Influence of the sodium fluoride on the development and survival of the loach embryos
Abstract
Background: The study of fluoride effects at the cellular level is still essential for biophysics, medicine, and ecology as one of the most common environmental pollutants. Its impact on embryonic objects is poorly understood.
Objectives: The aim of the work was: 1) to study the effect of sodium fluoride (in the minimum concentration to inhibit growth) on the morphological development of loaсh embryos; 2) evaluation of the degree of survival of embryos in the presence of sodium fluoride in the incubation medium and determination of the coefficient Ks.
Materials and methods: Ovulation in loach females (Misgurnus fossilis L.) was stimulated by intramuscular injection of female chorionic gonadotropin (500 units), eggs were obtained by 36 h after stimulation, fertilized in Petri dishes with a suspension of sperm according to Neifach A. A. The stages of development were observed visually used a binocular microscope MBS-9 with a photo camera. The experimental embryos were incubated in Goltfreter's solution with the addition of sodium fluoride to a final minimum concentration to inhibit growth of 500 μmol/l.
Results: Sodium fluoride inhibits the development of loach embryos and leads to developmental defects. The noticeable developmental defects caused by sodium fluoride were a reduction in the size of the larvae's head and tail, low body pigmentation, changes in the eye diameter, and embryonic touch reflex. As a result of the accumulation of fluoride in embryonic cells, on the third day of development, embryonic mortality increased to 88,9%. On 12 days under the action of sodium fluoride, the total number of larvae was about 2%.
Conclusions: The ability of NaF to act as a direct teratogen was tested on the cold-blooded embryo model, the same effect was found by other investigators on the FETAX model. The possibility that sodium fluoride may cause toxic and/or neuromuscular developmental defects in human embryos also should be considered. Avoiding excessive getting of fluoride in the body by limiting the consumption of foods or beverages high in fluoride, the use of fluoride in dental care products, etc. requires detailed assessment.
Downloads
References
Barbier O, Arreola-Mendoza L, Del Razo LM. Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;188(2): 319–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.011
Sharma D, Singh A, Verma K, Paliwal S, Sharma S, Dwivedi J. Fluoride: A review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;56:297–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.10.008
Whitford GM. Intake and metabolism of fluoride. Adv Dent Res. 1994;8(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080011001
Palczewska-Komsa M, Kalisińska E, Stogiera A, Szmidt M. Fluorides in the human bones – selected issues. Pomeranian J Life Sci. 2016;62(1):53–9. (in Polish)
Chouhan S, Lomash V, Flora SJS. Fluoride-induced changes in haem biosynthesis pathway, neurological variables and tissue histopathology of rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2010;30(1):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1474
Cicek E, Aydin G, Akdogan M, Okutan H. Effects of chronic ingestion of sodium fluoride on myocardium in a second generation of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2005;24(2):79–87. https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0960327105ht505oa
McIlwain BC, Ruprecht MT, Stockbridge RB. Membrane Exporters of Fluoride Ion. Annu Rev Biochem. 2021;90:559–79. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-071520-112507
Berbasova T, Nallur S, Sells T, Smith KD, Gordon PB, Tausta SL, et al. Fluoride export (FEX) proteins from fungi, plants and animals are 'single barreled' channels containing one functional and one vestigial ion pore. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0177096. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177096
Wang AG, Xia T, Chu QL, Zhang M, Liu F, Chen XM, et al. Effects of fluoride on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptosis in human embryo hepatocytes. Biomed Environ Sci. 2004;17(2):217–22.
Ha J, Chu Q, Wang A, Xia T, Yang K. Effects on DNA damage and apoptosis and p53 protein expression induced by fluoride in human embryo hepatocytes. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2004;33(4):400–2. (in Chinese)
Jeng JH, Hsieh CC, Lan WH, Chang MC, Lin SK, Hahn LJ, et al. Cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride on human oral mucosal fibroblasts and its mechanisms. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1998;14:383–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007591426267
Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Molecular Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by Inorganic Fluoride. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012:403835. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/403835
Toft G, Rignell-Hydbom A, Tyrkiel E, Shvets M, Giwercman A, Lindh CН, et al. Semen quality and exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants. Epidemiology. 2006;17(4):450–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000221769.41028.d2
Hansen C, Luben TJ, Sacks JD, Olshan A, Jeffay S, Strader L, et al. The effect of ambient air pollution on sperm quality. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(2):203–9. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901022
Ghosh S, Ghosh D. Impact of fluoride toxicity on fresh water fishes: A mini review. Int J Adv Innov Res. 2019;6(2(II)):13–8. Available from: https://iaraedu.com/pdf/ijair-volume-6-issue-2-ii-april-june-2019.pdf
Cao J, Chen J, Wang J, Wu X, Li Y, Xie L. Tissue distributions of fluoride and its toxicity in the gills of a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio. Aquat Toxicol. 2012;130–131:68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.11.022
Bhatnagar C, Bhatnagar M, Regar BC. Fluoride-induced histopathological changes in gill, kidney, and intestine of fresh water teleost, Labeo rohita. Fluoride. 2007;40(1):55–61.
