Review of theory of mesocopic systems

V. V. Fedotov NTUU ”Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnik Institute”

Keywords: mesoscopic systems, fluctuation, quantum phase, coherence, nanostructured system, macroscopic characteristics

Abstract

As part of this work, the theory of mesoscopic systems was substantiated. The main effects of mesoscopic systems are provided; it is determined that the macroscopic characteristics of the system are significantly fluctuating within the mesoscopic level. The basic indicators of coherence of the quantum phase are determined and the mechanisms of influence are outlined. Six effects of mesoscopic systems with detailed justification are characterized. The theory of mesoscopic systems is based on the following mesoscopic effects: the Aaronov-Bohm effect; integral quantum output effect; fractional quantum Hall effect; Universal fluctuations of conduction; quantization of conductivity of a quantum point contact; direct currents in mesoscopic rings.
Small scales of time and/or length and low temperatures are characteristic for a mesoscopic regime. Under the conditions where the temperature is reduced, the time/length of the coherence of the phase increases, and the mesoscopic regime extends over larger scales of time/length. At Kelvin temperatures, the time and length scales in semiconductor samples are respectively picoseconds and micrometers.
Prospects for further developments in this area of research are based on a detailed study of mesoscopic effects, based on the growing trend for the production and research of materials containing the smallest structures and having low-dimensional features, that leads to the mesoscopic regime.

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