The Resistance of Romania to the Russian Bolshevik Aggression, 1918-1920
Keywords:
Bolshevism, the Anti-Bolshevik Wars in Central and Eastern Europe in 1918-1920, Cordon Sanitaire, Russian Soviet Republic, the Kingdom of Romania, Bessarabia
Abstract
The Bolsheviks, who seized power in Russia in 1917, tried to enlarge the Soviet power in Europe by means of the so-called “export of revolution”, more precisely, the hidden aggression. The ultimate goal of the Bolshevik policy was the creation of the so-called “World Socialist Republic”. The national states of Central and Eastern Europe, resisting the spread of Bolshevism, were drawn into wars against Soviet Russia, those were disguised as the “internal civil wars” by the Soviet Russian government. In this regards, Romania turned out to be an exception to the general trend, since it was the only country of the region that was officially at the state of the war against Soviet Russia.
The Anti-Bolshevik wars in Central and Eastern Europe ended with the creation of the so-called Tartu-Riga system and Cordon Sanitaire, where Bucharest was assigned the key role of protecting the Balkans from the Bolshevik expansion. Having waged the war on two fronts, Romania completed the process of its national unification, became a regional center of power, but remained the only state of Cordon Sanitaire which Soviet Russia did not sign the peace agreement.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abinyakin, R. 2005. Ofitserskiy korpus Dobrovolcheskoy armii: sotsialnyy sostav, mirovozzreniye 1917-1920 gg. [The Officer Corps of Volunteer Army: Social Composition, Worldview, 1917-1920]. Orel. 204 s. (In Russian)
Akhtamzyan, A. 1963. Ot Bresta do Klya. Proval antisovetskoyi politiki germanskogo imperializma [From Brest to Kiel. The Fail of the Anti-Soviet Policy of the German Imperialism], Moskva: Institute of International Relations. 220 s. (In Russian)
Bradley, J. 1968. Allied Intervention in Russia. New York, University of America Press, & London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, xix. 251 p.
Denikin, A. 1991. Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. T. II: Bor’ba generala Kornilova. Avgust 1917 g. - aprel’ 1918 g. [The Russian Turmoil. Vol. II: General Kornilov’s Struggle. August 1917 - April 1918], Moskva: Nauka. 376 s. (In Russian)
Denikin, A. 2006. Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. T. IV-V: Vooruzhennye Sily Yuga Rossii [The Russian Turmoil. Vol. IV-V: The Military Forces of the South of Russia]. Moskva: Airus-press. 832 s. (In Russian)
Denikin, A. 1989. Pokhod na Moskvu [The Advance on Moscow]. Moskva: Voenizdat. 256 s. (In Russian)
Drozdovsky, M. 1996. Dnevnik [the Diary]. Beloe Delo. Dobrovoltsy i partizany [White Matter. Volunteers and Guerrillas]. Moskva: Golos & Spolokhi, s. 5-74. (In Russian)
DSV, 1957. Dekrety Sovetskoyi vlasti [The Decrees of Soviet Power], vol. 1. Moskva: Gospolitizdat, XII. 625 s. (In Russian)
DVP, 1957. Documenty vneshneyi politiki SSSR [The Documents on the USSR Foreign Policy], vol. 1. Moskva: Politizdat. 772 s. (In Russian)
DVP, 1958. Dokumenty vneshneyi politiki SSSR [The Documents on the USSR Foreign Policy], vol. 2. Moskva: Politizdat. 804 s. (In Russian)
GARF. Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiyskoyi Federatsii [the State Archive of the Russian Federation], f R-130 (SNK RSFSR) [the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic], op. 2, d. 572. (In Russian)
Golovin, N. 2001. Voennye usiliya Rossii v Mirovoyi voyine [The Russian Military Efforts in the World War]. Moskva: Kuchkovo pole. 440 s. (In Russian)
Golovin, N. 1937. Rossiyskaya kontrrevoliutsyya v 1917-1918 gg. [The Russian Counter-revolution in 1917-1918], vol. 4. Tallinn. 87 s. (In Russian)
Hitchins, K. 2011. Ionel Bratianu. Romania. London: Haus Publishing Ltd. 220 p.
Hitchins, K. 1994. Rumania 1866-1947. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 580 p.
