PRECONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DISTANCE EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF UKRAINE
Abstract
The research substantiates the need to introduce non-agricultural, in particular, non-standard forms of employment in the rural areas of Ukraine. Non-standard forms of employment are becoming increasingly attractive to employees, as they provide greater independence and freedom of action while reducing the level of external regulation in the organization of labour and economic decision-making, allow employees to determine independently their work-to-rest ratio of time, and contribute to solving the problem of employment for socially vulnerable population groups.
The essence of distance employment is considered; a classification of its types and forms is given. Distance employment is understood as a regular or periodic employment of the employee outside their traditional workplace in the premises of the employer, which involves the use of information and communication technologies. The classification of distance employment types and forms includes: teleworking, telecommuting, flexible working, telecentres, telecottages, functional relocation, offshore telework, home-based telework, televillage, and telework without sourcing effects
Significant differences between non-standard employment forms – in particular, distance employment, freelancing, and home-based teleworking – have been revealed. These conceptions are different: distance employment involves a contingent transfer of a work place outside the office, although maintaining continuous communication with it through computer technologies.
By comparison, freelancing is a much broader concept, being a form of self-employment without a permanent employer or connection to the office.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of distance employment spreading in the rural areas of Ukraine has been studied. The rural population had to adapt quickly yet forcibly to the conditions of distance employment, specifically: teachers of general education schools have provided distance learning in the mode of interactive communication; social workers have adapted to conduct online-meetings and consultations via Internet resources; health workers and their patients have recognized the benefits of telemedicine.
The prospects of living and employment of the urban population in rural areas are substantiated. The best natural habitat for humans is the countryside which is most conducive to inspiration, maintaining people’s physical and mental health, and therefore, to development of their creative abilities that are a priority for employment, including the distance one.
The advantages and disadvantages (risks) for remote workers are highlighted. The advantages include: fulfillment of the work function in a virtual environment using information and communications technologies; flexible work schedule; free choice of workplace and a quiet working environment; significant savings on travel expenses, meals at work, and purchase of clothing. The disadvantages and risks of distance employment comprise: the need to provide an employee with computer equipment and Internet connection; difficulties in calculating the costs of installation, maintenance and operation of the equipment; problems of protection of information and work results (due to viruses, hacking, money stealing); there is no legal responsibility of employers for the adequate working conditions and health insurance of their employees.
Thus, distance employment in rural areas in the short- and medium-term perspective may occupy its worthy place along with traditional employment forms.
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References
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