The Age of Childhood and Its Periodization in the View of the "Academic Culture" of the Hetmanschyna of the ХVІІІ Century
Keywords:
age, scientific culture, Hetmanschyna, child, childhood, periodization, popular culture
Abstract
The article attempts to find out the age limits of childhood and its periodization in the vision of the learned culture of the Hetmanate. First of all, I tell about religious instruction and philosophical texts that could influence their recipients and contribute to bringing the child's vision to a popular culture. It was established that the most important age-line in this sense was the age of seven, from which man acquired "church capacity" and became responsible for his actions before God. An important age dividend was also the minimum marriage age (14 and 12) years, from which the child was considered sufficiently grown to create a family.
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References
Dyv., napryklad, potuzhnyy istoriohrafichnyy esey: Cunningham H. Histories of Childhood // The American Historical Review. 1998. Vol.103. Issue 4. P. 1195–1208.
Masliychuk V. Dytyna ta holodni roky (stratehiyi dorosloyi ta dytyachoyi povedinky na Pivnichnomu Livoberezhzhi u 80-kh rr. XVIII st.) // Siveryansʹkyy litopys. 2008. № 5. S. 94–99; Serdyuk I. Demohrafichni kharakterystyky dytyachoho naselennya Staroduba za danymy Heneralʹnoho opysu Livoberezhnoyi Ukrayiny 1765–1769 rr. // Naukovi zapysky: zbirnyk pratsʹ molodykh vchenykh ta aspirantiv. Vyp. 17. Kyyiv-Khmelʹnytsʹkyy, 2008. S. 79–100; Serdyuk I. Dytyna y dytynstvo v Hetʹmanshchyni KHVIII st. // Povsyakdennya rannʹomodernoyi Ukrayiny. Istorychni studiyi v 2-kh tomakh. T.1: Praktyky, kazusy ta deviatsiyi povsyakdennya / Vidpovidalʹnyy redaktor Viktor Horobetsʹ. Kyyiv: Instytut istoriyi Ukrayiny NAN Ukrayiny. 2012. S. 57–86.
Chy ne yedynoyu sproboyu doslidyty verkhnyu mezhu dytynstva na osnovi materialiv prava ta sudochynstva ye: Masliychuk V. Vik doroslishannya: pochatok povnoyi kryminalʹnoyi vidpovidalʹnosti v Livoberezhniy ta Slobidsʹkiy Ukrayini u druhiy polovyni KHVIII st. // Ukrayinsʹkyy istorychnyy zhurnal. 2010. № 2. S. 38–42.
Shahar S. Childhood in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 1990. P. 30–31.
Trebnyk mytropolyta Petra Mohyly: U 2 t. [repr. vyd. 1646 r.]. K., 1996. T. 1. S. 727.
Zauvazhu, shcho v rozdili pro shlyuby u Trebnyku vzhyvayetʹsya shche y ponyattya «yunosha», kotrym markuyutʹsya neodruzheni khloptsi, movlyav odruzhuvatysya mozhutʹ «yunoshy» z 15 rokiv. Bilʹshe tsey termin ne pryvʺyazuyetʹsya do yakohosʹ tochnoho viku, odnak bachymo, shcho ydetʹsya chastkovo i pro pidlitkovyy. Dyv.: Tam samo. S. 359.
Tam samo. S. 727. Uyavlennya pro dytyachu bez·hrishnistʹ potrebuyutʹ okremoho fakhovoho doslidzhennya, mova mozhe yty pro bahato aspektiv, zokrema y pro semantychne pole «opysuvannya» bez·hrishnosti na riznykh rivnyakh. Tak, toy zhe Klymentiy Zinoviyiv uzhyvaye ponyattya «nepyamyatozlobye» u spetsialʹnomi virshi «Ō nepamyatozlóbiya(kh) dytýnnykhʺ». Dyv.: Zinoviyiv K. Virshi. Prypovisti pospolyti / uporyad; I. Chepiha, V. Kolosova. K., 1971. S. 129.
