ABOUT THE MIGRATION OF THE SONS OF ATTILLA TO THE EAST ONCE AGAIN
Keywords:
Migration, east, sons, Attila, Elak, Ernach, Degizichus
Abstract
The article traces the process of migration of Attila's sons to the east from the second half of the 5th century. In the historiographical tradition, this process is considered as a one-time, full-scale act, carried out either immediately after the battle at the Nedao river (Pannonia) in 454 or a decade after it.
In the present study it is established that the sons of Attila withdrew eastward from the Carpathians, not all at once, but in stages in the period 454-466. The analysis of the sources allows us to talk about at least three such migrations. The first to leave the Middle Danube were the Attila’s sons, who were in the circle of Elak. This happened in 454 after Elak fell slain in a battle with the Gepids and their allies. The new habitats of his brothers can be found in the easternmost ends of the Steppe Empire - to the banks of the Don river. Second are the Huns led by Attila's youngest son Ernach. In 454 or in the following year 455 after their unsuccessful military campaign against the Ostrogoths, they were forced to retreat to the banks of the Dnieper river in eastern neighborhood with the first group. Third and last are the Huns leading by Dengizih. After another severe defeat by the Ostrogoths in the mid-460s, this son of Attila migrated east from the Carpathians, finding himself neighboring his brother Ernach to the east.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Beševliev, V. 1970. Aus der Geschichte der Protobulgarien. Etudes Balkaniques, 7/2. p. 42.
Blockley, R. 1981. The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. Vol. I. Liverpool, p. 121-122.
Blockley, R. 1983. The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. Vol. II. Text, Translation and Historiographical Notes. Liverpool, p. 274-356.
Bóna, I. 1991. Das Hunnenreich. Stuttgart, 1991. 294 p.
Chobanov, T. 2022. Ethnic Perceptions, Shaping of Identities and the Emerging of Statehood – the Case of Bulgar Tribes in 5th – 7th Century. Bulgarian Historical Review. p. 5.
GIBI 1960. Gratski izvori za balgarskata istoria [Greek sources for Bulgarian history]. T. 3. Sofia, s. 234. (In Bulgarian).
ГИБИ 1960. Гръцки извори за българската история. Т. 3. София, с. 238.
Dechev, D. 1926. Iztochno-germanskiyat proizhod na balgarskoto narodnostno ime. Godishnik na Sofiyskia universitet, Istoriko-filologicheski fakultet [The East German origin of the Bulgarian national name. Yearbook of the Sofia University, Faculty of History and Philology]. Kniga XXII, 11, s. 1-25. (In Bulgarian).
Дечев, Д. 1926. Източно-германският произход на българското народностно име. Годишник на Софийския университет, Историко-филологически факултет, Книга XXII, 11, с. 1-25.
Zlatarski, V. 1970. Istoria na balgarskata darzhava prez Srednite vekove [History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages]. T. 1. Chast 1. Sofia, s. 77. (In Bulgarian).
Златарски, В. 1970. История на българската държава през Средните векове. Т. 1. Част 1. София, с. 77.
Iordanis 1882. Romana et Getica, rec. Th. Mommsen. Monumenta Germaniae historica. Auctorvm antiquissimorvm. Vol. V. Part. 1. Berolini, 1882. 200 s.
Kazanskiy, M., Mastykova, A. 2022. Akatsiry: severnaya okraina kochevoy stepi posle Attilы. Kratkie soobshtenia Instituta arheologii [Akatsir: northern edge of the nomadic steppe after Attila. Brief communications from the Institute of Archeology]. Vыpusk. 267. Moskva, s. 221-241. (In Russian).
Казанский, М., Мастыкова, А. 2022. Акациры: северная окраина кочевой степи после Аттилы. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. Выпуск. 267. Москва, с. 221-241.
Kim, H. 2013. The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. 2013, p. 30-57.
LIBI 1958. latinski izvori za balgarskata istoria [Latin sources for Bulgarian history]. T. 1. Sofia, s. 357-361. (In Bulgarian).
ЛИБИ 1958. Латински извори за българската история. Т. 1. София, с. 357-361.
Loyen, A. 1960. Sidone Apollinaire. T. I. Poemes. Paris, p. 13-15.
