A LESSER-KNOWN MOMENT IN CHRISTIAN RAKOVSKY’S BIOGRAPHY: HIS 1907 EXPULSION FROM ROMANIA
Abstract
In early July 1907, invoking the stipulations of the “Law Concerning Foreigners,” which had been passed in 1881, the Romanian government took the decision to expel from Romania the well-known Socialist activist and militant, Christian Rakovsky. This decision sparked a heated journalistic and legal debate, both inside Romania and outside its borders. The Romanian Liberal government, headed by Dimitrie A. Sturdza, was accused, in particular, of having resorted to a rather controversial administrative tool which seemed highly dubious from a legal viewpoint, mainly in order to consolidate its own political position and leverage. The government also aimed at discouraging and thwarting the activities of left-wing groups which had been accused of direct involvement in organizing the peasant uprising that had shaken the Romanian state earlier in 1907. Specifically, this article analyzes a number of archival documents currently held in the collections of the National Archive of the Republic of Moldova in Chișinău. These documents focus on the ways in which the Romanian authorities collected the relevant data concerning Christian Rakovsky’s legal status in Romania. Apparently, the authorities built their case for Rakovsky’s expulsion on the basis of the legislation regarding Dobruja’s integration into Romania, which had been passed after 1878.
Downloads
References
/References
Arhiva Națională a Republicii Moldova (Chișinău) [National Archive of the Republic of Moldova] (Chișinău) (ANRM).
Armata română și răscoala din 1907. Documente. 2007 [The Romanian Army and the Uprising of 1907. Documents], ed. by Florin Șperlea, Lucian Drăghici and Manuel Stănescu. București, Editura Militară, 204 pp. (In Romanian).
Ascher, A. 1972. Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism. Harvard, Harvard University Press, 420 pp.
Avramescu, T. 1973. Constantin Mille. Tinerețea unui socialist [Constantin Mille. The Youth of a Socialist]. București, Editura politică, 1973, 111 pp. (In Romanian).
Colecțiune de legiuirile României vechi și celei noi, câte s-au promulgat de la 1 ianuarie 1875 până la finele anului 1885. 1885 [Collection of Laws of Old and New Romania Enacted from January 1, 1875 to the End of 1885], ed. by Ioan M. Bujoreanu, vol. III/I. București, Tipografia Academiei Române, 318 pp. (In Romanian).
Eidelberg, Ph. G. 1974. The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907: Origins of a Modern Jacquerie, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 259 pp.
Georgescu, T., Marcu, G. 1955. Potemkiniştii în România. 50 de ani de la răscoala marinarilor de pe crucişătorul „Potemkin” 1905–1955. [The Potemkinists in Romania. Fifty Years Since the Revolt of the Sailors on the Cruiser "Potemkin", 1905–1955]. București, Editura de Stat pentru Literatură Politică, 1955, 208 pp. (In Romanian).
Iancu, C. 1979. Les juifs en Roumanie 1866–1919. De l'exclusion á l'émancipation. Aix-en-Provence, Ed. de l'Université de Provence, 382 pp.
Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongress, Stuttgart 1907, vom 18. bis 24. August. 1907. Berlin, Buchhandlung Vorwärts, 132 pp.
Iordachi C. 2019. Liberalism, Constitutional Nationalism, and Minorities. The Making of Romanian Citizenship, c. 1750–1918. Boston, Brill, 682 pp.
Iordachi, C. 2002. Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 1878–1913. Pittsburg, University of Pittsburg, 86 pp.
Jurca, N. 1994. Istoria social-democrației din România [The History of Social Democracy in Romania]. București, Editura Științifică, 408 pp. (In Romanian).
Karl Kautsky und die Sozialdemokratie Sudosteuropas: Korrespondenz 1883–1938. 1986, ed. by Georges Haupt, János Jemnitz and Leo van Rossum. Frankfurt am Main, Campus Verlag, 649 pp.
Mora, M. 1907. Cei înscriși în listele electorale pot fi expulzați? [Can Those Registered in the Electoral Rolls be Expelled?]. Revista judiciară, issue 4, October 3, pp. 10–17 (In Romanian).
Ornea, Z. 1982. Viața lui C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea [The Life of C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea]. București, Cartea Românească, 1982, 511 pp. (In Romanian).
