Phytohormonal balance in leaves of the soft wheat lines isogenic for VRN genes
Abstract
The paper presents results of the study of the phytohormonal balance in mature, formed leaves of the lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the winter variety Olvia during the transition from vegetative to generative development. Near isogenic for the VRN genes lines (NILs) created in the gene pool of the Olvia variety and plants of the vernalized and non-vernalized winter variety were used. The experiments were carried out under the conditions of a vegetation experiment in the factorial chamber of the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants and Microorganisms of the V.N. Karazin KhNU. During the experiment, we conducted physiological observations and analyzed the development rate of experimental plants. Phytohormone analysis was carried out in fixed plant material by a chromatographic distribution of phytohormone mixture with thin-layer chromatography. The phytohormones were identified by the reference standards irradiating the chromatograms with ultraviolet UV (254 nm), and the content was determined by biotesting methods. The level of main classes of classical growth-stimulating phytohormones (auxins (IAA), cytokinins (CK), and gibberellins (GA), and growth-inhibiting hormones (abscisins (ABA)) was analyzed. The indicators of phytohormonal balance were calculated as the ratio of growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting hormones. The results of the experiments showed that phytohormones in mature, formed leaves of the experimental plants are represented by auxins – 64.9-70.7 μg/g, cytokinins – 26.6-30.5 μg/g, gibberellins – 179.47-228.68 μg/g, and abscisins – 54.06-89.76 μg/g of dry weight. Among the phytohormone classes studied, the minimal was the cytokinins’ content, while the phytohormones of terpenoid nature (gibberellins and abscisins) were represented best. It has been established that the phytohormonal balance viz. the ratio of growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting phytohormones reflects the development rate of experimental plants. Rapidly developing plants of isolines VRN 1 and VRN 3, and the plants of vernalized variety were characterized by the maximum phytohormone balance (especially GA/ABA), while the slowly developing plants of the isoline VRN 2 and the non-vernalized variety Olvia had the minimum balance. Since the plant organism is an integrated system of organs and functions, we assume that this indicator – phytohormonal balance in plant leaves, can be used as a marker of the ontogenetic state of the entire plant organism. The identified changes in the phytohormonal status of mature, formed leaves and the development rates of experimental plants have the same regularities in all the models used in our research: the model of isogenic lines and the model of vernalized and non-vernalized plants of the winter variety. This fact makes it possible to assume that changes in the phytohormone balance of mature leaves, which reflect the ontogenetic state of the entire plant organism, are determined by the genotypic and phenotypic (epigenetic) influence.
Downloads
References
Atramentova L.A., Utevskaya O.M. (2008). Statistical methods in biology: textbook. Gorlovka: Likhtar, 248 p. (in Russian)
Avksentieva O.O., Zhmurko V.V., Shchoholiev A.S., Yukhno Yu.Yu. (2018). Physiology and biochemistry of plants. Kh.: KhNU imeni V.N. Karazinа, 156 р. (in Ukrainian)
Chen L, Zhao J, Song J, Jameson PE. (2021). Cytokinin glucosyl transferases, key regulators of cytokinin homeostasis, have potential value for wheat improvement. Plant Biotechnology J., 19(5), 878–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13595
Chen S., Wang J., Deng G. et al. (2018). Interactive effects of multiple vernalization (Vrn-1) – and photoperiod (Ppd-1)-related genes on the growth habit of bread wheat and their association with heading and flowering time. BMC Plant Biol., 18, 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1587-8
Chen P., Yan, R., Bartels D. et al. (2022). Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in stem/root tuber development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23(9), 4955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094955
Finkelstein R. (2013). Abscisic acid synthesis and response. The Arabidopsis Book, 11, 11:e0166. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0166
Gaspar T., Kevers C., Faivre-Rampant O. et al. (2003). Changing concepts in plant hormone action. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant., 39, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2002393
Gawarecka K., Ahn J.H. (2021). Isoprenoid-derived metabolites and sugars in the regulation of flowering time: does day length matter? Front. Plant Sci., 12, 765995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.765995
Gietler M, Fidler J, Labudda M, Nykiel M. (2020). Abscisic acid - enemy or savior in the response of cereals to abiotic and biotic stresses? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134607
Jiskrova E., Novak O., Pospisilova H. et al. (2016). Extra- and intracellular distribution of cytokinins in the leaves of monocots and dicots. New Biotechnology, 33(5), 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2015.12.010
Kosakivska I.V., Voytenko L.V., Vasyuk V.A. et al. (2019). Phytohormonal regulation of seed germination. Fiziol. rast. genet., 51 (3), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2019.03.187 (in Ukrainian)
Li Q., Byrns B., Badawi M. A. et al. (2018). Transcriptomic insights into phenological development and cold tolerance of wheat grown in the field. Plant Physiology, 176(3), 2376–2394. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01311
Luo Y., Li W., Huang C. et al. (2021). Exogenous abscisic acid coordinating leaf senescence and transport of assimilates into wheat grains under drought stress by regulating hormones homeostasis. The Crop Journal, 9(4), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2020.08.012
Nadolska-Orczyk A., Rajchel I.K., Orczyk W., Gasparis S. (2017). Major genes determining yield-related traits in wheat and barley. Theor Appl Genet., 130, 1081–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2880-x
Patyka V.P., Huliaieva H.B., Bohdan M.M. et al. (2019). Phytohormone ratio and photosynthetic activity of bread wheat plants under the effect of bioactive substances. Fiziol. rast. genet., 51(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2019.02.133 (in Ukrainian)
Pearce S., Vanzetti L.S., Dubcovsky J. (2013). Exogenous gibberellins induce wheat spike development under short days only in the presence of VERNALIZATION1. Plant Physiology, 163(3), 1433–1445. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.225854
Shang M., Wang X., Zhang J. et al. (2017). Genetic regulation of GA metabolism during vernalization, floral bud initiation and development in pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino). Front. Plant Sci., 8, 1533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01533
Shcherbatiuk M.M., Voitenko L.V., Vasiuk V.A., Kosakivska I.V. (2020). Method of quantitative determination of phytohormones in plant tissues. Biol. Stud., 14(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1402.624 (in Ukrainian)
Shi C., Zhao L., Zhang X. et al. (2019). Gene regulatory network and abundant genetic variation play critical roles in heading stage of polyploidy wheat. BMC Plant Biol., 19, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1591-z
Skalicky M., Kubes J., Vachova P. et al. (2020). Effect of gibberellic acid on growing-point development of non-vernalized wheat plants under long-day conditions. Plants, 9(12), 1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121735
Vanneste S., Friml J. (2009). Auxin: a trigger for change in plant development. Cell, 136(6), 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.001
Vedenicheva N.P., Kosakivska I.V. (2020). Cytokinins in cereals ontogenesis and adaptation. Fiziol. rast. genet., 52(1), 3–30, https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2020.01.003 (in Ukrainian)
Wu W., Du K., Kang X., Wei H. (2021). The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development. Horticulture Research, 8, 118. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00558-3
Yan L., Loukoianov A., Blechl A. (2004). The wheat VRN2 gene is a flowering repressor downregulated by vernalization. Science, 303(5664), 1640–1644. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094305
Yang B., Chen M., Zhan C. et al. (2022). Identification of OsPK5 involved in rice glycolytic metabolism and GA/ABA balance for improving seed germination via genome-wide association study. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73(11), 3446–3461. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac071
Zhao Y. (2010). Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112308
Zhao Y. (2018). Essential roles of local auxin biosynthesis in plant development and in adaptation to environmental. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 69(1), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040226
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship.