Dyv., napr.: Tsentralʹnyy derzhavnyy istorychnyy arkhiv Ukrayiny, m. Kyyiv (dali – TSDIAK Ukrayiny). F. 990. Op.1. Spr. 284.
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F.127. Op.1020. Spr.3568. Ark.2zv.
Shahar S. Childhood in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 1990. P. 30–31.
Kovalynsʹkyy M. Zhyznʹ Hryhoryiya Skovorody. Pysana 1794 hoda v drevnem vkuse // Skovoroda Hryhoriy. Povna akademichna zbirka tvoriv / Za redaktsiyeyu prof. Leonida Ushkalova. KH.: Maydan, 2010. S. 1344.
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F .990. Op. 1. Spr. 764. Ark. 107.
Abo zh yiyi «zhinochoho» variantu: «mladenytsa» – «otrokovytsa» – «devka».
Derzhavnyy arkhiv Poltavsʹkoyi oblasti (dali – DAPO). F. 1011. Op. 1. Spr. 157. Ark. 42–63.
Dyv. napr.: Tam samo. Ark. 47 zv., 61–61zv.
Tam samo. Ark. 42. Vykhodytʹ, shcho svyashchenyk (yakshcho vin viv zapysy vlasnoruch) chomusʹ zapysav svoho pomerloho syna «mladentsem», todi, koly inshykh pysav molodykamy. Z inshoho boku, tse mohlo buty spivpadinnyam, abo yakosʹ povʺyazano z tym, shcho tse vzahali pershyy zapys u knyzi «o usopshykh».
Dyv. napr.: Tam samo. Ark. 45–45 zv., 49 zv.
Tse lohichno, adzhe dlya Tserkvy shlyub, poryad iz khreshchennyam ta smertyu, buv nayvazhlyvishoyu podiyeyu v zhytti lyudyny, tozh vstup u shlyubnyy vik odnoznachno znamenuvav soboyu nastupnyy etap zhyttya.
Tam samo. F. 1011. Op. 1. Spr. 158. Ark. 20.
Tam samo. Ark. 20, 27 zv.
Oznacheni markery zastosovuvalysya do ditey bez batʹkiv. Yakshcho zh rodyna meshkala u «povnomu» skladi, to nashchadky pryvʺyazuvalysya do batʹkiv markerom «dety eho».
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F .57. Op. 1. Spr. 148a. Ark. 17 zv.
Tam samo. Ark. 86zv.
YA svidomyy, shcho tse duzhe skhematychni ta umovni podily, a mezha mizh takymy dyskursamy mozhe buty nevlovymoyu. Pro tse, nekhay i bezvidnosno do dytynstva, hovoryv Klymentiy Zinoviyiv – mandrivnyy svyashchenyk i poet (kintsya KHVII – pochatku KHVIII st.): «Bo v prosto(h)[o] muzhykà prosty(y) éstʺ ōbycha(y), a v pysme(n)nykhʺosobny(y) polѣty(ch)ny(y) zvýcha(y)». Dyv.: Zinoviyiv K. Virshi. Prypovisti pospolyti / uporyad.; I. Chepiha, V. Kolosova. K., 1971. S. 90.
Na zhalʹ, ya ne mozhu pereviryty yak «malʹchyk» fihuruvav u shchodennyku Danyla Apostola v oryhinali, tozh mushu dovirytysya perekladu. Dyv.: Shchodennyk Andriya ta Fedora Kyrnetsʹkykh, svyashchenykiv Svyato-Mykolayivsʹkoyi tserkvy s. Khovzovky Hlukhivsʹkoho povitu Novhorod-Siversʹkoho namisnytstva (hrudenʹ 1787 – zhovtenʹ 1788 rr.) / Upor. ta vstupna stattya I. Sytoho. Chernihiv, 2006.
