HEMORRHAGIC STROKE AS POST-INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE INFLAMMATION
Анотація
Intracerebral hemorrhage remains one of the less studied problems in modern neurology. Later publications suggest that inflammatory processes play a significant role in hemorrhagic stroke; however, most of these reports represent fragmentary information on the local and less system levels of inflammation, and do not show the correlation between these levels. In this review the attention is focused on the compensatory, adaptive and restorative nature of the inflammation in the post-intracerebral hemorrhage damage. Non-complicated and complicated forms of inflammation are discussed regarding their influence on the course and outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke. Optimization of complicated inflammation could be one of the approaches for improving the outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke.Завантаження
Посилання
2. Worthley LI and Holt AW (2000) Acute haemorrhagic stroke. Crit Care Resusc 2:209-219.
3. Frizzell JP (2005) Acute stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. AACN Clin Issues 16:421-440.
4. Badjatia N and Rosand J (2005) Intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurologist 11:311-324.
5. Smith EE, Rosand J and Greenberg SM (2005) Hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15:259-72, ix.
6. Rincon F and Mayer SA (2008) Clinical review: Critical care management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care 12:237.
7. Gere J, Minier D, Osseby GV, Couvreur G, Moreau T, Ricolfi F and Giroud M (2003) Epidemiology of hemorrhagic strokes. Journal of Neuroradiology 30:291-297.
8. Testai FD and Aiyagari V (2008) Acute hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology and medical interventions: blood pressure control, management of anticoagulant-associated brain hemorrhage and general management principles. Neurol Clin 26:963-985.
9. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J and Warlow C (1990) A Prospective-Study of Acute Ce¬re-bro¬vascular-Disease in the Community – the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86.2. Inci-den¬ce, Case Fatality Rates and Overall Outcome at One Year of Cerebral Infarction, Primary Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 53:16-22.
10. Lovelock CE, Molyneux AJ and Rothwell PM (2007) Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol 6:487-493.
11. Santalucia P (2008) Intracerebral hemorrhage: medical treatment. Neurol Sci 29 Suppl 2:S271-S273.
12. Schepers VP, Ketelaar M, Visser-Meily AJ, de G, V, Twisk JW and Lindeman E (2008) Functional recovery differs between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke patients. J Rehabil Med 40:487-489.
13. Konatschnig T, Knoll A, Hug A, Hacke W and Ringleb P (2008) [Ten years’ experience at a major stroke center :]. Nervenarzt.
14. Wang DZ and Talkad AV (2009) Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: what should we do now? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 9:13-18.
15. Guresir E, Beck J, Vatter H, Setzer M, Gerlach R, Seifert V and Raabe A (2008) Subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hematoma: incidence, prognostic factors, and outcome. Neurosurgery 63:1088-1093.
16. Department of Health. National Stroke Strategy. 2007. Ref Type : Data File
17. Ferro JM (2006) Update on intracerebral haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology 253:985-999.
18. Qureshi AI, Suri MFK, Ostrow PT, Kim SH, Ali Z, Shatla AA, Guterman LR and Hopkins LN (2003) Apoptosis as a form of cell death in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 52:1041-1047.
19. Hickenbottom SL, Grotta JC, Strong R, Denner LA and Aronowski J (1999a) Nuclear factor-kappaB and cell death after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Stroke 30:2472-2477.
20. Matsushita K, Meng W, Wang XY, Asahi M, Asahi K, Moskowitz MA and Lo EH (2000) Evidence for apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rat striatum. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 20:396-404.
21. Wu JM, Hua Y, Keep RF, Nakamura T, Hoff JT and Xi GH (2003) Iron and iron-handling proteins in the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 34:2964-2969.
22. Wu JM, Hua Y, Keep RF, Schallert T, Hoff JT and Xi GH (2002) Oxidative brain injury from extravasated erythrocytes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Research 953:45-52.
23. Wagner KR, Sharp FR, Ardizzone TD, Lu AG and Clark JF (2003) Heme and iron metabolism: Role in cerebral hemorrhage. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 23:629-652.
