THE INSTITUTE OF PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT IN THE USA AND IN UKRAINE: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY
Abstract
Introduction. The article provides a comprehensive historical-legal and comparative-legal study of the institute of presidential impeachment in the USA and in Ukraine - a constitutional mechanism forming a key element of the checks and balances system. The topic is relevant given the activation of impeachment in the US (proceedings against B. Clinton in 1998 and twice against D. Trump - in 2019 and 2021), the adoption in Ukraine of the Law «On the Special Procedure for Removal of the President from Office» (2019), and the need to improve the domestic model under Article 111 of the Constitution.
Summary of the main results of the study. The genesis of impeachment in the English legal tradition (14th–18th centuries) and its reception in the US Constitution of 1787 is examined. The Constitutional Convention debates on the formula «treason, bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors» are analyzed. The two-level procedural model (House of Representatives - Senate) and its features are revealed. A comparative analysis of narrow (criminal) and broad (political-structural) doctrinal approaches is carried out. The practice of applying impeachment to presidents - A. Johnson (1868), R. Nixon (1974), B. Clinton (1998–1999), D. Trump (2019–2020, 2021) - is statistically analyzed; no president was removed from office. The US and Ukrainian models are compared and proposals for improving Article 111 of the Constitution of Ukraine are formulated.
Conclusion. Impeachment in the US has a predominantly political-legal rather than purely criminal-legal nature. The two-thirds Senate supermajority proves insurmountable under partisan polarization, reflecting a constitutional preference for stability. The Ukrainian model is an overly complex mixed structure requiring reform: simplifying legislative–judicial interaction and admitting non-criminal grounds for impeachment.
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In accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding “Authorship and Artifi-cial Intelligence,” I hereby declare that AI tools (Gemini3) were used during the writing of this article, specifically for text editing, grammar checking, abstract translation, English language checking, structuring the list of references, and preparing the REFER-ENCES section.
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