Evaluation of antifungal activity of “green” Solidago canadensis extracts
Keywords:
Solidago canadensis L., polyphenolics, antifungal activity
Abstract
The flowering aerial parts of the local invasive Solidago canadensis were collected in the vicinity of Lviv (Western Ukraine) during flowering in July and August 2024, leaves and inflorescences were separated and dried. Total polyphenols from crushed raw materials were extracted with distilled water, 20 %, 60 %, and 96 % aquatic ethanol solution under reflux condition and maceration. The content of total polyphenols in extracts was determined with a Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and with gallic acid as standard by spectrophotometric method. The strains of unicellular fungi have been used from the Microbial Culture Collection of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, and method of diffusion in agar for anticandidal investigation. The purpose of the work was to analyze the antifungal activity of green extracts of leaves and inflorescences of S. canadensis, obtained by maceration and reflux methods. The most important results were obtained for aquatic-ethanol extracts. For all extracts obtained from aerial parts of S. canadensis were find a high content of total polyphenols (TPC): in leaves from 3.54±0.04 to 8.55±0.003 mg•g-1 of dry weight (DW) in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) depend on extragent and method of extraction; in inflorescences extracts TPC ranged from 4.15 to 17.35 mg•g-1 DW in GAE. Leaf extracts prepared with aqueous ethanol concentrations of 20%, 60% and 96% showed a zone of growth inhibition (ZGR) of fungi of 7.3–28.0 mm. Extracts of infloresceces had antifungal activity against investigated strains and diameter of ZGR ranged from 8.3 to 31.0 mm. Strong correlations have been found between the ZGR of the fungi Kluyveromyces marxianus, Cutaneotrichosporon curvatus, Candida parapsilosis and the content of polyphenols in the studied extracts. The activity of S. canadensis leaf and inflorescences extracts that we found will contribute to further more detailed study of their properties as antifungal.
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References
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Dufresne, S. F., Marr, K. A., Sydnor, E., Staab, J. F., Karp, J. E., Lu, K., Zhang, S. X., Lavallée, C., Perl, T. M., Neofytos, D. (2014). Epidemiology of Candida kefyr in patients with hematologic malignancies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(6), 1830–1837. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00131-14
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Healey, K. R., Zhao, Y., Perez, W. B., Lockhart, S. R., Sobel, J. D., Farmakiotis, D., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Sanglard, D., Taj-Aldeen, S. J., Alexander, B. D., Jimenez-Ortigosa, C., Shor, E., Perlin, D. S. (2016). Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance. Nature Communications, 7, 11128. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11128
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Marksa, M., Zymone, K., Ianauskas, L., Radušienė, J., Pukalskas, A., Raudonė, L. (2020). Antioxidant profiles of leaves and inflorescences of native, invasive and hybrid Solidago species. Industrial Crops and Products, 145, 112123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112123
Mishra, D., Joshi, S., Bisht, G., Pilkhwal, S. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Solidago canadensis Linn. root essential oil. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 1, 187–190.
Mishra, K. K., Kaur, C. D., Sahu, A. K., Panik, R., Kashyap, P., Mishra, S. P., Dutta, S. (2020). Medicinal plants having antifungal properties. In Medicinal plants–Use in prevention and treatment of diseases. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90674
Mohamed, A. A., Lu, X.-L., Mounmi, F. A. (2019). Diagnosis, treatment of esophageal candidiasis: Current updates. The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2019, Article e3585136. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3585136
Murphy, S. E., Bicanic, T. (2021). Drug resistance and novel therapeutic approaches in invasive candidiasis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, Article 759408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.759408
Nosal’, I. (1992). From plant to human. Veselka, Kyiv, 606 p. (In Ukrainian)
Pfaller, M., Moet, G. J., Messer, S. A., Jones, R. N., Castanheira, M. (2011). Geographic variations in species distribution and echinocandin and azole antifungal resistance rates among Candida bloodstream infection isolates: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008 to 2009). The Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49(1), 396–399. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01398-10
Poljuha, D., Sladonja, B., Uzelac Božac, M., Šola, I., Damijanić, D., Weber, T. (2024). The invasive alien plant Solidago canadensis: Phytochemical composition, ecosystem service potential, and application in bioeconomy. Plants, 13(13), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131745
Radušienė, J., Karpavičienė, B., Vilkickytė, G., Marksa, M., Raudonė, L. (2024). Comparative analysis of root phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of five native and invasive Solidago L. species. Plants, 13(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010132
Semple, J. C., Beck, J. B. (2021). Revised infrageneric classification of Solidago (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytoneuron, 2021(10), 1–6.
Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., Azeredo, J. (2012). Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x
Singh, A., MacKenzie, A., Girnun, G., Del Poeta, M. (2017). Analysis of sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids in human pathogenic Cryptococcus strains. Journal of Lipid Research, 58(10), 2017–2036. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M078600
Thompson, G. R., 3rd, Jenks, J. D., Baddley, J. W., Lewis, J. S., 2nd, Egger, M., Schwartz, I. S., Boyer, J., Patterson, T. F., Chen, S. C., Pappas, P. G., Hoenigl, M. (2023). Fungal endocarditis: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 36(3), Article e0001923. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00019-23
Woźniak, D., Ślusarczyk, S., Domaradzki, K., Dryś, A., Matkowski, A. (2018). Comparison of polyphenol profile and antimutagenic and antioxidant activities in two species used as source of Solidaginis herba – Goldenrod. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 15(3), e1800023. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201800023
Yavorska H.V., Vorobets N.M., Yavorska N.Y., Fafula R.V. (2023). Screening of anticandidal activity of Vaccinium corymbosum shoots’ extracts and content of polyphenolic compounds during seasonal variation. Studia Biologica, 17(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1701.699
Державне підприємство "Український науковий фармакопейний центр якості лікарських засобів". (2015). Державна фармакопея України: у 3 т. (Т. 1). ДП "Український науковий фармакопейний центр якості лікарських засобів". [State Enterprise "Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for the Quality of Medicines". (2015). State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine: In 3 vol. (Vol. 1). SE "Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for the Quality of Medicines" (in Ukrainian)].
Кузярін, О. Т., Сичак, Н. Н., Кагало, А. А. (2020). Спонтані судинні рослини території регіонального ландшафтного парку "Знесіння" (Львів). Праці Державного природознавчого музею, 36, 181–194. https://doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2020.36.181-194 [Kuzyarin, O. T., Sychak, N. N., Kahalo, A. A. (2020). Spontani sudynni roslyny terytorii rehionalnoho landshaftnoho parku Znesinnia; (Lviv). Pratsi Derzhavnoho pryrodoznavchoho muzeiu, 36, 181–194. https://doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2020.36.181-194 (In Ukrainian)]
Apati, P., Szentmihályi, K., Balázs, A., Baumann, D., Hamburger, M., Kristó, T. S., Szőke, É., Kéry, Á. (2002). HPLC analysis of the flavonoids in pharmaceutical preparations from Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Chromatographia, 56(1-12), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00207-3
Baglyas, M., Ott, P. G., Garádi, Z., Glavnik, V., Béni, S., Vovk, I., Móricz, Á. M. (2022). High-performance thin-layer chromatography–Antibacterial assay first reveals bioactive clerodane diterpenes in Giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Ait.). Journal of Chromatography A, 1677, 463308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463308
Baglyas, M., Ott, P. G., Schwarczinger, I., Nagy, J. K., Darcsi, A., Bakonyi, J., Móricz, Á. M. (2023). Antimicrobial diterpenes from Rough goldenrod (Solidago rugosa Mill.). Molecules, 28(9), 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093790
Bush, A. (2020). Kids, difficult asthma and fungus. Journal of Fungi, 6(2), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020055
Cappelli, G., Mariani, F. (2021). A systematic review on the antimicrobial properties of Mediterranean wild edible plants: We still know too little about them, but what we do know makes persistent investigation worthwhile. Foods, 10(9), 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092217
Castanheira, M., Messer, S. A., Rhomberg, P. R., Pfaller, M. A. (2016). Antifungal susceptibility patterns of a global collection of fungal isolates: Results of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 85(2), 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.02.009
Chevalier, M., Doglio, A., Rajendran, R., Ramage, G., Prêcheur, I., Ranque, S. (2019). Inhibition of adhesion-specific genes by Solidago virgaurea extract causes loss of Candida albicans biofilm integrity. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 127(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14289
Chew, K. K., Ng, S. Y., Thoo, Y. Y., Khoo, M. Z., Mustapha, W. A., Ho, C. W. (2011). Effect of ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature on the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Centella asiatica extracts. International Food Research Journal, 18(2), 571–578.