Kirby, D. 1979. Finland in the Twentieth Century. London: Hurst & Co, x. 253 p.
Kovalchuk, M. 2015. Bytva dvox revolyucij. Persha vijna Ukrayins`koyi Narodnoyi Respubliky z Radyans`koyu Rosiyeyu. 1917-1918 rr., [Clash of the Two Revolutions. The First War between Ukrainian People’s Republic and Soviet Russia, 1917-1918], vol. 1. Kyiv: Stylos. 608 s. (In Ukrainian)
Lebedev, N. et al., 1985. Ocherki politicheskoy istorii Rumynii (1859-1944) [Essays on the Political History of Romania (1859-1944)]. Chisinau: Shtinica. 481 p. (In Russian)
Lenin, V. 1974. Polnoe sobranie sochineniyi [Omnibus Edition], vol. 35. (In Russian)
Meltyukhov, M. 2010. Bessarabskiyi vopros mezhdu mirovymi voynami 1917-1940 [The Bessarabian Question between the World Wars, 1917-1940]. Moskva: Veche. 480 s. (In Russian)
Milyukov, P. 1925. Natsionalnyyi vopros (Proiskhozhdenie natsionalnosti i natsionalnye voprosy v Rossii), [The National Question. The Origin of Nation and the National Questions in Russia]. Prague: Svobodnaya Rossia. 193 s. (In Russian)
Mitrasca, M. 2002. Moldova: A Romanian Province under Russian Rule. Diplomatic History from the Archives of the Great Powers. New York: Algora Publishing. 440 p.
MP, 1999. Myrni perehovory mizh Ukrayins’koyu Derzhavoyu ta RSFRR 1918 r. Protocol i stenohramy plenarnykh zasidan’. Zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv [The Peace Negotiations between the Ukrainian State and the RSFSR, 1918. The Protocols and Stenographic Reports of the Plenary Sessions. The Collection of Documents and Materials]. Kyiv & New York & Philadelphia. 368 p. (In Ukrainian)
Munholland, K. 1988. The French Army and Intervention in Ukraine. War and Society in East-Central Europe, vol. XX: Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918-1919. Boulder, Social Science Monographs & New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 335-356.
Notovich, F. 1959. Bukharestskiyi mir 1918 g. [The Bucharest Peace Treaty, 1918]. Moskva: Izdatelstvo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoyi literatury. 260 s. (In Russian)
Ponomariov, V. 2012. Considerations Regarding the Communist Activity in Bessarabia between 1918 and 1921. Danubius, vol. XXX, pp. 327-349.
Preda, D., Prodan, C. 2012. Romania in WWI. A Concise History. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing. 188 p.
Puntila, L. 1975. The Political History of Finland, 1809-1966, London: Heinemann Ltd.. 248 p.
Raffay, E. 2010. Balkáni birodalom [The Balkanian Empire]. Budapest: Nagy Magyarország. 272 o. (In Hungarian)
Rotari, L. 2004. Mișcarea Subversivă din Basarabia în Anii 1918-1924. [The Subversive Movement of Bessarabia in 1918-1924]. București: Editura Enciclopedică. 299 p. (In Romanian)
Stanescu, M. 1999. Armata română și unirea Basarabiei și Bucovinei cu România, 1917-1919 [The Romanian Army and the Unification of Bessarabia and Bucovina with Romania, 1917-1919]. Constanta: Ex Ponto. 242 p. (In Romanian)
Șișcanu, I. 2010. R.A.S.S. Moldovenească – o replică a Careliei sovietice execută de Kremlin (1924) [the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Moldova as a Copy of Soviet Karelia, Created by the Kremlin (1924)]. Analele Universității Dunărea de Jos din Galați, Seria Istorie [ Annals of the University of the South Duna at Galati, Ser. History], vol. 9, pp. 145-162. (In Romanian)
Torrey, G. 2011. The Romanian Battlefront in World War I. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas. 422 p.