Racovski, C. 1909. Din regimul arbitrariului și lașității. (Contribuție la istoria oligarhiei române). [Excerpts from the Regime of Arbitrariness and Cowardice. (Contribution to the History of the Romanian Oligarchy)]. București, Cercul de Editură Socialistă, 239 pp. (In Romanian).
Racovski. Dosar secret. 2008 [Rakovski. Secret file], ed. by Stelian Tănase. Iași, Polirom, 272 pp. (In Romanian).
Revue de droit international privé et de droit pénal international. Tome V, 1909, p. 662–667.
Secolul, nr. 2386, 2 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Secolul, nr. 2388, 4 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Secolul, nr. 2400, 21 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Solomon, F. 2011. Un diplomat al revoluţiei. Cristian Racovski şi social-democraţia rusă în 1917 [A Diplomat of the Revolution. Christian Rakovski and Russian Social Democracy in 1917]. Partide politice şi minorităţi naţionale din România în secolul XX [Political Parties and National Minorities in Romania in the 20th Century], vol. 6, ed. by Vasile Ciobanu et al., Cluj-Napoca, Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale; Editura Kriterion. (In Romanian).
Voința națională, nr. 6649, 26 iulie 1907. (In Romanian).
Voința națională, nr. 6656, 4 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Аксельрод, П. Б. 1923. Пережитое и передуманное. Книга первая. Берлин, Издательство, З. И. Гржебина, 1923, 444 с.
Архив внешней политики Российской империи (Москва).
Государственный Архив Российской Федерации (Москва).
Гросул, B. Я. 2007. X. Г. Раковский и социал-демократическое движение в России (конец XIX – начало XX вв.) [H.G. Rakovsky and the Social Democratic Movement in Russia (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)]. Связь веков: Исследования по источниковедению истории России до 1917 года. Памяти профессора А. А. Преображенского: сборник статей. Москва, Российская академия наук, Институт российской истории, с. 395–413.
Кардашев, Ю. П. 2008. Востание. Броненосец „Потёмкин“ и его команда. Москва, 2008, 542 с.
Ненароков, А. П. 2001. Последняя эмиграция Павла Аксельрода. Москва, АИРО-ХХ, 2001, 166 с.
Чернявский, Г., Станчев, М., Тортика (Лобанова), М. 2014. Жизненный путь Христиана Раковского, 1873–1941. Европеизм и большевизм: неоконченная дуэль. Москва, Центрполиграф, 556 с.
Adevărul, nr. 6349, 28 aprilie 1907. (In Romanian).
Aksel´rod, P. B. 1923. Perezhitoe i peredumannoe [My Life and Thoughts], kniga pervaya. Berlin, Izdatel´stvo Z. I, Grzhebina, 444 pp. (In Russian).
Arhiva Națională a Republicii Moldova (Chișinău) [National Archive of the Republic of Moldova] (Chișinău) (ANRM).
Arkhiv vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy imperii (Moskva) [Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire] (Moscow) (AVPRI) (In Russian).
Armata română și răscoala din 1907. Documente. 2007 [The Romanian Army and the Uprising of 1907. Documents], ed. by Florin Șperlea, Lucian Drăghici and Manuel Stănescu. București, Editura Militară, 204 pp. (In Romanian).
Ascher, A. 1972. Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism. Harvard, Harvard University Press, 420 pp.
Avramescu, T. 1973. Constantin Mille. Tinerețea unui socialist [Constantin Mille. The Youth of a Socialist]. București, Editura politică, 1973, 111 pp. (In Romanian).
Chernyavskiy, G., Stanchev, M., Tortika (Lobanova), M. 2014. Zhiznennyy put´ Hristiana Rakovskogo, 1873–1941. Evropeizm i bol´shevizm: neokonchenaya duel´ [The Life Path of Christian Rakovsky, 1873–1941. Europeanism and Bolshevism: An Unfinished Duel]. Moskva, Tsentrpoligraf, 556 pp. (In Russian).
Colecțiune de legiuirile României vechi și celei noi, câte s-au promulgat de la 1 ianuarie 1875 până la finele anului 1885. 1885 [Collection of Laws of Old and New Romania Enacted from January 1, 1875 to the End of 1885], ed. by Ioan M. Bujoreanu, vol. III/I. București, Tipografia Academiei Române, 318 pp. (In Romanian).
Eidelberg, Ph. G. 1974. The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907: Origins of a Modern Jacquerie, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 259 pp.
