Inheritance of spike color in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)
Abstract
Aim: specify the spike color inheritance in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) hybrids. Methods: reciprocal hybrids between the black-spikeed UA0300282 and white-spikeed UA0300311 cultivated einkorn accessions were created with the use of the “single cross” method. Four generations were analyzed using the segregation analysis method: P1, P2, F1, and F2 at autumn and spring sowing. Results: it was found that for the combination UA0300311 × UA0300282 at autumn sowing, the most suitable inheritance model is MX2-EA-AD, which implies the presence of two main genes with an equal additive effect plus polygene systems with an additive-dominant effect. In the plants of spring sowing, spike color is described by the MX2-CD-AD model, which suggests the presence of two major genes with full dominant effect plus polygenes with additive-dominant effect. In the reciprocal combination UA0300282 × UA0300311, the optimal model that describes best the spike color dispersion in plants of autumn sowing is MX2-ADI-AD, which suggests the presence of two main genes with an additive-dominant-epistatic effect plus polygenes with the additive-dominant effect. Distribution of the spring-sowing plants in terms of the spike color is well described by the MX2-ADI-ADI model – two main genes with an additive-dominant-epistatic effect plus a system of polygenes also with an additive-dominant-epistatic effect. The genes manifest themselves differently in the trait control depending on the weather conditions determined by the sowing time. In the group of direct combination plants (UA0300311 × UA0300282) of autumn sowing, heritability determined by the main gene is 97%, while that determined by polygenes is 2.7%; at spring sowing, these values are 67% and 32% respectively. In the reciprocal combination (UA0300282 × UA0300311) of autumn sowing, the main genes heritability effect is 99%, and the polygenic system accounts for 1%; in plants of spring sowing, respectively, 72%, and 28%. Conclusions: on the basis of the spike color expressiveness in the crossing combination of the einkorn kinds of wheat UA0300311 × UA0300282, the parental forms differ in two main genes and polygenes. The ratio of spike color heritability components depends on the growing conditions: at autumn sowing, 97–99 % of heritability is determined by the main genes, the polygenes account for 1–3 % of phenotypic variability; at spring sowing, the heritability component increases to 28–33 % due to the polygenic complex.
Downloads
References
Akaike H. (1977). On entropy maximization principle. In: Proceedings of the symposium on applications of statistics. Applications of Statistics, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 27–41.
Börner A., Schäfer M., Schmidt F. et al. (2005). Associations between geographical origin and morphological characters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Genetic Resources, 3(3), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200589
Brandolini A., Heun M. (2019). Genetics of brittleness in wild, domesticated and feral einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) and the place of origin of feral einkorn. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 66(2), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0721-7
Cakmak I., Ozkan H., Braun H.J. et al. (2000). Zinc and iron concentrations in seeds of wild, primitive and modern wheats. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21(4), 401–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650002100411
Di Stasio L., Picascia S., Auricchio R. et al. (2020). Comparative analysis of in vitro digestibility and immunogenicity of gliadin proteins from durum and einkorn wheat. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00056
Gai J.Y., Zhang Y.M., Wang J.K. (2003). Genetic system of quantitative traits in plants. Science Press, Beijing. 380 p. (in Chinese)
Geisslitz S., Longin C.F.H., Scherf K.A. et al. (2019). Comparative study on gluten protein composition of ancient (einkorn, emmer and spelt) and modern wheat species (durum and common wheat). Foods, 8(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090409
Gong Y.S., Wei S.H., Peng Z.S. et al. (2021). Genetic study on plant height and its components, partial yield traits in durum wheat ANW16F. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34(2), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2021.2.001 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Khlestkina E.K. (2013). Genes determining the coloration of different organs in wheat. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res., 3(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059713010085 (in Russian)
Kozub N.A., Sozinov I.A., Niniyeva A.K. et al. (2016). Genetic marking of glume color in Triticum spelta L. var. caeruleum using gliadins. Cytology and Genetics, 50(3), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452716030075
Pehlivan K.F., Keskin C.N., Agil F. et al. (2021). Profiles of vitamin B and E in wheat grass and grain of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), emmer (Triticum dicoccum ssp. dicoccum Schrank.), durum (Triticum durum Desf.), and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Journal of Cereal Science, 98, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103177
Rotondi Aufiero V., Sapone A., Mazzarella G. (2022). Diploid wheats: are they less immunogenic for non-celiac wheat sensitive consumers? Cells, 11(15), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11152389
Song Y., Chen Y., Yang J. et al. (2022). Identification wheat scab by color feature index of digital image. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 50(2), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2022.02.031 (in Chinese)
Wang J.T., Zhang Y.W., Du Y.W. et al. (2022a). SEA v2.0: an R software package for mixed major genes plus polygenes inheritance analysis of quantitative traits. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 48(6), 1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14088 (In Chinese with English abstract)
Wang L.M., Dang Z., Zhao W. et al. (2022b). Genetic analysis of plant height in flax using segregating generations and recombination inbred line populations. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 23(5), 1446–1457. https://doi.org/10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20220305001 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei Y., Hu F., Zheng X. et al. (2017). The molecular mechanism of the impacts of illumination on litchi fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Acta Horticultural Science, 44(7), 1363–1370. https://doi.org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2016-0717 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xie S.F., Ji W.Q., Zhang Y.Y. et al. (2020). Genetic effects of important yield traits analyzed by mixture model of major gene plus polygene in wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 46(3), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.91044 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang X.S., Liang Z.Y., Li H. et al. (2013). Analysis on genetic model of grain characteristics in common wheat by mixed inheritance model of major genes plus polygenes. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 33(6),1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2013.06.009 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zeven A.C. (1983). The character brown spike of bread wheat: A review. Euphytica, 32, 299–310.
Zhang J.F., Qi C.K., Pu H.M. et al. (2007). Inheritance and QTL identification of oil content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Acta Agronomica Sinica, 33(9), 1495–1501.
Zhao F., Wang K., Yuan Y. (2014). Study on wheat spike identification based on color features and AdaBoost algorithm. Crop Journal, 1, 141–144. https://doi.org/10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2014.01.042 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship.