Tsya ideya ye odnym iz osnovnykh leytmotyviv vidomoyi knyhy Filipa Arʺyesa: Arʹes F. Rebenok y semeynaya zhyznʹ pry starom poryadke. Ekaterynburh: Yzdatelʹstvo Uralʹskoho unyversyteta, 1999.
Ydetʹsya pro nevelyke kolo fakhovykh doslidnykiv osvity v Hetʹmanshchyni, ale zhodnoyu miroyu ne pro tak zvanykh «istorykiv» pedahohiky.
Yaremenko M. «Akademiky» ta Akademiya. Sotsialʹna istoriya osvity y osvichenosti v Ukrayini KHVIII st. Kharkiv: Akta, 2014. S. 60.
Tam samo. S. 64.
Cunningham H. Histories of Childhood // The American Historical Review. 1998. Vol. 103. Issue 4. P. 1195–1208.
Burrow J. A. The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 34. Vzahali vsya tsya knyha prysvyachena doslidzhennyu kontseptiv viku ta yoho periodyzatsiy. Entoni Barrou proanalizuvav velykyy masyv serednʹovichnykh tekstiv (literaturnoho, relihiynoho, medychnoho, politychnoho kharakteru), zobrazhenʹ toshcho i diyshov do vysnovku, shcho – rizni periodyzatsiyi, kotri proponuvaly try, chotyry … sim stadiy, vse rivno gruntuyutʹsya na numerolohihiyi, pryvʺyazuyuchysʹ chy to do semy planet, chy to kanonichnoho tsyklu, chy do chotyrʹokh ridyn orhanizmu. Bilʹsh kontsentrovano dyv. napr. retsenziyu na knyhu: Penny S. Gold. Review of «The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought» // The American Historical Review. 1988. №93(3). R. 677–677.
Vykorystannya takykh ponyatʹ v riznykh sferakh kulʹtury ta dilovodstva v Yevropi epokhy Vidrodzhennya bulo vazhlyvym arhumentom v krytytsi teoriyi Arʺye doslidnytseyu Barbaroyu Khanavalt. Dyv.: Hanawalt B. The Child in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance // Koops W., Zuckerman M., eds. Beyong the Century of the Child: Cultural History and Developmental Psycholodgy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. P. 33.
Masliychuk V. Dytyna ta holodni roky (stratehiyi dorosloyi ta dytyachoyi povedinky na Pivnichnomu Livoberezhzhi u 80-kh rr. XVIII st.) // Siveryansʹkyy litopys. 2008. № 5. S. 94–99; Serdyuk I. Demohrafichni kharakterystyky dytyachoho naselennya Staroduba za danymy Heneralʹnoho opysu Livoberezhnoyi Ukrayiny 1765–1769 rr. // Naukovi zapysky: zbirnyk pratsʹ molodykh vchenykh ta aspirantiv. Vyp. 17. Kyyiv-Khmelʹnytsʹkyy, 2008. S. 79–100; Serdyuk I. Dytyna y dytynstvo v Hetʹmanshchyni KHVIII st. // Povsyakdennya rannʹomodernoyi Ukrayiny. Istorychni studiyi v 2-kh tomakh. T.1: Praktyky, kazusy ta deviatsiyi povsyakdennya / Vidpovidalʹnyy redaktor Viktor Horobetsʹ. Kyyiv: Instytut istoriyi Ukrayiny NAN Ukrayiny. 2012. S. 57–86.
Chy ne yedynoyu sproboyu doslidyty verkhnyu mezhu dytynstva na osnovi materialiv prava ta sudochynstva ye: Masliychuk V. Vik doroslishannya: pochatok povnoyi kryminalʹnoyi vidpovidalʹnosti v Livoberezhniy ta Slobidsʹkiy Ukrayini u druhiy polovyni KHVIII st. // Ukrayinsʹkyy istorychnyy zhurnal. 2010. № 2. S. 38–42.
