Hybrid Solitary Waves and Shock Waves for Double-Layered Fluid Flow with Dispersion Triplet: Zaremaoghaddam and Gear-Grimshaw Models (mKdV Equation)
Abstract
The current paper recovers hybrid solitary waves for double–layered shallow water waves with the basic platform being the mKdV equation. The selected models are the Zaremaoghaddam equation and the Gear–Grimshaw equation. The integration algorithm adopted is the generalized exponential differential function method. This yields hybrid waves that emerge from solitary waves, shock waves and the singular solitary waves. The existence criteria for such waves are also presented as parameter constraints.
Downloads
References
A. Biswas, N. Coleman, A. H. Kara, S. Khan, L. Moraru, S. Moldovanu, C. Iticescu & Y. Yıldırım, ”Shallow water waves and conservation laws with dispersion triplet,” Applied Sciences, 12, 3647 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073647
R. I. Joseph & R. Egri, ”Another possible model equation for long waves in nonlinear dispersive systems,” Physics Letters A, 61(7), 429–430 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(77)90739-3
L. Kaur, O. M. K. Al–Dulaimi, F. M. Mohammed, A. J. M. Jawad, M. Abdelkawy, O. González-Gaxiola, A. H. Arnous & A. Biswas, ”Solitary waves and shock waves for double–layered fluid flow with dispersion–triplet: Zaremaoghaddam and Gear–Grimshaw models (KdV equation),” Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14, 95 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-025-00679-x
A. Chertock, A. Kurganov, Z. Qu & T. Wu, ”Three-layer approximation of two-layer shallow water equations,” Mathematical Modelling and Analysis, 18(5), 675–693 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2013.869269
U. S. Fjordholm, ”Energy conservative and stable schemes for the two-layer shallow water equations,” in: Hyperbolic Problems, Series in Contemporary Applied Mathematics, (World Scientific, 2012), pp. 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1142/97898144170990039
Y. S. Kivshar & B. A. Malomed, ”Dynamics of solitons in nearly integrable systems,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 61(4), 763–915 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.61.763
H. Zaremaoghaddam, ”Analytic study for solving coupled KdV equations,” Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 7(6), 1061–1064 (2011). https://idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr7(6)11/36.pdf
A. Biswas, E. V. Krishnan, P. Suarez, A. H. Kara & S. Kumar, ”Solitary waves and conservation laws of Bona–Chen equations,” Indian Journal of Physics, 87(2), 169–175 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-012-0208-x
N. A. Kudryashov & D. I. Sinelshchikov, ”A note on the Lie symmetry analysis and exact solutions for the extended mKdV equation,” Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, 113(1), 41–44 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10440-010-9582-6
C. S. Liu, ”Applications of complete discrimination system for polynomial for classifications of travelingwave solutions to nonlinear differential equations,” Computer Physics Communications, 181(2), 317–324 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2009.10.006
A. D. Polyanin & N. A. Kudryashov, ”Nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations with delay: closed–form and generalized separable solutions,” Contemporary Mathematics, 5(4), 5783–5794 (2024).
X. Y. Tang & S. Y. Lou, ”Extended multilinear variable separation approach and multivalued localized excitations for some (2+1)–dimensional integrable systems,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, 44, 4000–4025 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1598619
H. Triki, A. H. Kara, A. Bhrawy & A. Biswas, ”Soliton solution and conservation law of Gear–Grimshaw model for shallow water waves,” Acta Physica Polonica A, 125(5), 1099–1106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.125.1099
A. M. Wazwaz, ”Multiple soliton solutions and other scientific solutions for a new Painlev´e integrable fifth–order equation,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 196, 116307 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2025.116307
A. E. Green & P. M. Naghdi, ”A derivation of equations for wave propagation in water of variable depth,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 78(2), 237–246 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112076002425
D. Lannes, TheWaterWaves Problem: Mathematical Analysis and Asymptotics, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Vol. 188, (American Mathematical Society 2013).
V. Duchˆene, S. Israwi & R. Talhouk, ”A new class of two-layer Green–Naghdi systems with improved frequency dispersion,” Studies in Applied Mathematics, 137(3), 356–415 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/sapm.12125
V. Duchˆene & S. Israwi, ”Well-posedness of the Green–Naghdi and Boussinesq–Peregrine systems,” Annales Math´ematiques Blaise Pascal, 25(1), 21–74 (2018). https://dx.doi.org/10.5802/ambp.372
W. Choi & R. Camassa, ”Fully nonlinear internal waves in a two-fluid system,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 396, 1–36 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099005820
R. Grimshaw, ”Internal solitary waves,” in: Solitary Waves in Fluids (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 1–27.
W. Craig, P. Guyenne & C. Sulem, ”Coupling between internal and surface waves,” Natural Hazards, 57(3), 617–642 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9535-4
J. Boschan, M. Vincze, I. M. Janosi & T. T´el, ”Nonlinear resonance in barotropic–baroclinic transfer generated by bottom sills,” Physics of Fluids, 24(4), 046601 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3699062
J. Colliander, M. Keel, G. Staffilani, H. Takaoka & T. Tao, ”Sharp global well-posedness for KdV and modified KdV on R and T,” Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 16(3), 705–749 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1090/S0894-0347-03-00421-1
A. Karasu-Kalkanlı, A. Karasu, A. Sakovich, S. Sakovich & R. Turhan, ”A new integrable generalization of the Korteweg–de Vries equation,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, 49(7), 073516 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2953474
W. Ma, ”Long-time asymptotics of a three-component coupled mKdV system,” Mathematics, 7(7), 573 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/math7070573
M. A. Alejo, ”Higher order mKdV breathers,” Proyecciones (Antofagasta), 43(2), 495–520 (2024). https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0717-6279-6048
M. Abdou, ”The extended F-expansion method and its application for a class of nonlinear evolution equations,” Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 31(1), 95–104 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.09.030
H. Zhang & W. Ma, ”Extended transformed rational function method and applications to complexiton solutions,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, 230, 509–515 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2013.12.156
A. Zafar, ”Rational exponential solutions of conformable space-time fractional equal-width equations,” Nonlinear Engineering, 8(1), 350–355 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2018-0076
M. Shakeel, Attaullah, E. R. El-Zahar, N. A. Shah & J. D. Chung, ”Generalized Exp-Function method to find closed form solutions of nonlinear dispersive modified Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation defined by seismic sea waves,” Mathematics, 10(7), 1026 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/math10071026
Copyright (c) 2026 Lakhveer Kaur, O. Gonz´alez-Gaxiola, Ahmed H. Arnous, Husham M. Ahmed, Haitham Alqahtani, Anjan Biswas

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).



