The origins of Achilles image’s devotion by Scythians of the Northern black sea region
Ключові слова:
Achilles cult, Scythian toreutics, Northern black sea region, Indo-European community, cult of snakes, Bosporus
Анотація
The ancient origins of Achilles image popularity of Scythian aristocracy have been examined. Several scenes from the life of Achilles, depicted on the gold plates of gorites and the gold plates of sword scabbards found in six Scythian mounds near Bosporus, are considered. We studied ancient evidence of the connection of Achilles with the Scythians and the Northern black sea region. The necessity of studying the origins of the Achilles image popularity among the Scythians in the Indo-European context is shown. This is because precisely in the Northern black sea region the main events of the formation and collapse of the Indo-European language community took place. Here, from the 4 to 1 Millennium BC, the cult of snakes was continuously spread. This took place consistently in the Trypillya culture, the Catacomb, the Srubnaya, and the Belozersk cultures. Based on this cult in this region the cult of Áhi the Snake, the Supreme deity and the first Ancestor of the early Indo-Europeans (Aryans), was formed. It then served as the Foundation for the Greek Genesis of the image of Pra-Achilles including the formation of his name. It is suggested that Achilles represented in the barbarian environment the relic Aryans (Dandariis, Tauris, Achaeans, Sinds, Maeotians) and among the Scythians of the ancient Northern black sea region the incarnation of Ahi the Serpent – the first Ancestor and Supreme God. This explains the features of Achilles cult in the Northern black sea region compared to the rest of Greece including its close connection with snakes. These representations also served as the basis for significant popularity among barbarians of stories related to Achilles and reflected, in particular, on the products of the Scythian toreutics.
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Посилання
Greek-barbarian toreutics of the Northern black sea region]. Bosporskiy fenomen. Saint-Petersburg, s. 606–613. (In Russian).
Alekseev, A. Yu. 2012. Zoloto skifskikh tsarey iz sobraniya Ermitazha [Gold of the Scythian kings from the Hermitage collection]. Saint-Petersburg, State Hermitage, 272 s. (In Russian).
Alekseev, A. Yu. et al. 1991. Chertomlyk. Skifskiy tsarskiy kurgan IV v. do n. e. [Chertomlyk. Scythian Royal barrow IV century BC] / A. Yu. Alekseev, Murzin, V. Yu., Rolle, R. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 416 s. (In Russian).
Blavatskiy, V. D. 1964. Vozdeystvie antichnoy kultury na strany Severnogo Prichernomorya (v VII–V vv. do n.e.) [The impact of ancient culture on the countries of the Northern black sea region (in the 7–5 centuries BC)]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya. № 2, s. 13–26.
Boltenko, M. F. 1962. Herodoteanea. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomorya. Issue 4, Odessa, s. 16–32. (In Russian).
Braginskaya, N. V. 1993. Kto takie mirmidontsy? [Who are the myrmidons?]. Ot mifa k literature. Moskva, s. 231–256. (In Russian).
Butyagin, A. M. et al. 2016. Mirmekiyskiy sarkofag v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Myrmekion sarcophagus in the collection of the State Hermitage] / A. M. Butyagin, Yu. A. Vinogradov. Saint-Petersburg, State Hermitage, 48 s. (In Russian).
Gamkrelidze, T. V. et al. 1984. Indoevropeyskiy yazyk i indoevropeytsy. Rekonstruktsiya i istorikotipologicheskiy analiz prayazyka i protokultury [Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans. Reconstruction and historical and typological analysis of proto-language and protoculture] / T. V. Gamkrelidze, Vyach.
Vs. Ivanov. Tbilisi, 1409 s. (In Russian).
Cherednichenko, A. G. 2013. K probleme polietnicheskogo sostava Drevney Frakii [On the problem of the polyethnic composition of Ancient Thrace]. Drevnosti 2013. Kharkovskiy istoriko-arkheologicheskiy ezhegodnik. Vol. 12, No 12, s. 8–18. (In Russian).