Shahar S. Childhood in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 1990. P. 30–31.
Trebnyk mytropolyta Petra Mohyly: U 2 t. [repr. vyd. 1646 r.]. K., 1996. T. 1. S. 727.
Zauvazhu, shcho v rozdili pro shlyuby u Trebnyku vzhyvayetʹsya shche y ponyattya «yunosha», kotrym markuyutʹsya neodruzheni khloptsi, movlyav odruzhuvatysya mozhutʹ «yunoshy» z 15 rokiv. Bilʹshe tsey termin ne pryvʺyazuyetʹsya do yakohosʹ tochnoho viku, odnak bachymo, shcho ydetʹsya chastkovo i pro pidlitkovyy. Dyv.: Tam samo. S. 359.
Tam samo. S. 727. Uyavlennya pro dytyachu bez·hrishnistʹ potrebuyutʹ okremoho fakhovoho doslidzhennya, mova mozhe yty pro bahato aspektiv, zokrema y pro semantychne pole «opysuvannya» bez·hrishnosti na riznykh rivnyakh. Tak, toy zhe Klymentiy Zinoviyiv uzhyvaye ponyattya «nepyamyatozlobye» u spetsialʹnomi virshi «Ō nepamyatozlóbiya(kh) dytýnnykhʺ». Dyv.: Zinoviyiv K. Virshi. Prypovisti pospolyti / uporyad; I. Chepiha, V. Kolosova. K., 1971. S. 129.
Dyv., napr.: Tsentralʹnyy derzhavnyy istorychnyy arkhiv Ukrayiny, m. Kyyiv (dali – TSDIAK Ukrayiny). F. 990. Op.1. Spr. 284.
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F.127. Op.1020. Spr.3568. Ark.2zv.
Shahar S. Childhood in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 1990. P. 30–31.
Kovalynsʹkyy M. Zhyznʹ Hryhoryiya Skovorody. Pysana 1794 hoda v drevnem vkuse // Skovoroda Hryhoriy. Povna akademichna zbirka tvoriv / Za redaktsiyeyu prof. Leonida Ushkalova. KH.: Maydan, 2010. S. 1344.
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F .990. Op. 1. Spr. 764. Ark. 107.
Abo zh yiyi «zhinochoho» variantu: «mladenytsa» – «otrokovytsa» – «devka».
Derzhavnyy arkhiv Poltavsʹkoyi oblasti (dali – DAPO). F. 1011. Op. 1. Spr. 157. Ark. 42–63.
Dyv. napr.: Tam samo. Ark. 47 zv., 61–61zv.
Tam samo. Ark. 42. Vykhodytʹ, shcho svyashchenyk (yakshcho vin viv zapysy vlasnoruch) chomusʹ zapysav svoho pomerloho syna «mladentsem», todi, koly inshykh pysav molodykamy. Z inshoho boku, tse mohlo buty spivpadinnyam, abo yakosʹ povʺyazano z tym, shcho tse vzahali pershyy zapys u knyzi «o usopshykh».
Dyv. napr.: Tam samo. Ark. 45–45 zv., 49 zv.
Tse lohichno, adzhe dlya Tserkvy shlyub, poryad iz khreshchennyam ta smertyu, buv nayvazhlyvishoyu podiyeyu v zhytti lyudyny, tozh vstup u shlyubnyy vik odnoznachno znamenuvav soboyu nastupnyy etap zhyttya.
Tam samo. F. 1011. Op. 1. Spr. 158. Ark. 20.
Tam samo. Ark. 20, 27 zv.
Oznacheni markery zastosovuvalysya do ditey bez batʹkiv. Yakshcho zh rodyna meshkala u «povnomu» skladi, to nashchadky pryvʺyazuvalysya do batʹkiv markerom «dety eho».
TSDIAK Ukrayiny. F .57. Op. 1. Spr. 148a. Ark. 17 zv.
Tam samo. Ark. 86zv.
