MARXISM: THE EVOLUTION OF UNDERSTANDING OF HEGEL’S POLITICAL ONTOLOGY
Abstract
The article deals with the evolution of understanding of Hegel’s political ontology. The author describes and analyzes parts of Hegel’s theory that were used by Marx and his followers for the formation of the materialist view of the development of human history. Marx was among the first who popularized the rejection of Absolute in a new type of philosophizing. Many thinkers concentrated their attention on the issue of Hegel’s dialectics in the mature philosophy of Marx, but the influence of Hegel on Marx showed itself not only in this aspect. The author tries to make clear that connections between two mentioned theories are much deeper. Hegel had with Marx much in common. Both of them believed that a human becomes a human solely in interaction with other people. Moreover, they rejected the possibility of positive social and individual changes beyond social interaction. Marx criticized Hegel and his followers for maintaining illusions about the fact that the world is an Idea. In addition, he ascribed to Hegel’s thoughts that the course of human history is determined by ideas and concepts, especially philosophical and religious ones. We must admit that this is a serious distortion of the Hegelian theory. Hegel really believed that the history of humankind is a story of the development of the Mind or the Spirit. But in certain parts of his system Hegel emphasized the inalienability of the Spirit from human activity in the objective world. The Spirit for Hegel is the development of consciousness of individuals, their selfrealization. The history of the Spirit embodies itself in objective social forms that are constructed, destroyed and reconstructed by humankind. Thanks to dialectical mechanisms embedded in the development of consciousness and history, the activity of Ideas is the interaction between self-knowledge, self-actualization and their practical implementation, which always has a set of goals to be achieved. Achieving goals leads to a new level of self-knowledge and the emergence of new goals. Spirit always acts through the social world (even in the case of historical personalities). Hegel believed that the accumulation of knowledge and purposeful activity of people can be considered a contribution to the collective activity of nations, cultures, even the humanity as a whole. Collective activity accumulates a reflection of oneself, as people articulate what is happening, fix it in the form of traditions. So neither Marx nor Feuerbach, but Hegel was the first who created the tendency of removing concept of God from the structure of philosophizing.
Downloads
References
/References
Avineri, S. (1974). Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Avineri, S. (1970). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dale, E. (2017). Hegel, the End of History, and the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dickey, L. (1990). Religion, Economics, and the Politics of Spirit, 1770–1807. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ferrarin, A. (2017). Hegel and Aristotle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gottlieb, G. (2016). Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right. A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haym, R. (2006). Hegel and his time. (P. L. Solyanikov, Trans.). Saint Petersburg: Nauka. (In Russian).
Hegel, G. W. F. (1978). Political works. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
Hegel, G. W. F. (1990). Philosophy of right (Vol. 1–2). Moscow: Mysl’. (In Russian).
Hegel, G. W. F. (2000). The Phenomenology of Spirit. (G. G. Shpet, Trans.). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).
Korsch, К. (1923). Marxism and Philosophy. Retrieved from http://scepsis.net/library/id_672.html. (In Russian).
Moggach, D. (2011). The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Patočka, J. (2001). Heretical Essays in the Philosophy of History. (B. Marusik, Trans.). (Original work published 1975). Kyiv: Osnovy. (In Ukrainian).
Pinkard, T. (1996). Hegels phenomenology sociality reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pippin, R. B. (2008). Hegel’s practical philosophy. Rational Agency as Ethical Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schaap, S. (2012). Farewell to the Almighty. Revaluation of ethical life. (I. Lozovyi, Trans.). Kyiv: Zupansky Publishing House. (In Ukrainian).
Schmitt, C. (2000). Political theology: a collection of works. (A. Filippov, Trans.). Moscow: CANON-press-C. (In Russian).
Shanks, A. (2008). Hegel’s Political Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toews, J. (1985). Hegelianism The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weil, E. (2009). Hegel and the state. Five reports. (V. Yu. Bystrov, Trans.). (Original work published 1975). Saint Petersburg: Vladimir Dahl. (In Russian).
Wood, A. (1993). Hegel and Marxism. In F. C. Beiser (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Hegel (pp. 414–445). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Вейль Э. Гегель и государство. Пять докладов / пер. с франц. В. Ю. Быстрова. СПб.: Владимир Даль, 2009. 282 с.
Гайм Р. Гегель и его время / пер. с нем. П. Л. Соляникова. СПб.: Наука, 2006. 392 с.
Гегель Г. В. Ф. Политические произведения / пер. с нем. М.: Наука, 1978. 437 с.
Гегель Г. В. Ф. Феноменологией духа / пер. с нем. Г. Г. Шпета. М.: Наука, 2000. 495 с.
Гегель Г. В. Ф. Философия права / пер. с нем. М.: Мысль, 1990. T. 1, 2. 524 с.
Корш К. Марксизм и философия [Электронный ресурс] / пер. с нем. URL: http://scepsis.net/library/id_672.html.
Паточка Я. Єретичні есе про філософію історії / пер. з чеськ. Б. Марусик. К.: Основи, 2001. 374 с.
Шаап С. Прощання із Всемогутнім. Переоцінка етичного життя / пер. с англ. І. Лозовий. К.: Видавництво Жупанського, 2012. 294 с.
Шмитт К. Политическая теология: сборник работ / пер. с нем., заключит. статья и составление А. Филиппова. М.: КАНОН-пресс-Ц, 2000. 416 с.
Avineri S. Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974. 268 р.
Avineri S. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. 280 р.
Dale E. Hegel, the End of History, and the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 270 р.
Dickey L. Religion, Economics, and the Politics of Spirit, 1770-1807. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 476 р.
Ferrarin A. Hegel and Aristotle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 468 р.
Gottlieb G. Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right. A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 288 р.
Moggach D. The New Hegelians Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 360 р.
Pinkard T. Hegels phenomenology sociality reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 464 р.
Pippin R. B. Hegel’s practical philosophy. Rational Agency as Ethical Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 308 р.
Shanks A. Hegel’s Political Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 252 р.
Toews J. Hegelianism The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 464 р.
Wood A. Hegel and Marxism. In F. C. Beiser (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Hegel (pp. 414–445). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 522 р.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication of this work under the terms of a license Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
3.gif){kind=logo}