Kagarov, Ye. G. 2012. Kult fetishey, rasteniy i zhivotnykh v Drevney Gretsii [Cult of fetishes, plants and animals in Ancient Greece]. Moskva, Librokom, 336 s. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2018a. Akhill – bog Severnogo Prichernomorya [Achilles-God of the Northern black sea region]. Izhevsk, Shelest, 416 s. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2017. Kult Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore i Frakiyskiy vsadnik [The cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region and the Thracian horseman]. Novyy Germes. Issue IX, Saint-Petersburg, s. 97–152. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G . 2016a. Kult zmey v Severnom Prichernomore IV–I tysyacheletiy do n.e. [The cult of snakes in the Northern black sea region of the 4–1 millennia BC]. Vіsnik Natsіonalnogo іstorikoarkheologichnogo zapovіdnika «Kam’yana Mogila». Issue I, Zaporіzhzhya, Dike Pole, s. 37–48. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2015. Obraz Zmeya i arkhaicheskiy kult Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore [The image of the Serpent and the archaic cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region]. Novyy Germes. Issue VII, Saint-Petersburg, s. 30–54. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2019. Osobennosti kulta Akhilla v Krymu i na Aziatskom Bospore [Features of the cult of Achilles in the Crimea and the Asian Bosporus]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXIX, Kerch, Simferopol, s. 20–57. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G . 2016b. Ranniy period arkhaicheskogo kulta Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore [Early period of the archaic cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region]. Novyy Germes. Issue VIII, Saint-Petersburg, s. 13–60. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2018b. Fenomen Akhillova Droma [The Achilles Drome Phenomenon]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXVII, Kerch, Simferopol, s. 28–55. (In Russian).
Latyshev, V. V. 1904. Epigraficheskie novosti iz yuzhnoy Rossii (nakhodki 1901–1903 godov) [Epigraphic news from southern Russia ( finds of 1901−1903)]. Izvestiya Imperatorskoy arkheologicheskoy komissii. Issue 10, Saint-Petersburg, s. 1–91. (In Russian).
Liddel, H. G . et al. 1901. Greek-English Lexicon / H.G. Liddel, R. Scott. Eighth edition, revised throughout. New York, Chicago, Cincinat, American book company, 1776 р.
Makovskiy, M. M. 2014. Semiotika yazycheskikh kultov [Semiotics of pagan cults]. − In: Makovskiy M. M. Yazyk kak fenomen [Language as a phenomenon]. Moskva, Lenand, s. 124–168. (In Russian).
Makovskiy, M. M. 1996. Sravnitelnyy slovar mifologicheskoy simvoliki v indoevropeyskikh yazykakh: Obraz mira i mir obrazov [Comparative dictionary of mythological symbolism in Indo-European languages: the image of the world and the world of images]. Moskva, Vlados, 416 s. (In Russian).
Raevskiy, D. S. 1980. Ellinskie bogi v Skifii? (K semanticheskoy kharakteristike greko-skifskogo iskusstva) [Hellenic gods in Scythia? (On the semantic characteristic of Greek-Scythian art)]. Vestnik drevney istorii. No 1, s. 49–71. (In Russian).
Rusyaϵva, A. S. 1971. Kul`tovi predmety` y`z poselennya Bejkush pobly`zu o-va Berezan [Cult objects of the settlement of Bejkush near the island Berezan’]. Arxeologiya, No 2, s. 22–29. (In Ukrainian).
Toporov, V. N. 2010. “Mirovoe derevo”. Opyt semioticheskoy interpretatsii [“World tree”. Experience of semiotic interpretation]. − In: Toporov V. N. Mirovoe derevo: Universalnye znakovye kompleksy [World tree: Universal sign complexes]. Vol. 1, Moskva, s. 210–262. (In Russian).
Toporov, V. N. 1992. Yeshche raz o frakiyskom vsadnike v balkanskoy i indoevropeyskoy perspective [Once again about the Thracian horseman in the Balkan and Indo-European perspective]. Obraz mira v slove i rituale. Balkanskie chteniya – I. Moskva, s. 3–32. (In Russian).
