The Determination of sobriety BY time Discounting (based on sociological study results)
Keywords:
time discounting, sobriety, drug addiction, «12-step» recovery program
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a simple questionnaire given to 141 active members of Cocaine Anonymous at over a half-dozen distinct meeting groups for the purpose of gauging differences in individual time discounts. Starting with the idea that addicts are notably `impatient’ with respect to rewards, we offer evidence in support of the argument that, among the impacts of a 12-step recovery program such as CA on individual motives, discounts vary endogenously across (and by implication, within) recovering addicts as a function of the duration of their sobriety. Although our analysis is also consistent with the hypothesis that addicts with longer time horizons are more likely to remain in a drug rehabilitation program, our data is also consistent with the hypothesis that regular participation impacts `impatience’ and has its greatest effect with regular (at least once weekly) attendance over a period of five or more years. This study, then, can be viewed as a call for additional research in which the effects of self-selection and endogenous time preference change are sorted out.Downloads
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References
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28. Bickel W. K. Impulsivity and Cigarette Smoking: Delay Discounting in Current, Never, and Ex-smokers / Bickel W. K., Odum A. L., Madden G. J. // Psychopharmacology. – 1999. – № 146 (4). – Pp. 447 – 454.
29. Odum A. L. Discounting of Delayed Health Gains and Losses by Current, Never- and Ex-smokers of Cigarettes / Amy L. Odum, Gregory J. Madden, Warren K. Bickel // Nicotine and Tobacco Research. – 2002 – № 4 (3). – Pp. 295 – 303.
30. McAuliffe W. E. Contributions to a Social Conditioning Model of Cocaine Recovery / William E. McAuliffe, Jeff Albert, Georgia Cordill-London and Thomas K. McGarraghy // The International Journal of the Addictions. – 1990-91. – 25 (9A & 10A). – Pp. 1141 – 1177.
2. Akers R. L. Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory / Ronald L. Akers, Marvin D. Krohn, Lonn Lanza-Kaduce and Marcia Radocevich // American Sociological Review. – 1979. – № 44 (4). – Pp. 636 – 655.
3. Cotterell J. Social Networks and Social Influences in Adolescence (Adolescence and Society) / John Cotterell. – N.Y. : Routledge, 1996. – 256 p.
4. Winfree T. L. Social Learning and Adolescent Deviance Abstention: Toward Understanding the Reasons for Initiating, Quitting, and Avoiding Drugs / Thomas L. Winfree Jr., Christine S. Sellers, Dennis L. Clason // Journal of Quantitative Criminology. – 1993. – № 9 (1). – Pp. 101 – 125.
5. Kalett, Ethan G. Twelve Steps, You’re Out (Of Prison): An Evaluation of «Anonymous Programs» as Alternative Sentences / Ethan G. Kalett // Hastings Law Journal. – 1996. – № 48. – Pp. 129 – 165.
6. Elster J. Ulysses Unbound : Studies in Rationality, Precommitment, and Constraints / Elster Jon. – N.Y. : Cambridge Univ. Press. – 2000. – 324 p.
7. Calsyn D. A. Ineffectiveness of AIDS Education and HIV Antibody Testing in Reducing High-risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users / Calsyn D. A., Saxon A. J., Freeman G. and Whitaker S. // American Journal Of Public Health. – 1992. – № 82. – Pp. 573 – 575.
8. Becker G. S. A Theory of Rational addiction / Gary S. Becker, Kevin M. Murphy // The Journal of Political Economy. – 1988. – № 96 (4). – Pp. 675 – 700.
9. Becker G. S. The Endogenous Determination of Time Preference / Gary S. Becker, Casey B. Mulligan // The Quaterly Journal of Economics. – 1997. – August. – Pp. 729 – 758.
10. Ainslie G. Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States within the Person (Studies in Rationality and Social Change) / George W. Ainslie. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992. – 460 p.
11. Ainslie G. The Motives of the Will / G. Ainslie and V. Haendel // Etiologic Aspects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse/ ed. By E. Gottheil, et al. – Springfield (Ill.) : Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd, 1982. – Pp. 110-140.
12. Skog O.-J. The Strength of Weak Will // Rationality and Society. – 1997. – № 6 (2). Pp. 245 – 269.
13. Bretteville-Jensen A. L. Addiction and Discounting / A. L. Bretteville-Jensen // Journal of Health Economics. – 1999. – № 18. – Pp. 393 – 407.
14. Winston G. C. Myopic Discounting: Empirical Evidence / Gordon C. Winston, Richard G. Woodbury // Handbook of Behavioral Economics. – 1991. – Volume 2B. – Pp. 325 – 345.