Shi X, Zhuang Р, Zhang L, Feng G, Chen L, Liu J, et al. Growth inhibition of Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser Baerii) from dietry and waterborne fluoride. Fluoride. 2009;42(2):137–41. Available from: https://www.fluorideresearch.org/422/files/FJ2009_v42_n2_p137-141.pdf
Vishal R, Gaur R. Impact of high sodium fluoride concentration on length-weight relationship and condition factor in Puntius ticto of lake Nainital, India. Journal of Global Biosciences. 2015;4(1):1180–5. Available from: https://www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.04/1/09.pdf
Chen S, Boling L, Lin S, Huang Y, et. al. Change of urinary fluoride and bone metabolism indicators in the endemic fluorosis areas of southern china after supplying low fluoride public water. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:156. Availble from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/156
Bajpai S, Tripathi M. Retardation of growth after fluoride exposure in catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). In: Bioresources Rural Livelihood. Vol-I Genetics, Biochemistry and Toxicology. 2010. Bio-Green Books. P. 67–173.
Yadav SS, Kumar R, Tripathi M. Effects of fluoride exposure on some enzymatic and histopathological changes in the liver of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Int J Fauna Biol Stud. 2014;1(5):80–4. Available from: https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2014/vol1issue5/PartB/16.1-632.pdf
Kale MD, Muley DV. Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fish Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodium Fluoride (NAF). IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol. 2015;9:48–52. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-09134852
Tripathi N, Bajpai S, Tripathi M. Genotoxic alterations induced by Fluoride in Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Fluoride. 2009;42(4):292–6. Available from: https://fluorideresearch.org/424/424/files/FJ2009_v42_n4_ p292-296.pdf
Ghosh S, Pal S, Ghosh D, Saha K, Syamal AK. Hepatotoxic effects of Sodium Fluoride on Channapunctatus. Int J Sci Res Rev. 2018;7(3):1458–69. Available from: https://www.ijsrr.org/down_1316.php
Fu M, Wu X, He J, Zhang Y, Hua S. Natrium Fluoride Influences Methylation Modifications and Induces Apoptosis in Mouse Early Embryos. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(17):10398–405. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503026e
Izquierdo-Vega JA, Sanchez-Gutierrez M, Del Razo LM. Decreased in vitro fertility in male rats exposed to fluoride-induced oxidative stress damage and mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;230(3):352–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.008
Spittle B. Halting the inertia of indifference: fluoride and fertility revisited. Fluoride. 2009;42(3):159–61. Available from: https://www.fluorideresearch.org/423/files/FJ2009_v42_n3_p159-161.pdf
Sun Z, Niu R, Su K, Wang B, Wang J, Zhang J, et al. Effects of sodium fluoride on hyperactivation and Ca2+ signaling pathway in sperm from mice: an in vivo study. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84:353–61 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-009-0508-x
Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility in mammal: the focusing of tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphotyrosine proteins. J Proteome Res. 2014;13(11):4505–17. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr500524p
Bantle JA, Finch RA, Fort DJ, Stover EL, Hull M, Kumsher-King M, et al. Phase III interlaboratory study of FETAX part 3. FETAX validation using 12 compounds with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1999;19(6):447–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199911/12)19:6%3C447::aid-jat601%3E3.0.co;2-4
Fort DJ, Stover EL, Farmer DR, Lemen JK. Assessing the predictive validity of frog embryo teratogenesis assay – Xenopus (FETAX). Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 2000;20(2):87–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(2000)20:2%3C87::AID-TCM4%3E3.0.CO;2-6
Goyda ОА. Biofizicheskiye aspekty rannego ontogeneza zhivotnykh. [Biophysical aspects of animal early ontogenesis] Kiev: Naukova dumka; 1993. 224 p. (In Russian).
Boіko N, Celevycz M, Sanagurski D. The heavy metal ion influence on the Na+, K+-АТPase activity and the dynamic of transmembrane potential of loach embryos. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series. 2002;29:25–31. (In Ukrainian).
Semoсhko О, Bura М, Mandzynets S, Ferensovich Y, Bilyj О, Sanagurski D. Morphological changes loach embryos and larvae Misgurnus fossilis L. for action with led blue type light. Bіophysical bulletin. 2010;24:103–10. (In Ukrainian). Available from: https://periodicals.karazin.ua/biophysvisnyk/article/view/3998/3557
Verholyas MR, Honcharuk VV. Vykorystannya tsytolohichnykh biomarkeriv na rybakh dlya otsinky antropohennoho zahryaznennya morsʹkykh ta prisnykh vod [переклад англійською]. In: Kunakha VA, et all, editors. Faktory eksperymentalʹnoyi evolyutsiyi orhanizmiv: zb. nauk. pratsʹ [переклад англійською]. 2008;4:60–3 (In Ukrainian).