YA svidomyy, shcho tse duzhe skhematychni ta umovni podily, a mezha mizh takymy dyskursamy mozhe buty nevlovymoyu. Pro tse, nekhay i bezvidnosno do dytynstva, hovoryv Klymentiy Zinoviyiv – mandrivnyy svyashchenyk i poet (kintsya KHVII – pochatku KHVIII st.): «Bo v prosto(h)[o] muzhykà prosty(y) éstʺ ōbycha(y), a v pysme(n)nykhʺosobny(y) polѣty(ch)ny(y) zvýcha(y)». Dyv.: Zinoviyiv K. Virshi. Prypovisti pospolyti / uporyad.; I. Chepiha, V. Kolosova. K., 1971. S. 90.
Na zhalʹ, ya ne mozhu pereviryty yak «malʹchyk» fihuruvav u shchodennyku Danyla Apostola v oryhinali, tozh mushu dovirytysya perekladu. Dyv.: Shchodennyk Andriya ta Fedora Kyrnetsʹkykh, svyashchenykiv Svyato-Mykolayivsʹkoyi tserkvy s. Khovzovky Hlukhivsʹkoho povitu Novhorod-Siversʹkoho namisnytstva (hrudenʹ 1787 – zhovtenʹ 1788 rr.) / Upor. ta vstupna stattya I. Sytoho. Chernihiv, 2006.
Tsya ideya ye odnym iz osnovnykh leytmotyviv vidomoyi knyhy Filipa Arʺyesa: Arʹes F. Rebenok y semeynaya zhyznʹ pry starom poryadke. Ekaterynburh: Yzdatelʹstvo Uralʹskoho unyversyteta, 1999.
Ydetʹsya pro nevelyke kolo fakhovykh doslidnykiv osvity v Hetʹmanshchyni, ale zhodnoyu miroyu ne pro tak zvanykh «istorykiv» pedahohiky.
Yaremenko M. «Akademiky» ta Akademiya. Sotsialʹna istoriya osvity y osvichenosti v Ukrayini KHVIII st. Kharkiv: Akta, 2014. S. 60.
Tam samo. S. 64.
Cunningham H. Histories of Childhood // The American Historical Review. 1998. Vol. 103. Issue 4. P. 1195–1208.
Burrow J. A. The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 34. Vzahali vsya tsya knyha prysvyachena doslidzhennyu kontseptiv viku ta yoho periodyzatsiy. Entoni Barrou proanalizuvav velykyy masyv serednʹovichnykh tekstiv (literaturnoho, relihiynoho, medychnoho, politychnoho kharakteru), zobrazhenʹ toshcho i diyshov do vysnovku, shcho – rizni periodyzatsiyi, kotri proponuvaly try, chotyry … sim stadiy, vse rivno gruntuyutʹsya na numerolohihiyi, pryvʺyazuyuchysʹ chy to do semy planet, chy to kanonichnoho tsyklu, chy do chotyrʹokh ridyn orhanizmu. Bilʹsh kontsentrovano dyv. napr. retsenziyu na knyhu: Penny S. Gold. Review of «The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought» // The American Historical Review. 1988. №93(3). R. 677–677.
Vykorystannya takykh ponyatʹ v riznykh sferakh kulʹtury ta dilovodstva v Yevropi epokhy Vidrodzhennya bulo vazhlyvym arhumentom v krytytsi teoriyi Arʺye doslidnytseyu Barbaroyu Khanavalt. Dyv.: Hanawalt B. The Child in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance // Koops W., Zuckerman M., eds. Beyong the Century of the Child: Cultural History and Developmental Psycholodgy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. P. 33.
Published
2019-07-18
How to Cite
Сердюк, І. (2019). The Age of Childhood and Its Periodization in the View of the "Academic Culture" of the Hetmanschyna of the ХVІІІ Century. Drinovsky Sbornik, 11, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.7546/DS.2018.11.06
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