technical Report No. MRUTC 07-12.
12. Ground penetrating radar, theory and applications. Jol Harry M. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V.; 2009. 508 р.
13. Evans RD. Optimising Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to assess Pavements [dissertation]. Loughborough University; August 2009. 219 p.
14. Xu Y, Sun L. Study on Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixtures by Single Penetration Repeated Shear Test. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013 Nov;96:886–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.101
15. Zulufqar Bin Rashid1, Dr. Rakesh Gupta. Study of defects in flexible pavement and its maintenance. International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development (IJRERD) www.ijrerd.com, 2017;02(06):30-37. ISSN: 2455-8761.
16. Rasol MA, Pérez-Gracia V, Fernandes FM, Pais JC, Santos-Assunçao S, Santos C, et al. GPR laboratory tests and numerical models to characterize cracks in cement concrete specimens, exemplifying damage in rigid pavement. Measurement. 2020 Jul;158:107662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107662.
17. Batrakov DO, Antyufeyeva MS, Antyufeyev AV, Batrakova AG. GPR data processing for evaluation of the subsurface cracks in road pavements. 2017 9th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR). 2017 Jun; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2017.7996072
18. Tian Xia, Dryver Huston. High Speed Ground Penetrating Radar for Road Pavement and Bridge Structural Inspection and Maintenance. Final Report. Project Number: SPR-RSCH017-738, Report Submitted on: 06/30/2016, 43P. https://vtrans.vermont.gov/sites/aot/files/highway/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/Final%20Report%20-%20738%20-%20High%20Speed%20GPR%2010-17-2016.pdf
19. Born M., Wolf E. Principles of Optics. Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference, and diffraction of light. Pergamon, London; Macmillan, New York; ed. 2, 1964. 808 p.
20. Pochanin GP, Masalov SA. Ruban VP, Kholod PV, Batrakov DO, Batrakova, AG, Urdzik SN, Pochanin OG. Advances in Short Range Distance and Permittivity Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements for Road Surface Surveying, in Advanced Ultrawideband Radar: Signals, Targets and Applications. 20-65. CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group, London. 2016. 474 p. ISBN 9781466586574 - CAT# K20299 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374130-3
21. Batrakov DO, Antyufeyeva MS, Batrakova AG, Antyufeyev AV. UWB Signal Processing for the Solving Inverse Scattering Problem of Plane-Layered Media. 2018 9th International Conference on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals (UWBUSIS). 2018 Sep; p. 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1109/UWBUSIS.2018.8520255
22. Patent 118409 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01C 23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01) Method for detecting and determining direction including subsurface cracks in asphalt pavement / Batrakov DO, Batrakova AG, Pochanin G. P., Orlenko OA; applicant and patent holder Kharkiv National Automobile and Road University; Kharkiv National University named after V.N. Karazina; Batrakov DO, Batrakova AG, Pochanin GP, Orlenko OA - a201705456; stated 02.06.2017; publ. January 10, 2019, Bull. № 1/2019 (invention) https://sis.ukrpatent.org/uk/search/detail/612571/
23. Astanin LY, Kostylev AA. Ultrawideband Radar Measurements: Analysis and Processing. By: The Institution of Electrical Engineering, London, UK, 1997.
24. Batrakov DO, Golovin DV, Simachev AA, Batrakova AG. Hilbert transform application to the impulse signal processing. 2010 5th International Confernce on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals. 2010 Sep; p. 113-115, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/UWBUSIS.2010.5609110
25. Pasquini B, Vanderhaeghen M. Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 2018 Oct 19;68(1):75–103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020843.
26. Batrakova AG, Batrakov DO. Prediction of the road pavement condition index using stochastic models // Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty. Warsaw: Road and Bridge Research Institute, 2020, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.020.015 https://www.rabdim.pl/index.php/rb/article/view/v19n3p225
27. Pat. 113916 Ukraine, (51) IPC E01C 23/00, G01R 29/08 (2006.01) Method for detecting subsurface cracks in asphalt pavement during movement of diagnostic laboratory in traffic flow / Batrakov DO, Urdzik SM, Pochanin G .P., Batrakova AG; applicant and patent holder Batrakov DO, Urdzik SM, Pochanin GP, Batrakova AG - a201511191; stated 11/13/2015; publ. March 27, 2017, Bull. № 6/2017 (invention)http://base.ukrpatent.org/searchINV/search.php?action=search