Toporov, V. N. 1990. Ob arkhaicheskom sloe v obraze Akhilla [About the archaic layer in the image of Achilles]. Obraz-smysl v antichnoy culture [Image-meaning in ancient culture]. Moskva, State Museum of Fine Arts, s. 64–95. (In Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I . et al. 1988. Melitopolskiy kurgan [Melitopol barrow] / A. I. Terenozhkin, B. N. Mozolevskiy. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 264 s. (In Russian).
Treyster, M. Yu. 1989. Matritsy iz Pantikapeya (k voprosu o bosporskoy torevtike IV v. do n.e.) [Matrixes from Panticapaeum (on the question of the Bosporan toreutics of the fourth century BC.)]. Kochevniki evraziyskikh stepey i antichnyy mir (problemy kontaktov). Proceedings of the 2nd archaeological seminar.
Novocherkassk, s. 89–101. (In Russian).
Trubachev, O. N. 1999. Indoarica v Severnom Prichernomore [Indoarica in the Northern black sea region]. Moskva, Nauka, 320 s. (In Russian).
Shaub, I. Yu. 2002. Akhill na Bospore [Achilles on the Bosporus]. Bosporskiy fenomen. Part 1, Saint-Petersburg, s. 186–189. (In Russian).
Shaub, I. Yu. 2008. O greko-varvarskikh kontaktakh v religioznoy sfere v Severnom Prichernomore (VII – nachalo III v. do n. e.) [About the Greek-barbarian contacts in the religious sphere in the Northern black sea region (7 – beginning of the 3 century BC)]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 2 “Istoriya”, issue 1, s. 113–120. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2013a. Ocherki etnicheskoy, politicheskoy i kulturnoy istorii Skifii VIII–V vv. do n.e. [Essays on the ethnic, political, and cultural history of Scythia of the 8–5 centuries BC]. Moskva, Onebook.ru , 348 s. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2013b. Skifskiy Akhill v Severnom Prichernomore VIII–V vv. do n. e. i ego indoariyskie istoki [Scythian Achilles in the Northern black sea region of the 8–5 centuries BC and its Indo-Aryan origins]. Drevnosti Bospora. Moskva, Institute of archaeology of the RAS, vol. 17, s. 377–406. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2016. Tri istoriko-onomasticheskikh frakiysko-skifskikh ocherka: alazony, amazonki, Eksampey [Three historical-onomastic Thracian-Scythian essay: the alazonians, the Amazons, the Exampeus]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXIII, Kerch, s. 30–94. (In Russian).
Yemets, I. A. 2005. Graffiti i dipinti iz antichnykh gorodov i poseleniy Bospora Kimmeriyskogo: Tipologiya i metodika issledovaniya [Graffiti and dipinti from ancient cities and settlements of the Cimmerian Bosporus: Typology and research methodology]. Moskva, Sputnik, 242 s. (In Russian).
Alekseev, A. Yu. 2012. Zoloto skifskikh tsarey iz sobraniya Ermitazha [Gold of the Scythian kings from the Hermitage collection]. Saint-Petersburg, State Hermitage, 272 s. (In Russian).
Alekseev, A. Yu. et al. 1991. Chertomlyk. Skifskiy tsarskiy kurgan IV v. do n. e. [Chertomlyk. Scythian Royal barrow IV century BC] / A. Yu. Alekseev, Murzin, V. Yu., Rolle, R. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 416 s. (In Russian).
Blavatskiy, V. D. 1964. Vozdeystvie antichnoy kultury na strany Severnogo Prichernomorya (v VII–V vv. do n.e.) [The impact of ancient culture on the countries of the Northern black sea region (in the 7–5 centuries BC)]. Sovetskaya arkheologiya. № 2, s. 13–26.
Boltenko, M. F. 1962. Herodoteanea. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomorya. Issue 4, Odessa, s. 16–32. (In Russian).
Braginskaya, N. V. 1993. Kto takie mirmidontsy? [Who are the myrmidons?]. Ot mifa k literature. Moskva, s. 231–256. (In Russian).
Butyagin, A. M. et al. 2016. Mirmekiyskiy sarkofag v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha [Myrmekion sarcophagus in the collection of the State Hermitage] / A. M. Butyagin, Yu. A. Vinogradov. Saint-Petersburg, State Hermitage, 48 s. (In Russian).