24. Lee KR, Colon GP, Betz AL, Keep RF, Kim S and Hoff JT (1996) Edema from intracerebral hemorrhage: The role of thrombin. Journal of Neurosurgery 84:91-96.
25. Xi GH, Keep RF and Hoff JT (1998a) Erythrocytes and delayed brain edema formation following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Journal of Neurosurgery 89:991-996.
26. Xi GH, Wagner KR, Keep RF, Hua Y, de Court, Broderick JP, Brott TG and Hoff JT (1998b) Role of blood clot formation on early edema development after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 29:2580-2585.
27. Lee KR, Drury I, Vitarbo E and Hoff JT (1997a) Seizures induced by intracerebral injection of thrombin: A model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 87:73-78.
28. Junge CE, Sugawara T, Mannaioni G, Alagarsamy S, Conn PJ, Brat DJ, Chan PH and Traynelis SF (2003) The contribution of protease-activated receptor 1 to neuronal damage caused by transient focal cerebral ischemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:13019-13024.
29. Rosenberg GA and Navratil M (1997) Metalloproteinase inhibition blocks edema in intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat. Neurology 48:921-926.
30. Lee CHZ, Xue Z, Zhu YQ, Yang GY and Young WL (2007a) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 38:2563-2568.
31. Hu JL, Van den Steen PE, Sang QXA and Opdenakker G (2007) Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as therapy for inflammatory and vascular diseases. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6:480-498.
32. Abilleira S, Montaner J, Molina CA, Monasterio J, Castillo J and varez-Sabin J (2003) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 99:65-70.
33. Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Derdeyn CP and Powers WJ (1999) Progression of mass effect after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 30:1167-1173.
34. Ropper AH and King RB (1984) Intracranial-Pressure Monitoring in Comatose Patients with Cerebral-Hemorrhage. Archives of Neurology 41:725-728.
35. Gebel JM, Jauch EC, Brott TG, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L, Salisbury S, Spilker J, Tomsick TA, Duldner J and Broderick JP (2002) Relative edema volume is a predictor of outcome in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 33:2636-2641.
36. Wagner KR, Xi GH, Hua Y, Kleinholz M, deCourtenMyers GM, Myers RE, Broderick JP and Brott TG (1996) Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage model in pigs - Rapid edema development in perihematomal white matter. Stroke 27:490-497.
37. Godoy-Torres DA and Pineiro G (2005) [Inflammatory response in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage]. Rev Neurol 40:492-497.
38. Bestue-Cardiel M, Martin-Martinez J, Iturriaga-Heras C, ra-Callizo JR and Oliveros-Juste A (1999) [Leukocytes and primary intracerebral hemorrhage]. Rev Neurol 29:968-971.
39. 39.Guo FQ, Li XJ, Chen LY, Yang H, Dai HY, Wei YS, Huang YL, Yang YS, Sun HB, Xu YC and Yang ZL (2006) [Study of relationship between inflammatory response and apoptosis in perihematoma region in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 18:290-293.
40. Perera MN, Ma HK, Arakawa S, Howells DW, Markus R, Rowe CC and Donnan GA (2006) Inflammation following stroke. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 13:1-8.
41. Yoshimoto Y, Tanaka Y and Hoya K (2001a) Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 32:1989-1993.
42. Gong C, Hoff JT and Keep RF (2000) Acute inflammatory reaction following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rat. Brain Research 871:57-65.
43. Hartl R, Schurer L, SchmidSchonbein GW and delZoppo GJ (1996) Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 16:1108-1119.
44. Pantoni L, Sarti C and Inzitari D (1998) Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in cerebral ischemia - Experimental bases and therapeutic perspectives. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 18:503-513.
45. Zhang XJ, Li HY, Hu SC, Zhang LY, Liu CY, Zhu CH, Liu RC and Li CY (2006) Brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats: The role of inflammation. Neurology India 54:402-407.
46. Boje KM and Arora PK (1992) Microglial-Produced Nitric-Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen-Oxides Mediate Neuronal Cell-Death. Brain Research 587:250-256.