15. Vuchinich R. E. Hyperbolic Temporal Discounting in Social Drinkers and Problem Drinkers / Rudy E. Vuchinich, Cathy A. Simpson // Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. – 1998. – № 6 (3). – Pp. 292 – 305.
16. Madden G. J. Impulsive and Self-Control Choices in Opioid-Dependent Patients and Non-Drug-Using Control Participants: Drug and Monetary Rewards / Gregory J. Madden, Nancy M. Petry, Gary J. Badger and Warren K. Bickel // Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. – 1997 – № 5 (3). – Pp. 256 – 262.
17. Allen T. J. Impulsivity and History of Drug Dependence / Terry J. Allen, F. Gerard Moeller, Howard M. Rhoades and Don R. Cherek // Drug and Alcohol Dependence. – 1998 – № 50. – Pp. 137 – 145.
18. Kirby K. N. Heroin Addicts Have Higher Discount Rates for Delayed Rewards Than Non-Drug-Using Controls / Kris N. Kirby, Nancy M. Petry and Warren K. Bickel // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. – 1999. – № 128 (1). – Pp. 78 – 87.
19. Odum A. L. Needle Sharing in Opioid-dependent Outpatients: Psychological Processes Underlying Risk / Amy L. Odum, Gregory J. Madden, Gary J. Badger and Warren K. Bickel.// Drug and Alcohol Dependence. – 2000. – № 60. – Pp. 259 – 266.
20. Giordano L. A. Mild Opioid Deprivation Increases the Degree that Opioid-dependent Outpatients Discount Delayed Heroin and Money / Louis A. Giordano, Warren K. Bickel, George Loewenstein, Eric A. Jacobs, Lisa Marsch and Gary J. Badger // Psychopharmacology. – 2002. – № 163. – Pp. 174 – 182.
21. Baker F. Delay Discounting in Current and Never-Before Cigarette Smokers: Similarities and Differences Across Commodity, Sign, and Magnitude / Forest Baker, Matthew W. Johnson and Warren K. Bickel // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. – 2003. – № 112 (3). – Pp. 382 – 392.
22. Bickel W. K. Delay discounting: A fundamental Behavioral Process of Drug Dependence / Warren K. Bickel, Matthew W. Johnson // Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice / edited by George Loewenstein, Daniel Reed and Roy Baumeister. – N.Y. : Russel Sage Foundation, 2003. – Pp. 419 – 440.
23. Bickel W. K. Risk-sensitive Foraging Theory Elucidates Risky Choices Made by Heroin Addicts / Warren K. Bickel, Louis A. Giordano, Gary J. Badger // Addiction. – 2004. – № 99. – Pp. – 855 – 861.
24. Gottfredson M. R. A General Theory of Crime / Michael R Gottfredson, Travis Hirschi. – N.Y. : Stanford University Press, 1990. – 297 p.
25. Wilson J. Q. Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime / James Q. Wilson, R. J. Hernstein. – N.Y. : Simon and Schuster, 1985. – 640 p.
26. Nagin D. S. Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence / Daniel S. Nagin, Greg Pogarsky // Criminology. – 2001. – № 39 (4). – Pp. 865 – 892.
27. Johnstone J. W C. Recruitment to a Youth Gang / J. W. C. Johnstone // Youth and Society. – 1983. – № 14. – Pp. 281 – 300.
28. Bickel W. K. Impulsivity and Cigarette Smoking: Delay Discounting in Current, Never, and Ex-smokers / Bickel W. K., Odum A. L., Madden G. J. // Psychopharmacology. – 1999. – № 146 (4). – Pp. 447 – 454.
29. Odum A. L. Discounting of Delayed Health Gains and Losses by Current, Never- and Ex-smokers of Cigarettes / Amy L. Odum, Gregory J. Madden, Warren K. Bickel // Nicotine and Tobacco Research. – 2002 – № 4 (3). – Pp. 295 – 303.
30. McAuliffe W. E. Contributions to a Social Conditioning Model of Cocaine Recovery / William E. McAuliffe, Jeff Albert, Georgia Cordill-London and Thomas K. McGarraghy // The International Journal of the Addictions. – 1990-91. – 25 (9A & 10A). – Pp. 1141 – 1177.
Published
2015-11-18
How to Cite
Klochko, M. (2015). The Determination of sobriety BY time Discounting (based on sociological study results). Ukrainian Sociological Journal, (1-2), 61-66. Retrieved from https://periodicals.karazin.ua/usocjour/article/view/4421
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