Gamkrelidze, T. V. et al. 1984. Indoevropeyskiy yazyk i indoevropeytsy. Rekonstruktsiya i istorikotipologicheskiy analiz prayazyka i protokultury [Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans. Reconstruction and historical and typological analysis of proto-language and protoculture] / T. V. Gamkrelidze, Vyach.
Vs. Ivanov. Tbilisi, 1409 s. (In Russian).
Cherednichenko, A. G. 2013. K probleme polietnicheskogo sostava Drevney Frakii [On the problem of the polyethnic composition of Ancient Thrace]. Drevnosti 2013. Kharkovskiy istoriko-arkheologicheskiy ezhegodnik. Vol. 12, No 12, s. 8–18. (In Russian).
Kagarov, Ye. G. 2012. Kult fetishey, rasteniy i zhivotnykh v Drevney Gretsii [Cult of fetishes, plants and animals in Ancient Greece]. Moskva, Librokom, 336 s. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2018a. Akhill – bog Severnogo Prichernomorya [Achilles-God of the Northern black sea region]. Izhevsk, Shelest, 416 s. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2017. Kult Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore i Frakiyskiy vsadnik [The cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region and the Thracian horseman]. Novyy Germes. Issue IX, Saint-Petersburg, s. 97–152. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G . 2016a. Kult zmey v Severnom Prichernomore IV–I tysyacheletiy do n.e. [The cult of snakes in the Northern black sea region of the 4–1 millennia BC]. Vіsnik Natsіonalnogo іstorikoarkheologichnogo zapovіdnika «Kam’yana Mogila». Issue I, Zaporіzhzhya, Dike Pole, s. 37–48. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2015. Obraz Zmeya i arkhaicheskiy kult Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore [The image of the Serpent and the archaic cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region]. Novyy Germes. Issue VII, Saint-Petersburg, s. 30–54. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2019. Osobennosti kulta Akhilla v Krymu i na Aziatskom Bospore [Features of the cult of Achilles in the Crimea and the Asian Bosporus]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXIX, Kerch, Simferopol, s. 20–57. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G . 2016b. Ranniy period arkhaicheskogo kulta Akhilla v Severnom Prichernomore [Early period of the archaic cult of Achilles in the Northern black sea region]. Novyy Germes. Issue VIII, Saint-Petersburg, s. 13–60. (In Russian).
Lazarenko, V. G. 2018b. Fenomen Akhillova Droma [The Achilles Drome Phenomenon]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXVII, Kerch, Simferopol, s. 28–55. (In Russian).
Latyshev, V. V. 1904. Epigraficheskie novosti iz yuzhnoy Rossii (nakhodki 1901–1903 godov) [Epigraphic news from southern Russia ( finds of 1901−1903)]. Izvestiya Imperatorskoy arkheologicheskoy komissii. Issue 10, Saint-Petersburg, s. 1–91. (In Russian).
Liddel, H. G . et al. 1901. Greek-English Lexicon / H.G. Liddel, R. Scott. Eighth edition, revised throughout. New York, Chicago, Cincinat, American book company, 1776 р.
Makovskiy, M. M. 2014. Semiotika yazycheskikh kultov [Semiotics of pagan cults]. − In: Makovskiy M. M. Yazyk kak fenomen [Language as a phenomenon]. Moskva, Lenand, s. 124–168. (In Russian).
Makovskiy, M. M. 1996. Sravnitelnyy slovar mifologicheskoy simvoliki v indoevropeyskikh yazykakh: Obraz mira i mir obrazov [Comparative dictionary of mythological symbolism in Indo-European languages: the image of the world and the world of images]. Moskva, Vlados, 416 s. (In Russian).
Raevskiy, D. S. 1980. Ellinskie bogi v Skifii? (K semanticheskoy kharakteristike greko-skifskogo iskusstva) [Hellenic gods in Scythia? (On the semantic characteristic of Greek-Scythian art)]. Vestnik drevney istorii. No 1, s. 49–71. (In Russian).
