Development of geopolitical situation in the Black sea region after 1991
Keywords:
Black Sea region, geopolitical situation, postcommunism, the Black Sea states, separatism, military aggression
Abstract
This article is devoted to the explanation of the reasons that led to the development of the geopolitical situation in the Black Sea region after the end of the Cold War, the collapse of world communism and the disintegration of the USSR. The author notes that during this period, it did not improve, but on the contrary become more confrontational. The main reason for the intensification of this confrontation is the policy of Russia, which has undergone two main stages in its development: conservative (under President Yeltsin) and revanchist (under Putin’s rule). At the first stage, Russia, trying to maintain its control over the post-Soviet space, adhered to tactics of the secret support of separatist movements. This led to the emergence of Transnistrian, Abkhazian and South Ossetian military-political conflicts, in which Russian military formations were directly involved. The result of these conflicts was the creation of three self-proclaimed state entities in the territory of Moldova and Georgia, which, although not recognized by Russia, were fully controlled by it. On the territory of Ukraine during this period, Russia succeeded only in subjugating its naval base in Sevastopol, including most of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet of the former USSR. At the second stage, Russia moved from a policy of preserving its presence in the territories of Moldova, Georgia (under the pretext of the need to deploy “peacekeeping forces” there) and Ukraine (due to the creation of a naval base in Sevastopol) to direct military aggressions. It is noted that changes in foreign policy were conditioned by the transformation of the Russian political regime – from a “Delegative Democracy” (under Yeltsin) to Neo-totalitarianism (under Putin).
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References
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Ukaz 1992.01.04 Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii № 320 «O perekhode pod yurisdiktsiyu Rossiyskoy Federatsii voinskikh chastey Vooruzhennykh Sil byvshego SSSR, nakhodyashchikhsya na territorii Respubliki Moldova» [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.1992 No. 320 “On the Transfer Under the Jurisdiction of the Russian Federation of Military Units of the Armed Forces of the Former USSR Located on the Territory of the Republic of Moldova“]. URL: https://www.lawmix.ru/expertlaw/270476 (Date of the application 16.11.2018). (In Russian).
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Agreement 1992 July, 21 on Principles of Peace Settlement of the Armed Conflict in the Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova. URL: http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/1651~v~Accord_de_cessez_le_feu_entre_la_Transnistrie_et_la_Moldavie_du_21_juillet_1992_-_document_en_russe_anglais_roumain.pdf (Date of the application 13.08.2019).
Agreement 1994 May, 14 on Cease-Fire and Separation of Forces.URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/georgia/agreement-cease-fire-and-separation-forces-signed-moscow-14-may-1994 (Date of the application 13.08.2019).
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Bocutoğlu, E. & Koçer, G. 2006. Politico-Economic Conflicts in the Black Sea Region in the Post-Cold War Era. OSCE Yearbook, pp. 111−121. URL: https://ifsh.de/file-CORE/documents/yearbook/english/06/BocutogluKocer-en.pdf (Date of the application 27.04.2019).
Bolgarskaya narodnaya armiya [Bulgarian People‘s Army]. Vooruzhennyye sily stran Varshavskogo dogovora. URL: https://id77.livejournal.com/1649386.html (Date of the application 15.11.2018). (In Russian).
Chekalenko, L. 2014. Zasady vzayemovidnosyn Ukrayiny i Rosiyi: Krym [Fundamentals of Ukraine-Russia Relations: Crimea.]. Viche, No. 6, s. 14−16. (In Ukrainian).
Chitadze, N. 2008. Security Trends in the Black Sea Region and Role of Georgia in the Energy Security of the Region. Monitor Strategic, No. 1−2, pp. 45−50.
Chopa, V. 2018. Svit prokynuvsya: holovnyy pidsumok rosiysʹko-hruzynsʹkoyi viyny [The World Woke up: the Main Outcome of the Russo-Georgian War]. URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubricworld/2513222-svit-prokinuvsa-golovnij-pidsumok-gruzinorosijskoi-vijni.html (Date of the application 27.04.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Global Resrach 2011, 14 February. URL: https://www.globalresearch.ca/nato-s-eastern-anchor-24-nato-bases-in-turkey/23205 (Date of the application 02.11.2018).
Human Rights Watch Arms Project. 1995, No. 7, 60 p.