Georgescu, T., Marcu, G. 1955. Potemkiniştii în România. 50 de ani de la răscoala marinarilor de pe crucişătorul „Potemkin” 1905–1955. [The Potemkinists in Romania. Fifty Years Since the Revolt of the Sailors on the Cruiser "Potemkin", 1905–1955]. București, Editura de Stat pentru Literatură Politică, 1955, 208 pp. (In Romanian).
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Moskva) [State Archive of the Russian Federation] (Moscow) (GARF) (In Russian).
Grosul, V. Ya. 2007. H. G. Rakovskiy i sotsial-demokraticheskoe dvizenie v Rossii (konets XIX – nachalo XX vv.). [H. G. Rakovsky and the Social Democratic Movement in Russia (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)]. Svyaz´ vekov: Issledovaniya po istochnikovedeniyu istorii Rossii do 1917 goda. Pamyati professora A.A. Preobrazhenskogo: sbornik statey. [Link through the Centuries: Selected Studies in the Source Criticism of the History of Russia until 1917. In Memory of Professor A.A. Preobrazhensky: Collection of Articles]. Moskva, Rossiyskaya akademiya nauk, Institut rossiyskoy istorii, pp. 395–413 (In Russian).
Iancu, C. 1979. Les juifs en Roumanie 1866–1919. De l'exclusion á l'émancipation. Aix-en-Provence, Ed. de l'Université de Provence, 382 pp.
Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongress, Stuttgart 1907, vom 18. bis 24. August. 1907. Berlin, Buchhandlung Vorwärts, 132 pp.
Iordachi C. 2019. Liberalism, Constitutional Nationalism, and Minorities. The Making of Romanian Citizenship, c. 1750–1918. Boston, Brill, 682 pp.
Iordachi, C. 2002. Citizenship, Nation- and State-Building: The Integration of Northern Dobrogea into Romania, 1878–1913. Pittsburg, University of Pittsburg, 86 pp.
Jurca, N. 1994. Istoria social-democrației din România [The History of Social Democracy in Romania]. București, Editura Științifică, 408 pp. (In Romanian).
Kardashev, Yu. P. 2008. Vostanie. Bronenosets ”Potemkin” i ego komanda. [Uprising. The Battleship Potemkin and its Crew]. Moskva, 542 pp. (In Russian).
Karl Kautsky und die Sozialdemokratie Sudosteuropas: Korrespondenz 1883–1938. 1986, ed. by Georges Haupt, János Jemnitz and Leo van Rossum. Frankfurt am Main, Campus Verlag, 649 pp.
Mora, M. 1907. Cei înscriși în listele electorale pot fi expulzați? [Can Those Registered in the Electoral Rolls be Expelled?]. Revista judiciară, issue 4, October 3, pp. 10–17 (In Romanian).
Nenarokov, A. P. 2001. Poslednyaya emigratsiya Pavla Akselroda [The Last Emigration of Pavel Axelrod]. Moskva, AIRO-HH, 166 pp. (In Russian).
Ornea, Z. 1982. Viața lui C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea [The Life of C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea]. București, Cartea Românească, 1982, 511 pp. (In Romanian).
Racovski, C. 1909. Din regimul arbitrariului și lașității. (Contribuție la istoria oligarhiei române). [Excerpts from the Regime of Arbitrariness and Cowardice. (Contribution to the History of the Romanian Oligarchy)]. București, Cercul de Editură Socialistă, 239 pp. (In Romanian).
Racovski. Dosar secret. 2008 [Rakovski. Secret file], ed. by Stelian Tănase. Iași, Polirom, 272 pp. (In Romanian).
Revue de droit international privé et de droit pénal international. Tome V, 1909, p. 662–667.
Secolul, nr. 2386, 2 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Secolul, nr. 2388, 4 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Secolul, nr. 2400, 21 august 1907. (In Romanian).
Solomon, F. 2011. Un diplomat al revoluţiei. Cristian Racovski şi social-democraţia rusă în 1917 [A Diplomat of the Revolution. Christian Rakovski and Russian Social Democracy in 1917]. Partide politice şi minorităţi naţionale din România în secolul XX [Political Parties and National Minorities in Romania in the 20th Century], vol. 6, ed. by Vasile Ciobanu et al., Cluj-Napoca, Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale; Editura Kriterion. (In Romanian).
Voința națională, nr. 6649, 26 iulie 1907. (In Romanian).
Voința națională, nr. 6656, 4 august 1907. (In Romanian).
