Determining the relationship between the speed of motion of large permanent magnets and the trajectory of implants in magnetic stereotaxic systems
Abstract
Background: The magnetic stereotaxic system is a new type of neurosurgical intervention that is in the experimental stage. This method allows the implant to be controlled non-contact by an external magnetic field, allowing it to move along an arbitrary trajectory to a lesion located in a deep structure of the brain tissue to deliver hyperthermia to the lesion site or deliver medication through a catheter. In previous studies, we have found that it is completely feasible for the implant to move along the arc trajectory, so we need to determine the relationship between the movement speed of the large permanent magnet that constitutes the external magnetic field and the implant movement trajectory, so as to control the implant movement more precisely.
Objectives: Investigate the effect of the speed of motion of large permanent magnets, which constitute the external magnetic field, on the trajectory of implants (small permanent magnets).
Materials and Methods: Firstly, three sets of computer simulation experiments were conducted, each group of experiments only changed the operating speed of large permanent magnets, and the changes in the trajectories of small and medium-sized permanent magnets in the three sets of experiments were observed and compared. After that practical experiments are carried out to validate the results of the computer simulation experiments by means of the slide rail system controlled by an Arduino microcontroller.
Results: The relationship between the moving speed of the large permanent magnet and the trajectory of the small permanent magnet was determined by simulation experiments, and the changes in the strength of the surrounding magnetic field during the movement of the implant were calculated. Afterwards, it was verified by practical experiments. The faster the large permanent magnet moves, the shorter the distance that the small permanent magnet moves along the linear trajectory, and the longer the distance that moves along the arc trajectory; The slower the large permanent magnet moves, the longer the small permanent magnet travels along a straight trajectory and the shorter the distance it travels along an arc trajectory.
Conclusions: In this research, we have determined the relationship between the running speed of the large permanent magnet that constitutes the external magnetic field and the implant's moving trajectory by combining computer simulation experiments with practical experiments, i.e., the faster the large permanent magnet moves, the shorter the implant's moving distance is along a straight line trajectory, and the longer the moving distance is along a curved line trajectory. This means that we can control the distance and steering angle of the implant more accurately, which makes the study of the magnetic stereotaxic system further, and lays a theoretical foundation and provides a large amount of experimental data for the implant to be able to reach the diseased site located in the deep structure of the brain tissue along complex pathways in neurosurgical interventions with the participation of the magnetic stereotaxic system.
Downloads
References
Grady SM, Howard III MA, Broaddus WC, Molloy JA, Ritter RC, Quate EG, Gillies GT. Magnetic stereotaxis: a technique to deliver stereotactic hyperthermia. Neurosurgery. 1990 Dec 1;27(6):1010–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199012000-00026
Nelson BJ, Gervasoni S, Chiu PW, Zhang L, Zemmar A. Magnetically actuated medical robots: An in vivo perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2022 Apr 28;110(7):1028–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2022.3165713
Grady MS, Howard MA, Dacey RG, Blume W, Lawson M, Werp P, Ritter RC. Experimental study of the magnetic stereotaxis system for catheter manipulation within the brain. Journal of neurosurgery. 2000 Aug 1;93(2):282–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0282
Avrunin O, Tymkovych M, Semenets V, Piatykop V. Computed tomography dataset analysis for stereotaxic neurosurgery navigation. In: 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers (CAOL); 2019 Sep 6; IEEE. p. 606–9).. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAOL46282.2019.9019459
Avrunin OG, Alkhorayef M, Saied HF, Tymkovych MY. The surgical navigation system with optical position determination technology and sources of errors. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics. 2015 Aug 1;5(4):689–96. https://doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2015.1444
Avrunin OG, Tymkovych MY, Moskovko SP, Romanyuk SO, Kotyra A, Smailova S. Using a priori data for segmentation anatomical structures of the brain. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny. 2017 May 1;3:102–5. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2017.05.20
Chen Y, Godage I, Su H, Song A, Yu H. Stereotactic systems for MRI-guided neurosurgeries: a state-of-the-art review. Annals of biomedical engineering. 2019 Feb 15;47:335–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02158-0
Withers PJ, Bouman C, Carmignato S, Cnudde V, Grimaldi D, Hagen CK, Maire E, Manley M, Du Plessis A, Stock SR. X-ray computed tomography. Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2021 Feb 25;1(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00015-4
Hankun J, Avrunin O. Explore the feasibility study of magnetic stereotaxic system. Optoelectronic Information-Power Technologies. 2023 Sep;45(1):86–96. https://doi.org/10.31649/1681-7893-2023-45-1-86-96
Hankun J, Avrunin O. Possibilities of Field Formation by Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Stereotactic Systems. In: 2022 IEEE 3rd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek); 2022 Oct 3; IEEE. p. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/KhPIWeek57572.2022.9916450
O’Reilly T, Teeuwisse WM, de Gans D, Koolstra K, Webb AG. In vivo 3D brain and extremity MRI at 50 mT using a permanent magnet Halbach array. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2021 Jan;85(1):495–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28396
Brown D, Ma BM, Chen Z. Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeB-type permanent magnets. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials. 2002 Aug 1;248(3):432–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200311225
Calin MD, Helerea E. Temperature influence on magnetic characteristics of NdFeB permanent magnets. In: 2011 7th international symposium on advanced topics in electrical engineering (ATEE); 2011 May 12; IEEE. p. 1–6.
Multiphysics CO. Introduction to COMSOL multiphysics®. COMSOL Multiphysics, Burlington, MA, accessed Feb. 1998 Feb;9(2018):32.
Pepper DW, Heinrich JC. The finite element method: basic concepts and applications with MATLAB, MAPLE, and COMSOL. CRC press; 2017 Apr 11. http://doi.org/10.1201/9781315395104
Badamasi YA. The working principle of an Arduino. In: 2014 11th international conference on electronics, computer and computation (ICECCO); 2014 Sep 29; IEEE. p. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCO.2014.6997578
Banzi M, Shiloh M. Getting started with Arduino. Maker Media, Inc.; 2022 Feb 15.
Sokol Y, Avrunin O, Kolisnyk K, Zamiatin P. Using medical imaging in disaster medicine. In: 2020 IEEE 4th International Conference on Intelligent Energy and Power Systems (IEPS); 2020 Sep 7; IEEE. p. 287–90). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEPS51250.2020.9263175
Avrunin O, Kolisnyk K, Nosova Y, Tomashevskyi R, Shushliapina N. Improving the methods for visualization of middle ear pathologies based on telemedicine services in remote treatment. In: 2020 IEEE KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek); 2020 Oct 5; IEEE. p. 347–50. https://doi.org/10.1109/KhPIWeek51551.2020.9250090
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
