COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT OF LOGIC IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE OF ARISTOTLE, L. EULER, P. LODIUS, B. RUSSELL
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to carry out a comparative analysis of the content of the concepts of logic, presented in the philosophical heritage of Aristotle as the founder of classical formal logic, Leonard Euler as an outstanding representative of the Enlightenment era, thanks to which the possibility of visualizing logical relationships between concepts appeared, Petro Lodiy, an outstanding Ukrainian philosopher-logician, who systematized the logical knowledge of his time, and Bertrand Russell - mathematician, philosopher, publicist, founder of the modern philosophy of logical analysis. The relevance of the article is due to the need to understand the historical evolution and meaningful content of the key concepts of logic, which is the foundation of rational cognition. Analysis of the heritage of outstanding thinkers who worked in different eras and represented different scientific paradigms allows us to identify both universal and specific features of the development of logical thought. The article uses historical-philosophical, comparative and systemic methods of analysis. The consideration of Aristotle focuses on his «Organon», where logic appears as a theory of proof and a tool for knowing the real. His contribution to the development of syllogistic and the classification of judgments is analyzed. The work of L. Euler is considered through the prism of «Euler's Ring» (diagrams), which became a powerful tool in visualizing the scope of concepts and the relationships between them, which contributed to greater clarity of logical operations, especially in the context of relationships between classes. The legacy of P. Lodia, in particular his "Logical Guidelines", is analyzed as an attempt to systematize and adapt European logical traditions to the needs of academic education in Ukraine at the beginning of the 19th century. B. Russell presented his own philosophical concept, the theory of definite descriptions, which consists in denying the existence of concepts-subjects. He rejects the ontological status of abstract entities and concepts are the result of long-term and thorough descriptions (descriptions) of things, phenomena, and events.
The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of common methodological approaches and significant differences in the interpretation of logical concepts. In particular, it is established how the formal, verbally-oriented approach of Aristotle was transformed into a visual-mathematical one in L. Euler, was systematized in a didactic form by P. Lodius and was criticized by B. Russell for a transcendental approach to determining the essence of concepts. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using its results in teaching courses in logic, history of philosophy and methodology of science.
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References
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