47. Fassbender K, Hodapp B, Rossol S, Bertsch T, Schmeck J, Schutt S, Fritzinger M, Horn P, Vajkoczy P, Wendel-Wellner M, Ragoschke A, Kuehl S, Brunner J, Schurer L, Schmiedeck P and Hennerici M (2000) Endothelin-1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage: An acute-phase reactant produced by cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes. Stroke 31:2971-2975.
48. Yabluchanskiy A, Sawle P, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Green CJ and Motterlini R (2010) Relationship between leukocyte kinetics and behavioral tests changes in the inflammatory process of hemorrhagic stroke recovery. Int J Neurosci 120:765-773.
49. Suzuki S, Kelley RE, Dandapani BK, Reyes-Iglesias Y, Dietrich WD and Duncan RC (1995b) Acute leukocyte and temperature response in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 26:1020-1023.
50. Fogelholm R, Murros K, Rissanen A and Avikainen S (2005) Admission blood glucose and short term survival in primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:349-353.
51. MUTLU N, BERRY RG and ALPERS BJ (1963) MASSIVE CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS. Arch Neurol 8:644-661.
52. Qureshi AI and Hanley DF (2001) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. New England Journal of Medicine 345:770.
53. Fewel ME, Thompson BG, Jr. and Hoff JT (2003) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a review. Neurosurg Focus 15:E1.
54. Takebayashi S and Kaneko M (1983) Electron microscopic studies of ruptured arteries in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 14:28-36.
55. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, Minakawa T and Tanaka R (1998) Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 29:1160-1166.
56. Sahni R and Weinberger J (2007) Management of intracerebral hemorrhage. Vasc Health Risk Manag 3:701-709.
57. Xi GH, Keep RF and Hoff JT (2006) Mechanisms of brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet Neurology 5:53-63.
58. Liebeskind DS (2003) American Stroke Association--28th International Conference. 13-15 February 2003, Phoenix, AZ, USA. IDrugs 6:288-289.
59. Dabbagh K, Chambers RC and Laurent GJ (1998) From clot to collagen: coagulation peptides in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 11:1002-1005.
60. Kalashnyk OM, Petrova I, Platonova TM, Skok MV and Cederholm-Williams S (2005) [The role of fibrin clot degradation products in the regulation of vital functions of PC-12 cells]. Ukr Biokhim Zh 77:37-44.
61. de Fouw NJ, van Tilburg NH, Haverkate F and Bertina RM (1993) Activated protein C accelerates clot lysis by virtue of its anticoagulant activity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 4:201-210.
62. de Fouw NJ, Haverkate F and Bertina RM (1990) Protein C and fibrinolysis: a link between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Adv Exp Med Biol 281:235-243.
63. Sidelmann JJ, Gram J, Jespersen J and Kluft C (2000) Fibrin clot formation and lysis: basic mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 26:605-618.
64. Butcher K (2006) Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: Clearly present, but what is its role? Neurology India 54:352-353.
65. Emsley HC and Tyrrell PJ (2002) Inflammation and infection in clinical stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:1399-1419.
66. Becker KJ (1998b) Inflammation and acute stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 11:45-49.
67. 121 Kowianski P, Karwacki Z, Dziewiatkowski J, Domaradzka-Pytel B, Ludkiewicz B, Wojcik S, Litwinowicz B, Narkiewicz O and Morys J (2003) Evolution of microglial and astroglial response during experimental intracerebral haemorrhage in the rat. Folia Neuropathologica 41:123-130.
68. Wasserman JK, Yang H and Schlichter LC (2008) Glial responses, neuron death and lesion resolution after intracerebral hemorrhage in young vs. aged rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 28:1316-1328.
69. Montaner, varez-Sabin J, Abilleira S, Molina C, Arenillas J and Codina A (2001) [Acute phase response after stroke: differences between ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage]. Med Clin (Barc ) 116:54-55.