Neifakh АА, Timofeeva МYa. Problemy regulyatsii v molekulyarnoy biologii razvitiya. [Molecular Biology of Development: Problems of regulation]. M.: Nauka; 1978. 336 p. (In Russian).
OECD. Test No. 212: Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. Paris: OECD Publishing, 1998. 20 р. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264070141-en
Goh EH, Neff AW. Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(11):1501–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00166-2
Belousov LV, Dabyagan NV, Chunaeva MZ. Posobiye k bol'shomu praktikumu po embriologii [The manual for a large workshop on the embryology]. М.: MSU Publishing House, 1990; P.1. 104 p. (In Russian).
Glants S. Mediko-biologicheskaya statistika [Medical and biological statistics]. M.: Praktika, 1998. 459 р. (In Russian).
Shi J, Dai G, Zhang Z. Relationship between bone fluoride content, pathological change in bone of aborted fetuses and maternal fluoride level. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995;29(2):103–5. (in Chinese)
Zhukova AG, Ulanova EV, Shcherbakova DA, Yadykina TK. Dynamics of compensatory mechanisms at early stages of fluorine intoxications. Technologies of living systems. 2011;8(1):10–7. (in Russian)
Yang S, Wang Z, Farquharson C, Alkasir R, Zahra M, Ren G, et al. Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis and alters bcl-2 family protein expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;410(4):910–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.094
Camargo JA. Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: a review. Chemosphere. 2003;50(3):251–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00498-8
DenBesten P, Li W. Chronic Fluoride Toxicity: Dental Fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:81–96. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327028
Bagday А, Zdvizhkov Y, Mandzynets S, Bura M. Morphological aspects of influence of newlysynthesized polymers on the development of loach embryos and larvae during early embryogenesis. Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series. 2014;68:69–78. (In Ukrainian). Available from: http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/biology/article/view/4503/4541
Chowdhury C, Khijmatgar S, Kumari DP, Chowdhury A, Grootveld M, Hegde C, et al. Fluoride in fish flesh, fish bone and regular diet in south-coastal area of Karnataka state of India. Indian J Dent Res. 2018;29(4):414–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_653_16
Pak CY, Zerwekh JE, Antich P. Anabolic effects of fluoride on bone. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1995;6(7):229–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(95)00111-t
Lau KHW, Baylink DJ. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Fluoride on Bone Cells. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(11):1660–7. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.11.1660
Tripathi A, Tripathi N, Kumar A, Tripathi M. Effect of fluoride on vertebral coloumn of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus. J Appl Biosci, 2006;32(2):164–7.
Strunecka A, Patocka J, Blaylock RL, Chinoy NJ. Fluoride interactions: From molecules to disease. Current Signal Transduction Therapy. 2007;2(3):190–213. https://doi.org/10.2174/157436207781745300
Dumont JN, Schultz TW, Buchanan MV, Kao GL. Frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX)-A short-term assay applicable to complex environmental mixtures. In: Waters MD, Sandhu SS, Lewtas J, Claxton L, Chernoff N, Nesnow S. (eds) Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures III. Environmental Science Research, vol 27:393-405. Springer, Boston, MA. 1983. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3611-2_27
Mullenix PJ, Denbesten PK, Schunior A, Kernan WJ. Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995;17(2):169-77. https://10.1016/0892-0362(94)00070-t
Bartos M, Gumilar F, Bras C, Gallegos CE, Giannuzzi L, CancelaLM, et al. Neurobehavioural effects of exposure to fluoride in the earliest stages of rat development. Physiol Behav. 2015;147:205-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.044
Varner JA, Jensen KF, Horvath W, Isaacson RL. Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alteration in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Res. 1998;784(1–2):284–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01336-x
Takahashi K. Fluoride-linked Down syndrome births and their estimated occurrence due to water fluoridation. Fluoride 1998;31(2):61–73. Available from: https://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/takahashi-1998.pdf
Kravtsova VV, Kravtsov OV. Inactivation of Na+,K+-ATPase from cattle brain by sodium fluoride. Ukr Biokhem J. 2004;76(1):39–47. (In Ukrainian) Available from: http://ubj.biochemistry.org.ua/index.php/en/journal-archive/2004/n-1-january-february-79760/592-inactivation-of-n-ase-from-cattle-brain-by-sodium-fluoride-kravtsova-vv-kravtsov-av
Waugh DT. Fluoride exposure induces inhibition of sodium-and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) enzyme activity: Molecular mechanisms and implications for public health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081427
Guna Sherlin DM, Verma RJ. Vitamin D ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001;23(2):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0892-0362(00)00123-9
Blakely TA, Woodward AJ. Ecological effects in multi-level studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(5):367–374. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.5.367
Zeiger E, Shelby MD, Witt KL. Genetic toxicity of fluoride. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1993;21(4):309–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.2850210402
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