Macartney, C. 1934. The end of the Huns. Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher. Vol. 10, p. 106-114
Maenchen-Helfen, O. 1973. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973. 602 p.
Mingarelli, B. 2018. Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes. Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classical Studies. Ottawa, 2018, p. 36-51.
Nuffelen, P., Hoof, L. 2020. Jordanes: Romana and Getica (Translated Texts for Historians vol. 75). Liverpool, 2020. 467 p.
Pohl, W. 1980. Die Gepiden und die Gentes an der mittleren Donau nach dem Zerfall des Attilareiches. In: Herwig Wolfram, Falko Daim (Hrsg.). Die Völker an der mittleren und unteren Donau im fünften und sechsten Jahrhunder. Wien, 1980. s. 239-305.
Schäfer, T. 2001. A hun birodalom felbomlása. In: Nomád népvándorlások, magyar honfoglalás. Szerk.: Felföldi Szabolcs_ Sinkovics Balázs. Magyar İstörténeti Könyvtár 15. Budapest, p. 25-35.
Schmidt, L. 1969. Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkerwanderung. Die Ostgermanen. München: Unveränderter Nachdruck, 1969, p. 272.
Rashev, R. 1996. Darzhavata na Ernah i negovite naslednitsi. Balgarite v Severnoto Prichernomorie [The state of Ernach and his successors. Bulgarians in the Northern Black Sea Region]. T. V. Veliko Tarnovo, s. 37-41. (In Bulgarian).
Рашев, Р. 1996. Държавата на Ернах и неговите наследници. Българите в Северното Причерноморие. T. V. Велико Търново, с. 37-41.
Rashev, R. 2007. Prabalgarite prez V-VII v. (chetvarto dopalnitelno izdanie) [Proto-Bulgarians in the V-VII centuries. (Fourth Supplementary Edition)]. Veliko Tarnovo, s. 36-39. (In Bulgarian).
Рашев, Р. 2007. Прабългарите през V-VII в. (четвърто допълнително издание). Велико Търново, с. 36-39.
Sigeberti Gemblacensis. 1844. Chronographia. Monumenta Germaniae historica, scriptoresp. T. VI. Hanover, p. 310.
Thompson, E. 1948. A history of Attila and the Huns. Oxford, p. 153-154.
Várady, L. 1969. Das letzte Jahrhundert Pannoniens (376-476). Budapest.
Heather, P. 1991. Goths and Romans 332-489. Oxford, p. 246.
Heather, P. 2007. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford UniversityPress, p. 355-363.
Wolfram, H. 1990. Die Goten: Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie (Dritte, neubearbeitete Auflage). C. H. Beck, 1990, p. 264.
Blockley, R. 1981. The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. Vol. I. Liverpool, p. 121-122.
Blockley, R. 1983. The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus. Vol. II. Text, Translation and Historiographical Notes. Liverpool, p. 274-356.
Bóna, I. 1991. Das Hunnenreich. Stuttgart, 1991. 294 p.
Chobanov, T. 2022. Ethnic Perceptions, Shaping of Identities and the Emerging of Statehood – the Case of Bulgar Tribes in 5th – 7th Century. Bulgarian Historical Review. p. 5.
GIBI 1960. Gratski izvori za balgarskata istoria [Greek sources for Bulgarian history]. T. 3. Sofia, s. 234. (In Bulgarian).
ГИБИ 1960. Гръцки извори за българската история. Т. 3. София, с. 238.
Dechev, D. 1926. Iztochno-germanskiyat proizhod na balgarskoto narodnostno ime. Godishnik na Sofiyskia universitet, Istoriko-filologicheski fakultet [The East German origin of the Bulgarian national name. Yearbook of the Sofia University, Faculty of History and Philology]. Kniga XXII, 11, s. 1-25. (In Bulgarian).
Дечев, Д. 1926. Източно-германският произход на българското народностно име. Годишник на Софийския университет, Историко-филологически факултет, Книга XXII, 11, с. 1-25.
Zlatarski, V. 1970. Istoria na balgarskata darzhava prez Srednite vekove [History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages]. T. 1. Chast 1. Sofia, s. 77. (In Bulgarian).
Златарски, В. 1970. История на българската държава през Средните векове. Т. 1. Част 1. София, с. 77.
