Впровадження CBDC – справжня ціна
Анотація
У статті досліджуються економічні, інституційні та соціальні наслідки впровадження цифрових валют центральних банків (CBDC) з особливим акцентом на європейські перспективи, зокрема в контексті використання цифрового євро. Проаналізовано основні мотиви створення національних цифрових валют та проведено оцінку того, наскільки CBDC здатні вирішити наявні проблеми у сфері платіжних систем, фінансової інклюзії та монетарного суверенітету. Справжня ціна впровадження CBDC розглядається не лише як прямі фінансові витрати на їх впровадження та підтримку, а й як сукупність непрямих економічних, соціальних і політичних наслідків. Методологічну основу дослідження становить змішаний підхід, що поєднує систематичний огляд наукових джерел, порівняльний аналіз міжнародних пілотних проєктів та оцінку емпіричних даних центральних банків і міжнародних фінансових організацій. Визначено ключові ризики впровадження CBDC, зокрема загрози фінансовій стабільності, зростання кібер- та операційних ризиків, втрату анонімності розрахунків, послаблення ролі традиційного банківського сектору, а також негативний вплив на інноваційне середовище і ринок праці. Особливу увагу приділено складнощам реалізації CBDC в умовах багатонаціонального валютного союзу, де відмінності в економічній структурі, регуляторних підходах і поведінці користувачів можуть посилювати системні ризики. За результатами проведеного дослідження було зроблено висновок, що за сучасного рівня технологічної та нормативної готовності CBDC не мають переконливих переваг над існуючими або альтернативними цифровими платіжними рішеннями. Запропоновано обережний поетапний підхід до прийняття рішення щодо вибору цифрового платіжного інструменту та його дизайну, що передбачає збереження готівкового обігу, підтримку приватних фінансових інновацій та орієнтацію на принципи людиноцентричності.
Завантаження
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