Критичний огляд психометричних властивостей проєктивних методик на прикладі тесту Люшера та тесту Сонді
Анотація
Стаття присвячена критичному аналізу психометричних властивостей двох поширених проєктивних методик – кольорового тесту Люшера та тесту Сонді. Метою дослідження було узагальнення даних щодо їх валідності, надійності та теоретичної обґрунтованості на основі аналізу наукових джерел (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar). Результати свідчать, що тест Люшера демонструє низьку конвергентну валідність (відсутність кореляцій з MMPI, IPAT), нестабільну ретестову надійність та відсутність інваріантності вимірювань через залежність кольорових уподобань від культурних, статевих і вікових факторів. Виявлено вплив соціальної бажаності та ефекту Барнума. Тест Сонді має серйозні проблеми зі стимульною валідністю (вибір фото зумовлений візуальними характеристиками, соціальними стереотипами), не підтверджену критеріальну валідність (зв’язок із PCL-R мінімальний), факторну структуру та низьку ретестову надійність, а його теоретичні засади (генотропізм) суперечать сучасним класифікаціям психічних розладів. Обидва інструменти, як і низка інших проєктивних методик, маркуються науковцями як «ймовірно» або «безумовно дискредитованими» через відсутність переконливих доказів психометричної обґрунтованості. Їх використання несе ризики хибної діагностики, помилкових експертних висновків та підриву репутації психологічної науки. Висновок підкреслює, що відповідальність за доведення наукової обґрунтованості лежить на розробниках методик, а для професійного застосування прийнятні лише інструменти з підтвердженими психометричними властивостями.
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