Rusyaϵva, A. S. 1971. Kul`tovi predmety` y`z poselennya Bejkush pobly`zu o-va Berezan [Cult objects of the settlement of Bejkush near the island Berezan’]. Arxeologiya, No 2, s. 22–29. (In Ukrainian).
Toporov, V. N. 2010. “Mirovoe derevo”. Opyt semioticheskoy interpretatsii [“World tree”. Experience of semiotic interpretation]. − In: Toporov V. N. Mirovoe derevo: Universalnye znakovye kompleksy [World tree: Universal sign complexes]. Vol. 1, Moskva, s. 210–262. (In Russian).
Toporov, V. N. 1992. Yeshche raz o frakiyskom vsadnike v balkanskoy i indoevropeyskoy perspective [Once again about the Thracian horseman in the Balkan and Indo-European perspective]. Obraz mira v slove i rituale. Balkanskie chteniya – I. Moskva, s. 3–32. (In Russian).
Toporov, V. N. 1990. Ob arkhaicheskom sloe v obraze Akhilla [About the archaic layer in the image of Achilles]. Obraz-smysl v antichnoy culture [Image-meaning in ancient culture]. Moskva, State Museum of Fine Arts, s. 64–95. (In Russian).
Terenozhkin, A. I . et al. 1988. Melitopolskiy kurgan [Melitopol barrow] / A. I. Terenozhkin, B. N. Mozolevskiy. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 264 s. (In Russian).
Treyster, M. Yu. 1989. Matritsy iz Pantikapeya (k voprosu o bosporskoy torevtike IV v. do n.e.) [Matrixes from Panticapaeum (on the question of the Bosporan toreutics of the fourth century BC.)]. Kochevniki evraziyskikh stepey i antichnyy mir (problemy kontaktov). Proceedings of the 2nd archaeological seminar.
Novocherkassk, s. 89–101. (In Russian).
Trubachev, O. N. 1999. Indoarica v Severnom Prichernomore [Indoarica in the Northern black sea region]. Moskva, Nauka, 320 s. (In Russian).
Shaub, I. Yu. 2002. Akhill na Bospore [Achilles on the Bosporus]. Bosporskiy fenomen. Part 1, Saint-Petersburg, s. 186–189. (In Russian).
Shaub, I. Yu. 2008. O greko-varvarskikh kontaktakh v religioznoy sfere v Severnom Prichernomore (VII – nachalo III v. do n. e.) [About the Greek-barbarian contacts in the religious sphere in the Northern black sea region (7 – beginning of the 3 century BC)]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 2 “Istoriya”, issue 1, s. 113–120. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2013a. Ocherki etnicheskoy, politicheskoy i kulturnoy istorii Skifii VIII–V vv. do n.e. [Essays on the ethnic, political, and cultural history of Scythia of the 8–5 centuries BC]. Moskva, Onebook.ru , 348 s. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2013b. Skifskiy Akhill v Severnom Prichernomore VIII–V vv. do n. e. i ego indoariyskie istoki [Scythian Achilles in the Northern black sea region of the 8–5 centuries BC and its Indo-Aryan origins]. Drevnosti Bospora. Moskva, Institute of archaeology of the RAS, vol. 17, s. 377–406. (In Russian).
Yaylenko, V. P. 2016. Tri istoriko-onomasticheskikh frakiysko-skifskikh ocherka: alazony, amazonki, Eksampey [Three historical-onomastic Thracian-Scythian essay: the alazonians, the Amazons, the Exampeus]. Bosporskie issledovaniya. Issue XXXIII, Kerch, s. 30–94. (In Russian).
Yemets, I. A. 2005. Graffiti i dipinti iz antichnykh gorodov i poseleniy Bospora Kimmeriyskogo: Tipologiya i metodika issledovaniya [Graffiti and dipinti from ancient cities and settlements of the Cimmerian Bosporus: Typology and research methodology]. Moskva, Sputnik, 242 s. (In Russian).
Опубліковано
2020-12-04
Як цитувати
Лазаренко, В. (2020). The origins of Achilles image’s devotion by Scythians of the Northern black sea region. Дриновський збірник, 13, 30-39. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2020.13.04
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