Turkul, A. 1995. Drozdoatsy v ogne. Kartiny Grazhdanskoyi voyny 1918-1920 gg. [Drozdovsky men under Fire. The Pictures of Civil War, 1918-1920]. Ya stavlyu krest… [I put the Cross…]. Moskva: Voenizdat, s. 5-182. (In Russian)
Tynchenko, Ya. 2009. Ukrayins`ki zbrojni syly, berezen` 1917 r. – lystopad 1918 r. (organizaciya, chysel`nist`, bojovi diyi) [Ukrainian Military Forces, March 1917 – November 1918 (Organization, Troops Characteristic, Combat Operations)]. Kyiv: Tempora. 480 s. (In Ukrainian)
Vinogradov, V. 1969. Rumyniya v gody Pervoyi Mirovoyi Voyiny [Romania in the First World War]. Moskva: Nauka. 370 s. (In Russian)
Wuorinen, J. 1965. A History of Finland. New York: Columbia University Press. 563 p.
Akhtamzyan, A. 1963. Ot Bresta do Klya. Proval antisovetskoyi politiki germanskogo imperializma [From Brest to Kiel. The Fail of the Anti-Soviet Policy of the German Imperialism], Moskva: Institute of International Relations. 220 s. (In Russian)
Bradley, J. 1968. Allied Intervention in Russia. New York, University of America Press, & London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, xix. 251 p.
Denikin, A. 1991. Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. T. II: Bor’ba generala Kornilova. Avgust 1917 g. - aprel’ 1918 g. [The Russian Turmoil. Vol. II: General Kornilov’s Struggle. August 1917 - April 1918], Moskva: Nauka. 376 s. (In Russian)
Denikin, A. 2006. Ocherki Russkoi Smuty. T. IV-V: Vooruzhennye Sily Yuga Rossii [The Russian Turmoil. Vol. IV-V: The Military Forces of the South of Russia]. Moskva: Airus-press. 832 s. (In Russian)
Denikin, A. 1989. Pokhod na Moskvu [The Advance on Moscow]. Moskva: Voenizdat. 256 s. (In Russian)
Drozdovsky, M. 1996. Dnevnik [the Diary]. Beloe Delo. Dobrovoltsy i partizany [White Matter. Volunteers and Guerrillas]. Moskva: Golos & Spolokhi, s. 5-74. (In Russian)
DSV, 1957. Dekrety Sovetskoyi vlasti [The Decrees of Soviet Power], vol. 1. Moskva: Gospolitizdat, XII. 625 s. (In Russian)
DVP, 1957. Documenty vneshneyi politiki SSSR [The Documents on the USSR Foreign Policy], vol. 1. Moskva: Politizdat. 772 s. (In Russian)
DVP, 1958. Dokumenty vneshneyi politiki SSSR [The Documents on the USSR Foreign Policy], vol. 2. Moskva: Politizdat. 804 s. (In Russian)
GARF. Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiyskoyi Federatsii [the State Archive of the Russian Federation], f R-130 (SNK RSFSR) [the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic], op. 2, d. 572. (In Russian)
Golovin, N. 2001. Voennye usiliya Rossii v Mirovoyi voyine [The Russian Military Efforts in the World War]. Moskva: Kuchkovo pole. 440 s. (In Russian)
Golovin, N. 1937. Rossiyskaya kontrrevoliutsyya v 1917-1918 gg. [The Russian Counter-revolution in 1917-1918], vol. 4. Tallinn. 87 s. (In Russian)
Hitchins, K. 2011. Ionel Bratianu. Romania. London: Haus Publishing Ltd. 220 p.
Hitchins, K. 1994. Rumania 1866-1947. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 580 p.
Kirby, D. 1979. Finland in the Twentieth Century. London: Hurst & Co, x. 253 p.
Kovalchuk, M. 2015. Bytva dvox revolyucij. Persha vijna Ukrayins`koyi Narodnoyi Respubliky z Radyans`koyu Rosiyeyu. 1917-1918 rr., [Clash of the Two Revolutions. The First War between Ukrainian People’s Republic and Soviet Russia, 1917-1918], vol. 1. Kyiv: Stylos. 608 s. (In Ukrainian)
Lebedev, N. et al., 1985. Ocherki politicheskoy istorii Rumynii (1859-1944) [Essays on the Political History of Romania (1859-1944)]. Chisinau: Shtinica. 481 p. (In Russian)
Lenin, V. 1974. Polnoe sobranie sochineniyi [Omnibus Edition], vol. 35. (In Russian)
Meltyukhov, M. 2010. Bessarabskiyi vopros mezhdu mirovymi voynami 1917-1940 [The Bessarabian Question between the World Wars, 1917-1940]. Moskva: Veche. 480 s. (In Russian)
Milyukov, P. 1925. Natsionalnyyi vopros (Proiskhozhdenie natsionalnosti i natsionalnye voprosy v Rossii), [The National Question. The Origin of Nation and the National Questions in Russia]. Prague: Svobodnaya Rossia. 193 s. (In Russian)
Mitrasca, M. 2002. Moldova: A Romanian Province under Russian Rule. Diplomatic History from the Archives of the Great Powers. New York: Algora Publishing. 440 p.