Karatnycky, А. 2005. Civic Power and Electoral Politics. Freedomin the World 2005. URL: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2005/essay-civic-power-and-electoral-politics-0 (Date of the application 18.11.2018).
Kushniruk, B. 2008. Rosiysʹko-hruzynsʹkaviyna: prychynytanaslidky [The Russo-Georgian War: Causesand Consequences]. URL: https://www.unian.ua/politics/138458-rosiysko-gruzinska-viynaprichini-ta-naslidki.html (Date of the application 27.04.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Losyev, I. V. 2007. Rosiya pislya vidlyhy: spohady pro maybutnye [Russia After the Thaw: Memories of the Future]. Naukovi zapysky Natsionalʹnoho universytetu “Kyyevo-Mohylyansʹkaakademiyaˮ. Kyiv, Vol. 62 (ser. “Teoriya ta istoriya kulʹturyˮ), s. 46−50. (In Ukrainian).
Nationsin Transit 2004. N.Y., Washington, D.C.: Rowman & Little field Publisher, Inc., pp. 669.
Nations in Transit 2009. URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Ratings%20Tables_0.pdf (Date of the application 18.11.2018).
North Caucasus Red Banner Military District. URL: http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/skvo.htm (Date of the application 13.08.2018).
Odessa Red Banner Military District. URL: http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/odvo.htm (Date of the application 13.08.2018).
O‘ Donnell, G. 1994. Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55–69.
Postanovleniye 1993.09.07 VS RF №5359-I [Resolution of the RF Supreme Council from 09.07.1993 No. 5359-I]. URL: http://www.alppp.ru/law/konstitucionnyj-stroj/territorija/5/postanovlenie-vs-rf-ot-09-07-1993--5359-1.html (Date of the application 19.11.2018). (In Russian).
Prydnistrovsʹkyy konflikt [Transnistrian conflict]. URL: http://history-konspect.org/?content=3782 (Date of the application 16.11.2018). (In Ukrainian).
Romania Military 2013, 8 april. URL: https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/armata-romana-ieri-si-astazi-22-de-ani-dupa (Date of the application 15.11.2018). (In Romanian).
Romanyuk, O. I. 2005. Postkomunistychni revolyutsiyi [The Postcommunist Revolutions.]. Politychnyy menedzhment. Kyiv, No. 4, s. 16−28. (In Ukrainian).
Romanyuk, O. I. 2014. Pro kharakter suchasnoho politychnoho rezhymu Rosiyi [On the Character of the Modern Political Regime of Russia]. Visnyk Natsionalʹnoho universytetu “Yurydychna akademiya Ukrayinyim. Yaroslava Mudrohoˮ (ser. filosofiya, filosofiyaprava, politolohiya, sotsiolohiya). Kharkiv, No. 4, s. 152−159. (In Ukrainian).
Romanyuk, O. I. 2015. Revolyutsiya hidnosti [The Revolution of Dignity]. Politolohichnyy entsyklopedychnyy slovnyk / Ed. by M. Trebin. Kharkiv: Pravo, s. 610−612. (In Ukrainian).
Rosiysʹko-hruzynsʹkaviyna (2008) [Russian-Georgian War]. URL: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(2008)#cite_note-43 (Date of the application 08.11.2018). (In Ukrainian).
Rumynskaya narodnaya armiya [Romanian People’s Army]. Vooruzhennyye sily stran Varshavsko godogovora. URL: https://diletant.media/blogs/62451/37989598 (Date of the application 15.11.2018). (In Russian).
Shelest, H. 2012. Conflict Resolution Trends in the Black Sea Region. Euxeinos, No. 6, pp. 27−31.
Snyhir, O. 2018. Komparatyvnyy analiz ekspansionist·sʹkoyipolitykyRosiyi u Prydnistrov’yi, na Donbasi i v Krymuta v Abkhaziyi i Pivdenniy Osetiyi: paralelitavidminnosti: analitychnazapyska [A Comparative Analysis of Russia’s Expansionist Policy in Transnistria, the Donbass and the Crimea, and Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Parallels and Differences: An Analytical Note]. URL: http://da.mfa.gov.ua/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/PP-Frozen-Conflicts-ukr.pdf (Date of the application 27.04.2019). ( In Ukrainian).
Turkish Land Forces. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces (Date of the application 03.11.2018).