70. MacKenzie JM (1996) Intracerebral haemorrhage. Journal of Clinical Pathology 49:360-364.
71. Herweh C, Juttler E, Schellinger PD, Klotz E, Jenetzky E, Orakcioglu B, Sartor K and Schramm P (2007) Evidence against a perihemorrhagic penumbra provided by perfusion computed tomography. Stroke 38:2941-2947.
72. Hua Y, Schallert T, Keep RF, Wu JM, Hoff JT and Xi GH (2002) Behavioral tests after intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat. Stroke 33:2478-2484.
73. Mayer SA, Lignelli A, Fink ME, Kessler DB, Thomas CE, Swarup R and Van Heertum RL (1998) Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a SPECT study. Stroke 29:1791-1798.
74. Tanaka A, Kimura M, Nakayama Y, Yoshinaga S and Tomonaga M (1997) Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 40:1161-1165.
75. Malaia LT, Iabluchanskii NI and Sokrut VN (1990) [The role of inflammation in the reparative process in experimental myocardial infarction]. Fiziol Zh 36:3-8.
76. Figueras J, Cinca J, Santana L and Rius J (1984) Peri-infarction zone at risk during the first 5 days after an acute transmural myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic evidence. Am J Cardiol 53:433-438.
77. Frangogiannis NG (2006) Targeting the inflammatory response in healing myocardial infarcts. Curr Med Chem 13:1877-1893.
78. Lum H and Malik AB (1996) Mechanisms of increased endothelial permeability. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 74:787-800.
79. Lee JM, Zhai G, Liu Q, Gonzales ER, Yin K, Yan P, Hsu CY, Vo KD and Lin W (2007b) Vascular permeability precedes spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 38:3289-3291.
80. Tritto I and Ambrosio G (1999) Spotlight on microcirculation: an update. Cardiovasc Res 42:600-606.
81. Hohenstein A, Erber R, Schilling L and Weigel R (2005) Increased mRNA expression of VEGF within the hematoma and imbalance of angiopoietin-1 and -2 mRNA within the neomembranes of chronic subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma 22:518-528.
82. Arndt H, Smith CW and Granger DN (1993) Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Hypertension 21:667-673.
83. Juranek I and Bezek S (2005) Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species--cause or consequence of tissue injury? Gen Physiol Biophys 24:263-278.
84. Miller AA, Drummond GR and Sobey CG (2006) Novel isoforms of NADPH-oxidase in cerebral vascular control. Pharmacol Ther 111:928-948.
85. Gallia GL and Tamargo RJ (2006) Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in chronic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 28:750-758.
86. Dizdarevic K (2008) The role of nitric oxide in resolution of vasospasam corresponding with cerebral vasospasms after subarachnoid haemorrhage: animal model. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 8:177-182.
87. Vatter H, Weidauer S, Dias S, Preibisch C, Ngone S, Raabe A, Zimmermann M and Seifert V (2007) Persistence of the nitric oxide-dependent vasodilator pathway of cerebral vessels after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 60:179-187.
88. Pluta RM (2005) Delayed cerebral vasospasm and nitric oxide: review, new hypothesis, and proposed treatment. Pharmacol Ther 105:23-56.
89. Granger DN and Kubes P (1994) The microcirculation and inflammation: modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. J Leukoc Biol 55:662-675.
90. Fiumana E, Parfenova H, Jaggar JH and Leffler CW (2003) Carbon monoxide mediates vasodilator effects of glutamate in isolated pressurized cerebral arterioles of newborn pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284:H1073-H1079.
91. Kanu A, Whitfield J and Leffler CW (2006) Carbon monoxide contributes to hypotension-induced cerebrovascular vasodilation in piglets. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291:H2409-H2414.
92. Ryter SW, Alam J and Choi AMK (2006) Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: From basic science to therapeutic applications. Physiological Reviews 86:583-650.
93. Winestone JS, Bonner C and Leffler CW (2003) Carbon monoxide as an attenuator of vasoconstriction in piglet cerebral arterioles. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228:46-50.
94. Hemphill JC, III, Morabito D, Farrant M and Manley GT (2005) Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 3:260-270.
