Soret and Dufour Effects on Ag –TiO₂ /Water in a Casson Hybrid Nanofluid Over a Moving Vertical Plate with Convective Boundary Conditions
Abstract
This research presents a comprehensive investigation of the Soret and Dufour effects on Casson hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow past a moving vertical plate, with silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles dispersed in water. The incorporation of Ag–TiO₂ hybrid nanoparticles combines the exceptional thermal conductivity of silver with the chemical stability and cost-effectiveness of TiO₂, creating a fluid with superior transport properties compared to conventional single-component nanofluids. The governing partial differential equations describing momentum, heat and mass transfer are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. These equations are solved numerically via the Keller Box method, ensuring stability and accuracy in handling coupled highly nonlinear systems. In addition, an analysis was performed to examine the influence of nanoparticle morphology on velocity, temperature and concentration distributions, thereby validating and enriching the numerical outcomes. The results reveal that variable nanoparticle morphology and the combined Ag–TiO₂ dispersion significantly enhance heat transfer rates and mass transfer rates while reducing frictional losses near the plate surface. The inclusion of Soret and Dufour effects further amplifies cross-coupling between thermal and solutal fields leading to improved transport efficiency. These findings not only provide new insights into Casson hybrid nanofluid dynamics but also highlight the critical role of cross-diffusion in optimizing heat and mass transfer systems. The integration of Casson fluid rheology, hybrid nanoparticles and cross-diffusion effects under realistic boundary conditions has direct implications for industrial cooling, metallurgical processing, biomedical drug delivery and energy system optimization. By demonstrating the synergistic performance of Ag–TiO₂ nanofluids, this study establishes a pathway for designing next-generation thermal management and biomedical transport technologies.
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