Agreement 1992 July, 21 on Principles of Peace Settlement of the Armed Conflictin the Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova. URL: http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/1651~v~Accord_de_cessez_le_feu_entre_la_Transnistrie_et_la_Moldavie_du_21_juillet_1992_-_document_en_russe_anglais_roumain.pdf (Date of the application 16.11.2018).
The World Factbook: List of Countries by Length of Coastline / Central Intelligence Agency (US). URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html ( Date of the application 31.10.2018).
Transnistria War. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War (Date of the application 13.08.19).
Transcaucasus Red Banner Military District. URL: http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/gkv/zakvo.htm (Date of the application 13.08.2019).
TSN 2019, 27 hrudnya (December 27). URL: https://tsn.ua/ato/komanduvach-oos-nazvavkilkist-rosiyskih-viyskovosluzhbovciv-yaki-voyuyut-na-donbasi-1272315.html ( Date of the application27.04.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Uhoda 1992.03.08 mizh Ukrayinoyu i Rosiysʹkoyu Federatsiyeyu pro pryntsypy formuvannya VMS Ukrayiny ta VMF Rosiyi na bazi Chornomorsʹkoho flotu kolyshnʹoho SRSR [Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on the Principles of Formation of the Ukrainian Navy and the Russian Navy on the Basis of the Black Sea Fleet of the Former USSR]. URL: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/643_020 (Date of the application 07.11.2018). (In Ukrainian).
Uhoda 1995.09.06 mizh Ukrayinoyu i Rosiysʹkoyu Federatsiyeyu shchodo Chornomorsʹkoho flotu [Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on the Black Sea Fleet]. URL: http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/643_082 (Date of the application 05.11.2018). (In Ukrainian).
Ukaz 1992.19.03 Prezidenta RF ot № 260 «O perekhode Zakavkazskogo voyennogo okruga i Kaspiyskoy flotilii Voyenno-morskogo flota vremenno pod yurisdiktsiyu Rossiyskoy Federatsii» [Decree 1992.19.03 of the President of the Russian Federation No. 260 “On the Transition of the Transcaucasian Military District and the Caspian Flotilla of the Navy temporarily under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federationˮ]. URL: http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1233440. (Date of the application 05.11.2018). (In Russian).
Ukaz 1992.01.04 Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii № 320 «O perekhode pod yurisdiktsiyu Rossiyskoy Federatsii voinskikh chastey Vooruzhennykh Sil byvshego SSSR, nakhodyashchikhsya na territorii Respubliki Moldova» [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.1992 No. 320 “On the Transfer Under the Jurisdiction of the Russian Federation of Military Units of the Armed Forces of the Former USSR Located on the Territory of the Republic of Moldova“]. URL: https://www.lawmix.ru/expertlaw/270476 (Date of the application 16.11.2018). (In Russian).
Ukaz 1992.07.04 Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii: «O perekhode pod yurisdiktsiyu Rossiyskoy Federatsii Chernomorskogo flota» № 375 [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Transition Under the Jurisdiction of the Russian Federation to the Black Sea Fleetˮ dated 04.04.1992 № 375]. URL: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&firstDoc=1&lastDoc=1&nd=102015683 (Date of the application 04.11.2018). (In Russian).
Ukrainian Military Pages 2019.10.06. URL: https://www.ukrmilitary.com/2019/06/tsk-dodatok1.html (Date of the application 16.08.2019). (In Ukrainian).
Zakon SRSR vid 03.04.1990 № 1409-I. [Law of the USSR dated 03.04.1990 No. 1409-I]. URL: https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_03.04.1990_%E2%84%96_1409-I (Date of the application 15.11.2018) (In Ukrainian).
ZN.UA. 2016. 9 veresnya (Semtember 9). URL: https://dt.ua/POLITICS/u-pridnistrov-yi-pochalipidgotovku-do-priyednannya-do-rosiyi-218341_.html (Date of the application 08.11.2018). (In Ukrainian).
Zurcher, Ch., Bayev, P., and Koelher, J. 2005. Civil Wars in the Caucasus. Understanding civil war: evidence and analysis. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Vol. 2, pp. 259−298.
Published
2020-12-08
How to Cite
Романюк, О. (2020). Development of geopolitical situation in the Black sea region after 1991. Drinovsky Sbornik, 13, 157-169. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2020.13.17
Section
Статті