95. Huang FP, Xi GH, Keep RF, Hua Y, Nemoianu A and Hoff JT (2002) Brain edema after experimental intra¬cerebral hemorrhage: role of hemoglobin degradation products. Journal of Neurosurgery 96:287-293.
96. He Y, Wan S, Hua Y, Keep RF and Xi G (2008) Autophagy after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 28:897-905.
97. Steiner T, Juttler E and Ringleb P (2007) [Acute stroke therapy. Current developments]. Nervenarzt 78:1147-1154.
98. Hua Y, Wu J, Keep RF, Nakamura T, Hoff JT and Xi G (2006) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases in the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage and thrombin stimulation. Neurosurgery 58:542-550.
99. Xi G, Keep RF and Hoff JT (2002) Pathophysiology of brain edema formation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 13:371-383.
100. Bao X, Wu G, Hu S and Huang F (2008) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and brain edema formation by hemoglobin after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl 105:23-27.
101. Marmarou A (2007) A review of progress in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of brain edema. Neurosurg Focus 22:E1.
102. Bereczki D, Liu M, do Prado GF and Fekete I (2008) Mannitol for Acute Stroke. Stroke.
103. Goldstein DS and Kopin IJ (2007) Evolution of concepts of stress. Stress 10:109-120.
104. Harbuz MS and Lightman SL (1992) Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation. J Endocrinol 134:327-339.
105. Reznikov OH and Nosenko ND (2000) [The perinatal stress modification of the reactivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system]. Fiziol Zh 46:146-158.
106. Jezova D, Skultetyova I, Makatsori A, Moncek F and Duncko R (2002) Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function and hedonic behavior in adult male and female rats prenatally stressed by maternal food restriction. Stress 5:177-183.
107. Renwick LC, Brown D, Clouter A and Donaldson K (2004) Increased inflammation and altered macro-phage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occup Environ Med 61:442-447.
108. Kavelaars A, Vroon A, Raatgever RP, Fong AM, Premont RT, Patel DD, Lefkowitz RJ and Heijnen CJ (2003) Increased acute inflammation, leukotriene B4-induced chemotaxis, and signaling in mice deficient for G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6. J Immunol 171:6128-6134.
109. Luster AD (1998) Chemokines--chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 338:436-445.
110. Furze RC and Rankin SM (2008) The role of the bone marrow in neutrophil clearance under homeostatic conditions in the mouse. FASEB J 22:3111-3119.
111. Xue M and Del Bigio MR (2000a) Intracerebral injection of autologous whole blood in rats: time course of inflammation and cell death. Neurosci Lett 283:230-232.
112. MacKenzie JM and Clayton JA (1999) Early cellular events in the penumbra of human spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 8:1-8.
113. Zhao X, Sun G, Zhang J, Strong R, Song W, Gonzales N, Grotta JC and Aronowski J (2007) Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in microglia/macrophages. Ann Neurol 61:352-362.
114. Park HK, Chu K, Lee ST, Jung KH, Kim EH, Lee KB, Song YM, Jeong SW, Kim M and Roh JK (2005) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces sensorimotor recovery in intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 1041:125-131.
115. Chuaqui R and Tapia J (1993) Histologic assessment of the age of recent brain infarcts in man. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:481-489.
116. Mena H, Cadavid D and Rushing EJ (2004) Human cerebral infarct: a proposed histopathologic classification based on 137 cases. Acta Neuropathol 108:524-530.
117. Hickenbottom SL, Grotta JC, Strong R, Denner LA and Aronowski J (1999b) Nuclear factor-kappaB and cell death after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Stroke 30:2472-2477.
118. Xue M and Del Bigio MR (2000b) Intracerebral injection of autologous whole blood in rats: time course of inflammation and cell death. Neurosci Lett 283:230-232.
119. Wu J, Yang S, Xi G, Song S, Fu G, Keep RF and Hua Y (2008) Microglial activation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 105:59-65.