Deng, Y., Zhao, Y., Padilla-Zakour, O., Yang, G. (2015). Polyphenols, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and bark extracts of Solidago canadensis L. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 803–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.014
Dufresne, S. F., Marr, K. A., Sydnor, E., Staab, J. F., Karp, J. E., Lu, K., Zhang, S. X., Lavallée, C., Perl, T. M., Neofytos, D. (2014). Epidemiology of Candida kefyr in patients with hematologic malignancies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(6), 1830–1837. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00131-14
Dvirna, T. S. (2015). Distribution of selected invasive plant species in the Romensko Poltavsky Geobotanical District (Ukraine). Biodiversity Research and Conservation, 40, 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1515/biorc-2015-0033
Elshafie, H. S., Gruľová, D., Baranová, B., Caputo, L., De Martino, L., Sedlák, V., Camele, I., De Feo, V. (2019). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil extracted from Solidago canadensis L. growing wild in Slovakia. Molecules, 24(7), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206
EPPO. (n.d.). Lists of invasive alien plants. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/invasive_alien_plants/iap_lists
GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet, 404(10459), 1199–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1
Gibson, J. F., Johnston, S. A. (2015). Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii during cryptococcosis. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 78, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.11.006
Gómez-Molero, E., De-la-Pinta, I., Fernández-Pereira, J., Groß, U., Weig, M., Quindós, G., de Groot, P. W. J., Bader, O. (2021). Candida parapsilosis colony morphotype forecasts biofilm formation of clinical isolates. Journal of Fungi, 7(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010033
Grubesić, R. J., Vuković, J., Kremer, D., Vladimir-Knezević, S. (2005). Spectrophotometric method for polyphenols analysis: Prevalidation and application on Plantago L. species. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 39(3–4), 837–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.05.004
Healey, K. R., Zhao, Y., Perez, W. B., Lockhart, S. R., Sobel, J. D., Farmakiotis, D., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Sanglard, D., Taj-Aldeen, S. J., Alexander, B. D., Jimenez-Ortigosa, C., Shor, E., Perlin, D. S. (2016). Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance. Nature Communications, 7, 11128. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11128
Kołodziej, B., Kowalski, R., Kedzia, B. (2011). Antibacterial and antimutagenic activity of extracts aboveground parts of three Solidago species: Solidago virgaurea L., Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago gigantea Ait. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, 6770–6779. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1098
Krüzselyi, D., Bakonyi, J., Ott, P. G., Darcsi, A., Csontos, P., Morlock, G. E., Moricz, A. M. (2021). Goldenrod root compounds active against crop pathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(41), 12686–12694. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03676
Kurtzman, C. P., Fell, J. W., Boekhout, T., Robert, V. (2011). Methods for isolation, phenotypic characterization and maintenance of yeast. In C. P. Kurtzman, J. W. Fell, T. Boekhout (Eds.), The yeasts, a taxonomy (5th ed., pp. 87–110). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52149-1.00007-0
Marksa, M., Zymone, K., Ianauskas, L., Radušienė, J., Pukalskas, A., Raudonė, L. (2020). Antioxidant profiles of leaves and inflorescences of native, invasive and hybrid Solidago species. Industrial Crops and Products, 145, 112123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112123
Mishra, D., Joshi, S., Bisht, G., Pilkhwal, S. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Solidago canadensis Linn. root essential oil. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 1, 187–190.
Mishra, K. K., Kaur, C. D., Sahu, A. K., Panik, R., Kashyap, P., Mishra, S. P., Dutta, S. (2020). Medicinal plants having antifungal properties. In Medicinal plants–Use in prevention and treatment of diseases. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90674
Mohamed, A. A., Lu, X.-L., Mounmi, F. A. (2019). Diagnosis, treatment of esophageal candidiasis: Current updates. The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2019, Article e3585136. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3585136
Murphy, S. E., Bicanic, T. (2021). Drug resistance and novel therapeutic approaches in invasive candidiasis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, Article 759408. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.759408
Nosal’, I. (1992). From plant to human. Veselka, Kyiv, 606 p. (In Ukrainian)
Pfaller, M., Moet, G. J., Messer, S. A., Jones, R. N., Castanheira, M. (2011). Geographic variations in species distribution and echinocandin and azole antifungal resistance rates among Candida bloodstream infection isolates: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008 to 2009). The Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49(1), 396–399. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01398-10
Poljuha, D., Sladonja, B., Uzelac Božac, M., Šola, I., Damijanić, D., Weber, T. (2024). The invasive alien plant Solidago canadensis: Phytochemical composition, ecosystem service potential, and application in bioeconomy. Plants, 13(13), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131745
Radušienė, J., Karpavičienė, B., Vilkickytė, G., Marksa, M., Raudonė, L. (2024). Comparative analysis of root phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of five native and invasive Solidago L. species. Plants, 13(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010132
Semple, J. C., Beck, J. B. (2021). Revised infrageneric classification of Solidago (Asteraceae: Astereae). Phytoneuron, 2021(10), 1–6.
Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., Azeredo, J. (2012). Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x
Singh, A., MacKenzie, A., Girnun, G., Del Poeta, M. (2017). Analysis of sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids in human pathogenic Cryptococcus strains. Journal of Lipid Research, 58(10), 2017–2036. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M078600
Thompson, G. R., 3rd, Jenks, J. D., Baddley, J. W., Lewis, J. S., 2nd, Egger, M., Schwartz, I. S., Boyer, J., Patterson, T. F., Chen, S. C., Pappas, P. G., Hoenigl, M. (2023). Fungal endocarditis: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 36(3), Article e0001923. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00019-23
Woźniak, D., Ślusarczyk, S., Domaradzki, K., Dryś, A., Matkowski, A. (2018). Comparison of polyphenol profile and antimutagenic and antioxidant activities in two species used as source of Solidaginis herba – Goldenrod. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 15(3), e1800023. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201800023
Yavorska H.V., Vorobets N.M., Yavorska N.Y., Fafula R.V. (2023). Screening of anticandidal activity of Vaccinium corymbosum shoots’ extracts and content of polyphenolic compounds during seasonal variation. Studia Biologica, 17(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1701.699
Published
2025-12-27
Cited
How to Cite
Yavorska, H., & Vorobets, N. (2025). Evaluation of antifungal activity of “green” Solidago canadensis extracts. The Journal of V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series «Biology», 45, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2025-45-8
Issue
Section
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
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