THE MAIN CHALLENGES OF GOVERNANCE IN THE FIELD OF CYBERSECURITY
Abstract
The cross-border nature of cyberspace, its dependence on complex information technologies, the active use of sites and services of cyberspace by all countries in the globalized world not only provide new opportunities but also produce new threats to national security.
Some entities benefit from public goods without contributing to their production and support (the problem of free use). They can use the efforts of others because public goods have no price for consumers, are uncompetitive and cannot be excluded. Many countries are unable to protect the World Wide Web from their own hackers for technical, economic, political, etc. reasons. The assistance of third countries or the international community may be useful here. However, it should be pointed that those who protect foreign networks may use them in their own interests, including for espionage, because the same knowledge allows for both defensive and offensive nature. Probably not all states are ready to compromise their national security in this way.
In contrast, support for cybersecurity through technical and legal assistance is a low-risk model for the recipients. It is already quite actively practiced on a bilateral and multilateral basis. The United States is one of the most active providers of cybersecurity assistance. When considering such assistance to undemocratic regimes, it should be understood that it can be used to monitor and intimidate political dissidents, so there should be clear control and monitoring of the use of this assistance.
Initiatives to build trust in cyberspace require robust monitoring regimes, which can, however, be easily abused for espionage purposes, so a policy of collective deterrence of cyber threats requires institutional safeguards against such risks. Finally, there is the problem of focusing on relative benefits: the state suffers from different levels of vulnerability, opportunities and public-private relations. Because of this, global regulation of any particular aspect of cybersecurity is accompanied by an asymmetric distribution of relative benefits. Again, this problem can be overcome only by building trust in cooperation between different actors, both global and national.
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