120. Wang J, Rogove AD, Tsirka AE and Tsirka SE (2003) Protective role of tuftsin fragment 1-3 in an animal model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 54:655-664.
121. Wang J and Tsirka SE (2005) Tuftsin fragment 1-3 is beneficial when delivered after the induction of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 36:613-618.
122. Andres RH, Guzman R, Ducray AD, Mordasini P, Gera A, Barth A, Widmer HR and Steinberg GK (2008) Cell replacement therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 24:E16.
123. Tang T, Li XQ, Wu H, Luo JK, Zhang HX and Luo TL (2004) Activation of endogenous neural stem cells in experimental intracerebral hemorrhagic rat brains. Chin Med J (Engl ) 117:1342-1347.
124. Sgubin D, Aztiria E, Perin A, Longatti P and Leanza G (2007) Activation of endogenous neural stem cells in the adult human brain following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res 85:1647-1655.
125. Yokota H, Yoshikawa M, Hirabayashi H, Nakase H, Uranishi R, Nishimura F, Sugie Y, Ishizaka S and Sakaki T (2005) Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFR-alpha) following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Lett 377:170-175.
126. Lee ST, Chu K, Jung KH, Kim SJ, Kim DH, Kang KM, Hong NH, Kim JH, Ban JJ, Park HK, Kim SU, Park CG, Lee SK, Kim M and Roh JK (2008) Anti-inflammatory mechanism of intravascular neural stem cell transplantation in haemorrhagic stroke. Brain 131:616-629.
127. Masuda T, Isobe Y, Aihara N, Furuyama F, Misumi S, Kim TS, Nishino H and Hida H (2007) Increase in neurogenesis and neuroblast migration after a small intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Lett 425:114-119.
128. Sun JJ, Liu Y, Zhang PB, Chen XL, Guo ZY, Zhang JS, Yang PB and Shi W (2008) [Proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and around the hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage in adult rat.]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 28:2022-2025.
129. Germano A, Caffo M, Angileri FF, Arcadi F, Newcomb-Fernandez J, Caruso G, Meli F, Pineda JA, Lewis SB, Wang KKW, Bramanti P, Costa C and Hayes RL (2007) NMDA receptor antagonist felbamate reduces behavioral deficits and blood-brain barrier permeability changes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. Journal of Neurotrauma 24:732-744.
130. F.X.Sureda. Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor. 2008. Ref Type: Generic
131. Sharp F, Liu DZ, Zhan X and Ander BP (2008) Intracerebral hemorrhage injury mechanisms: glutamate neurotoxicity, thrombin, and Src. Acta Neurochir Suppl 105:43-46.
132. Sid Shah. Stroke Pathophysiology . 2008.
133. Becker KJ (1998a) Inflammation and acute stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 11:45-49.
134. Hademenos GJ and Massoud TF (1997) Biophysical mechanisms of stroke. Stroke 28:2067-2077.
135. DeGraba TJ (1998) The role of inflammation after acute stroke: utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy. Neurology 51:S62-S68.
136. Turrin NP and Plata-Salaman CR (2000) Cytokine-cytokine interactions and the brain. Brain Res Bull 51:3-9.
137. Wasserman JK, Zhu X and Schlichter LC (2007) Evolution of the inflammatory response in the brain following intracerebral hemorrhage and effects of delayed minocycline treatment. Brain Res 1180:140-154.
138. Kimura H, Gules I, Meguro T and Zhang JH (2003) Cytotoxicity of cytokines in cerebral microvascular endothelial cell. Brain Research 990:148-156.
139. Vila N, Filella X, Deulofeu R, Ascaso C, Abellana R and Chamorro A (1999) Cytokine-induced inflammation and long-term stroke functional outcome. J Neurol Sci 162:185-188.
140. Takizawa T, Tada T, Kitazawa K, Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Kameko M and Uemura KI (2001) Inflammatory cytokine cascade released by leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 23:724-730.
141. Lampl Y, Shmuilovich O, Lockman J, Sadeh M and Lorberboym M (2005) Prognostic significance of blood brain barrier permeability in acute hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 20:433-437.
