Маркери генів стійкості соняшнику до основних хвороб та паразитів
Анотація
Останніми роками відмічається загострення проблеми фітосанітарного стану посівів соняшнику, що пов’язано із порушенням сівозмін і як наслідок – поширенням основних хвороб. Селекція на стійкість до біотичних чинників потребує всебічногого вивчення біології культури та патогенів. Необхідною умовою для створення високопродуктивних гібридів є використання в селекційному процесі вихідного матеріалу, стійкого до основних патогенів та стресових умов середовища. Значних успіхів в селекції гетерозисних гібридів соняшнику досягнуто, насамперед, шляхом використання стійких інбредних ліній. Проте нині процесс їх створення є досить тривалим та займає 8–12 років. Процес добору потрібних генотипів та вихідних форм для схрещування ускладнюється тим, що іде за комплексом полігенних ознак, які зазнають значної модифікаційної мінливості. Одним з шляхів прискорення селекційного процесу є використання молекулярно-генетичних маркерів. Маркер-асоційована селекція (MAS) отримала теоретичне обґрунтування в численних публікаціях та впроваджена у більшості селекційних установ різних країн світу. Але у вітчизняних селекційних програмах маркер-асоційована селекція порівняно з традиційними методами не набула широкого розповсюдження. Проте даний напрям в селекції відкриває нові можливості вивчення генетичного різноманіття, визначення спорідненості на внутрішньовидовому і родовому рівнях. В огляді наведено інформацію щодо стану та перспектив впровадження в традиційну селекцію рослин так званого добору за допомогою генетичних маркерів Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), висвітлено досягнення сучасної біотехнології в селекції соняшнику на стійкість до біотичних чинників з використанням молекулярних маркерів. Представлено принципи MAS, охарактеризовано переваги даного методу. Наведено приклади конкретного використання молекулярного підходу при створенні вихідного матеріалу соняшнику для селекції на стійкість до основних хвороб та паразитів. Також описано основні етапи та компоненти для проведення ПЛР-аналізу. Надано характеристику інбредних ліній соняшнику з геном стійкості до збудника несправжньої борошнистої роси та сформовано генетичні паспорти 13 ліній соняшнику за STS-маркерами до локусу Pl6.
Завантаження
Посилання
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