MP, 1999. Myrni perehovory mizh Ukrayins’koyu Derzhavoyu ta RSFRR 1918 r. Protocol i stenohramy plenarnykh zasidan’. Zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv [The Peace Negotiations between the Ukrainian State and the RSFSR, 1918. The Protocols and Stenographic Reports of the Plenary Sessions. The Collection of Documents and Materials]. Kyiv & New York & Philadelphia. 368 p. (In Ukrainian)
Munholland, K. 1988. The French Army and Intervention in Ukraine. War and Society in East-Central Europe, vol. XX: Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918-1919. Boulder, Social Science Monographs & New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 335-356.
Notovich, F. 1959. Bukharestskiyi mir 1918 g. [The Bucharest Peace Treaty, 1918]. Moskva: Izdatelstvo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoyi literatury. 260 s. (In Russian)
Ponomariov, V. 2012. Considerations Regarding the Communist Activity in Bessarabia between 1918 and 1921. Danubius, vol. XXX, pp. 327-349.
Preda, D., Prodan, C. 2012. Romania in WWI. A Concise History. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing. 188 p.
Puntila, L. 1975. The Political History of Finland, 1809-1966, London: Heinemann Ltd.. 248 p.
Raffay, E. 2010. Balkáni birodalom [The Balkanian Empire]. Budapest: Nagy Magyarország. 272 o. (In Hungarian)
Rotari, L. 2004. Mișcarea Subversivă din Basarabia în Anii 1918-1924. [The Subversive Movement of Bessarabia in 1918-1924]. București: Editura Enciclopedică. 299 p. (In Romanian)
Stanescu, M. 1999. Armata română și unirea Basarabiei și Bucovinei cu România, 1917-1919 [The Romanian Army and the Unification of Bessarabia and Bucovina with Romania, 1917-1919]. Constanta: Ex Ponto. 242 p. (In Romanian)
Șișcanu, I. 2010. R.A.S.S. Moldovenească – o replică a Careliei sovietice execută de Kremlin (1924) [the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Moldova as a Copy of Soviet Karelia, Created by the Kremlin (1924)]. Analele Universității Dunărea de Jos din Galați, Seria Istorie [ Annals of the University of the South Duna at Galati, Ser. History], vol. 9, pp. 145-162. (In Romanian)
Torrey, G. 2011. The Romanian Battlefront in World War I. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas. 422 p.
Turkul, A. 1995. Drozdoatsy v ogne. Kartiny Grazhdanskoyi voyny 1918-1920 gg. [Drozdovsky men under Fire. The Pictures of Civil War, 1918-1920]. Ya stavlyu krest… [I put the Cross…]. Moskva: Voenizdat, s. 5-182. (In Russian)
Tynchenko, Ya. 2009. Ukrayins`ki zbrojni syly, berezen` 1917 r. – lystopad 1918 r. (organizaciya, chysel`nist`, bojovi diyi) [Ukrainian Military Forces, March 1917 – November 1918 (Organization, Troops Characteristic, Combat Operations)]. Kyiv: Tempora. 480 s. (In Ukrainian)
Vinogradov, V. 1969. Rumyniya v gody Pervoyi Mirovoyi Voyiny [Romania in the First World War]. Moskva: Nauka. 370 s. (In Russian)
Wuorinen, J. 1965. A History of Finland. New York: Columbia University Press. 563 p.
Published
2020-03-01
How to Cite
Бондаренко, Д. (2020). The Resistance of Romania to the Russian Bolshevik Aggression, 1918-1920. Drinovsky Sbornik, 12, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2019.12.20
Section
Статті