142. Barone FC and Feuerstein GZ (1999) Inflammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:819-834.
143. Aronowski J and Hall CE (2005) New horizons for primary intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: experience from preclinical studies. Neurol Res 27:268-279.
144. Mayne M, Ni W, Yan HJ, Xue M, Johnston JB, Del Bigio MR, Peeling J and Power C (2001b) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression is neuroprotective after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 32:240-248.
145. Mayne M, Fotheringham J, Yan HJ, Power C, Del Bigio MR, Peeling J and Geiger JD (2001a) Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces proinflammatory events and decreases cell death following intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 49:727-735.
146. Hallenbeck JM (2002) The many faces of tumor necrosis factor in stroke. Nature Medicine 8:1363-1368.
147. Kim JS, Yoon SS, Kim YH and Ryu JS (1996) Serial measurement of interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta, and S-100 protein in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 27:1553-1557.
148. Castillo J, Davalos A, varez-Sabin J, Pumar JM, Leira R, Silva Y, Montaner J and Kase CS (2002) Molecular signatures of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 58:624-629.
149. Kadhim HJ, Duchateau J and Sebire G (2008) Cytokines and brain injury: invited review. J Intensive Care Med 23:236-249.
150. Nakanishi H (2003) Microglial functions and proteases. Mol Neurobiol 27:163-176.
151. Yong VW, Power C, Forsyth P and Edwards DR (2001) Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:502-511.
152. Power C, Henry S, Del Bigio MR, Larsen PH, Corbett D, Imai Y, Yong VW and Peeling J (2003) Intracerebral hemorrhage induces macrophage activation and matrix metalloproteinages. Annals of Neurology 53:731-742.
153. Kolev K, Skopal J, Simon L, Csonka E, Machovich R and Nagy Z (2003) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in post-hypoxic human brain capillary endothelial cells: H2O2 as a trigger and NF-kappaB as a signal transducer. Thromb Haemost 90:528-537.
154. Skinner R, Georgiou R, Thornton P and Rothwell N (2006) Psychoneuroimmunology of stroke. Neurol Clin 24:561-583.
155. Cunningham LA, Wetzel M and Rosenberg GA (2005) Multiple roles for MMPs and TIMPs in cerebral ischemia. Glia 50:329-339.
156. Yong VW (2005) Metalloproteinases: mediators of pathology and regeneration in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:931-944.
157. Grossetete M and Rosenberg GA (2008) Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition facilitates cell death in intracerebral hemorrhage in mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28:752-763.
158. Huang E, Ong WY, Go ML and Garey L (2005) Heme oxygenase-1 activity after excitotoxic injury: Immunohistochemical localization of bilirubin in neurons and astrocytes and deleterious effects of heme oxygenase inhibition on neuronal survival after kainate treatment. Journal of Neuroscience Research 80:268-278.
159. Gennuso F, Fernetti C, Tirolo C, Testa N, L'Episcopo F, Caniglia S, Morale MC, Ostrow JD, Pascolo L, Tiribelli C and Marchetti B (2004) Bilirubin protects astrocytes from its own toxicity by inducing up-regulation and translocation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (Mrp1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:2470-2475.
160. Nakao A, Neto JS, Kanno S, Stolz DB, Kimizuka K, Liu F, Bach FH, Billiar TR, Choi AMK, Otterbein LE and Murase N (2005) Protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiac and renal trans-plantation with carbon monoxide, biliverdin and both. American Journal of Transplantation 5:282-291.
161. Suzuki H, Muramatsu M, Kojima T and Taki W (2003) Intracranial heme metabolism and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 34:2796-2800.
162. Wan S, Zhan R, Zheng S, Hua Y and Xi G (2008) Activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage: The role of iron. Neurosci Res.
163. Matz PG, Weinstein PR and Sharp FR (1997) Heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70 induction in glia and neurons throughout rat brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 40:152-160.
164. Wang J and Dore S (2007a) Heme oxygenase-1 exacerbates early brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage. Brain 130:1643-1652.
