The following guidelines apply only to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyze and derive insights from data as part of the research process.

If authors use generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-enabled technologies in their writing, they should only use these technologies to improve readability and language. The use of the technology should be under human supervision and control, and authors should carefully review and edit the output, as AI can generate authoritative results that may be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. AI and AI-enabled technologies should not be listed as authors or co-authors, or cited as authors. Authorship involves responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans, as outlined in the Elsevier AI Policy for Authors.

Authors should follow the guidelines below to disclose in their manuscript the use of AI and AI-enabled technologies in their writing. A corresponding statement will appear in the published work. Please note that authors are solely responsible for the content of the work.

Disclosure Guidelines

Authors must disclose the use of generative AI and AI-enabled technologies in the writing process by adding a statement at the end of their manuscript in the main manuscript file, before the references. The statement should be placed in a new section titled “Statement on Generative AI and AI-enabled Technologies in the Writing Process.”

Disclosure: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used [NAME OF TOOL/SERVICE] for [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

This statement does not apply to basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references, etc. There is no need to attach a statement if there is nothing to disclose.