Iordanis 1882. Romana et Getica, rec. Th. Mommsen. Monumenta Germaniae historica. Auctorvm antiquissimorvm. Vol. V. Part. 1. Berolini, 1882. 200 s.
Kazanskiy, M., Mastykova, A. 2022. Akatsiry: severnaya okraina kochevoy stepi posle Attilы. Kratkie soobshtenia Instituta arheologii [Akatsir: northern edge of the nomadic steppe after Attila. Brief communications from the Institute of Archeology]. Vыpusk. 267. Moskva, s. 221-241. (In Russian).
Казанский, М., Мастыкова, А. 2022. Акациры: северная окраина кочевой степи после Аттилы. Краткие сообщения Института археологии. Выпуск. 267. Москва, с. 221-241.
Kim, H. 2013. The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. 2013, p. 30-57.
LIBI 1958. latinski izvori za balgarskata istoria [Latin sources for Bulgarian history]. T. 1. Sofia, s. 357-361. (In Bulgarian).
ЛИБИ 1958. Латински извори за българската история. Т. 1. София, с. 357-361.
Loyen, A. 1960. Sidone Apollinaire. T. I. Poemes. Paris, p. 13-15.
Macartney, C. 1934. The end of the Huns. Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher. Vol. 10, p. 106-114
Maenchen-Helfen, O. 1973. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973. 602 p.
Mingarelli, B. 2018. Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes. Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classical Studies. Ottawa, 2018, p. 36-51.
Nuffelen, P., Hoof, L. 2020. Jordanes: Romana and Getica (Translated Texts for Historians vol. 75). Liverpool, 2020. 467 p.
Pohl, W. 1980. Die Gepiden und die Gentes an der mittleren Donau nach dem Zerfall des Attilareiches. In: Herwig Wolfram, Falko Daim (Hrsg.). Die Völker an der mittleren und unteren Donau im fünften und sechsten Jahrhunder. Wien, 1980. s. 239-305.
Schäfer, T. 2001. A hun birodalom felbomlása. In: Nomád népvándorlások, magyar honfoglalás. Szerk.: Felföldi Szabolcs_ Sinkovics Balázs. Magyar İstörténeti Könyvtár 15. Budapest, p. 25-35.
Schmidt, L. 1969. Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkerwanderung. Die Ostgermanen. München: Unveränderter Nachdruck, 1969, p. 272.
Rashev, R. 1996. Darzhavata na Ernah i negovite naslednitsi. Balgarite v Severnoto Prichernomorie [The state of Ernach and his successors. Bulgarians in the Northern Black Sea Region]. T. V. Veliko Tarnovo, s. 37-41. (In Bulgarian).
Рашев, Р. 1996. Държавата на Ернах и неговите наследници. Българите в Северното Причерноморие. T. V. Велико Търново, с. 37-41.
Rashev, R. 2007. Prabalgarite prez V-VII v. (chetvarto dopalnitelno izdanie) [Proto-Bulgarians in the V-VII centuries. (Fourth Supplementary Edition)]. Veliko Tarnovo, s. 36-39. (In Bulgarian).
Рашев, Р. 2007. Прабългарите през V-VII в. (четвърто допълнително издание). Велико Търново, с. 36-39.
Sigeberti Gemblacensis. 1844. Chronographia. Monumenta Germaniae historica, scriptoresp. T. VI. Hanover, p. 310.
Thompson, E. 1948. A history of Attila and the Huns. Oxford, p. 153-154.
Várady, L. 1969. Das letzte Jahrhundert Pannoniens (376-476). Budapest.
Heather, P. 1991. Goths and Romans 332-489. Oxford, p. 246.
Heather, P. 2007. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford UniversityPress, p. 355-363.
Wolfram, H. 1990. Die Goten: Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie (Dritte, neubearbeitete Auflage). C. H. Beck, 1990, p. 264.
Published
2025-08-12
How to Cite
Chobanov, K. (2025). ABOUT THE MIGRATION OF THE SONS OF ATTILLA TO THE EAST ONCE AGAIN. Drinovsky Sbornik, 17(17). Retrieved from https://periodicals.karazin.ua/drinov/article/view/27089
Section
Статті
