Relief-Forming Role of the Ice Factor in the Coastal Area of the North-West Part of the Black Sea
Abstract
Purpose. To define the role of the ice factor in morpholithodynamics of the coastal area of the North-West part of the Black Sea.
Methods. Field and in-office research was carried out in the North-West part of the Black Sea during the winter seasons of 2005-2019. The research work included geometrical leveling of the beach and the surface of shore-fast ice, drilling of the ice layer, depth sounding, sampling of deposits and of an ice core. The content of deposits in shore-fast ice was determined by weighting them after melting and evaporating a known volume of an ice core.
Results. Formation of shore-fast ice, ice and hummock ride-ups, freezing of the surface of accumulative forms, congelation of fast ice with the beach surface and the bottom, freezing into ice of deposits thrown on the surface of fast ice, formation of meltwater runoff channels, melted deposit banks, melt holes had been observed.
Shore-fast ice in Odesa Bay was 1.0 to 1.6 meters thick. Hummocks 0.8 to 2.3 meters high were formed. The average content of deposits in shore-fast ice in Odesa Bay was 15.7 g/m2 to 111.5 g/m2. Within the protected water area of Odesa coast protection complex, the thickness of ice was 0.5 m. Repeated measurements revealed a temporary accumulation of deposits at the depths of 1.5 to 2.0 m at the distance of 30-40 m from the water edge. The average content of deposits in shore-fast ice within the protected water area was 186.5 g/m2. The thickness of ice on the surface of beaches on the open shore was 0.2-0.5 m. Banks of sand and gravel-pebble deposits between 0.4-0.8 m and 1 m high and with the volume of 1.2-1.4 m3/m were formed on the frozen beach surface by onshore flow and storm overwash.
Conclusions. In the North-West part of the Black Sea, the impact of the ice factor is characterized by rhythmic observation during severe, moderate and warm winter. Generally, it hasn’t significant impact. In somelocal points during cold winter may results in a significant alteration of the relief and deposits, and causes damage to hydraulic structures.
Ice gets saturated with deposits mostly when submerging to the bottom during ebbing, when contacting the beach, being carried directly onto its surface and along cracks, and during aeolian movement.
For artificial beaches of Odesa coast protection complex, the average content of deposits in ice is defined by peculiarities of formation of shore-fast ice and by hydrodynamics of the water area of these coast sections.
The shapes of relief, formed under impact from the ice factor, are minor; they exist for the duration of its impact, and disappear after the storm ends.
Downloads
References
Lisicyn, A. P. (1978). Processes of ocean sedimentation. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian)
Ogorodov, S. A. (2011). The role of sea ice in the dynamics of the coastal zone topography. Moscow: MSU Publishers. (In Russian).
Meshcheryakov, N. I. (2017). Modern sedimentation in the Gren-fjord (West Spitsbergen). Doctor’s Thesis Dissertation, Murmansk Marine Biological institute of the RAS. Retrieved from http://www.mmbi.info/fs/files/986/Mecsheryakov_dis.pdf (In Russian).
Ogorodov, S. A., Maznev, S.V., & Bukharitsin, P.I. (2019). Ice gouging topography on the Caspian and Aral seas bottom. Proc. of the Russian Geographical Society, 151(2), 35–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869-6071151235-50 (In Russian).
Romanenko, F. A., Repkina, T. Yu., Efimova, L. E., & Bulochnikova, A. S. (2012). Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea. Oceanology, 52 (5), 768-779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S000143701205013X (In Russian).
Tarasov, G.A. (1981). The quantitative estimation of the terrigenous including of marine ice in an off-shore zone is Barents seas. Proc. of the USSR Ac. of Sci., 256(4), 936–940.
Chuvardinskiy, V. G. (1985). Geological and geomorphological activity of fast ice (according to re-search in the White Sea). Geomorphology, 3, 70–77. (In Russian).
Barnes, P., Reimnitz, E., & Fox, D. (1982). Ice Rafting of Fine-Grained Sediment, a Sorting and Transport Mechanism, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 52, 493-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7F86-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D (In English).
Kempama, E.W., Reimnitz, E., & Barnes, P. (1989). Sea ice sediment entrainment and rafting in the Arctic. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 59, 308-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8F80-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D (In English).
Nielsen, Niels. (1988). Observations of sea ice influence on the littoral sediment exchange, North Zea-land, Denmark, Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish. Journal of Geography, 88(1), 61-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.1988.10649258 (In English).
Gavrilyuk, R. V. & Berlinsky, N. A. (2019). Hazardous marine hydrological phenomena in the north-western part of the Black Sea. Odesa National University Herald. Series: Geography & Geology. 24(2), 26-39. (in Russian).
Il'in, Yu. P. et all. (2012). Hydrometeorological conditions of the Seas of Ukraine. Vol 2: Black sea. Sevastopol. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281594572_Gidrometeorologiceskie_uslovia_morej_Ukrainy_Tom_2_Cernoe_more_Hydrometeorological_conditions_of_the_Ukrainian_seas_Vol_2_The_Black_Sea (In Russian).
Murkalov, A. B. (2016). Morpholithodynamics role of ice in the coastal zone of north-western part of the Black sea. Proceedings of the Vth All-Russian Conference «Ice and thermal processes on water bodies of Russia», Vladimir, October 11–14, Moscow: RSAU – MTAA Publ., 324-329. (In Russian).
Shuisky, Yu. D. (1986). Problems of research of balance of deposits in a coastal region of seas. Lenin-grad: Gidrometeoizdat. (In Russian).
Shuisky, Yu. D., & Vykhovanets, G. V. (1989). Exogenous developments of accumulative coast in a northwest part of Black sea. Moskow: Nedra Publ. (In Russian).
Manual on the hydrometeorological stations and posts. (1985). Vol. 9. Ch. 1. Hydrometeorological observation on the coastal stations and posts. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat Publ. (in Russian).
Shuisky, Yu. D., & Ogorodnikov, V. I. (1981). Terms of sedimentation and basic conformities to law of forming of grain-size distribution of terrigenous fallouts of the Chukotka sea. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 2, 11-25. (In Russian).
Zenkovich, V. P. (1962). Fundamentals of the theory of the development of marine shores. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (In Russian).
Maznev, S. V., & Ogorodov, S. A. (2020). Impact of ice formations on the shore and bottom areas of shallow seas and large lakes of middle and subarctic latitudes. Ice and Snow, 60(4), 578-591. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2076673420040062. (In Russian).
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication of this work under the terms of a license Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