165. Peake J and Suzuki K (2004) Neutrophil activation, antioxidant supplements and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Exerc Immunol Rev 10:129-141.
166. Liu Y, Tachibana T, Dai Y, Kondo E, Fukuoka T, Yamanaka H and Noguchi K (2002) Heme oxygenase-1 expression after spinal cord injury: the induction in activated neutrophils. J Neurotrauma 19:479-490.
167. Ryter SW, Otterbein LE, Morse D and Choi AM (2002) Heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide signaling pathways: regulation and functional significance. Mol Cell Biochem 234-235:249-263.
168. Raingeaud J, Whitmarsh AJ, Barrett T, Derijard B and Davis RJ (1996) Mol Cell Biol 16:1247-1255.
169. Otterbein LE, Otterbein SL, Ifedigbo E, Liu F, Morse DE, Fearns C, Ulevitch RJ, Knickelbein R, Flavell RA and Choi AM (2003) MKK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates carbon monoxide-induced protection against oxidant-induced lung injury. Am J Pathol 163:2555-2563.
170. Zuckerbraun BS, McCloskey CA, Gallo D, Liu F, Ifedigbo E, Otterbein LE and Billiar TR (2005) Carbon monoxide prevents multiple organ injury in a model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Shock 23:527-532.
171. Facchinetti F, Dawson VL and Dawson TM (1998) Free radicals as mediators of neuronal injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 18:667-682.
172. Lagowska-Lenard M, Bielewicz J, Raszewski G, Stelmasiak Z and Bartosik-Psujek H (2008) [Oxidative stress in cerebral stroke]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 25:205-208.
173. Han N, Ding SJ, Wu T and Zhu YL (2008) Correlation of free radical level and apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Bull 24:351-358.
174. Petrone WF, English DK, Wong K and McCord JM (1980) Free radicals and inflammation: superoxide-dependent activation of a neutrophil chemotactic factor in plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:
1159-1163.
175. Liu S, Tang J, Ostrowski RP, Titova E, Monroe C, Chen W, Lo W, Martin R and Zhang JH (2007) Oxidative stress after subarachnoid hemorrhage in gp91phox knockout mice. Can J Neurol Sci 34:
356-361.
176. Xi G, Reiser G and Keep RF (2003) The role of thrombin and thrombin receptors in ischemic, hemorrhagic and traumatic brain injury: deleterious or protective? J Neurochem 84:3-9.
177. Gingrich MB and Traynelis SF (2000) Serine proteases and brain damage - is there a link? Trends Neurosci 23:399-407.
178. Gong C, Boulis N, Qian J, Turner DE, Hoff JT and Keep RF (2001) Intracerebral hemorrhage-induced neuronal death. Neurosurgery 48:875-882.
179. Lee KR, Kawai N, Kim S, Sagher O and Hoff JT (1997b) Mechanisms of edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage: Effects of thrombin on cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier permeability, and cell survival in a rat model. Journal of Neurosurgery 86:272-278.
180. Sansing LH, Kaznatcheeva EA, Perkins CJ, Komaroff E, Gutman FB and Newman GC (2003) Edema after intracerebral hemorrhage: correlations with coagulation parameters and treatment. J Neurosurg 98:985-992.
181. Gong Y, Xi GH, Keep RF, Hoff JT and Hua Y (2005) Complement inhibition attenuates brain edema and neurological deficits induced by thrombin. Acta Neurochir Suppl 95:389-392.
182. Ardizzone TD, Lu AG, Wagner KR, Tang Y, Ran RQ and Sharp FR (2004) Glutamate receptor blockade attenuates glucose hypermetabolism in perihematomal brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rat. Stroke 35:2587-2591.
183. Hua Y, Keep RF, Hoff JT and Xi GH (2007) Brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage – The role of thrombin and iron. Stroke 38:759-762.
184. Lee KR, Betz AL, Keep RF, Chenevert TL, Kim S and Hoff JT (1995) Intracerebral infusion of thrombin as a cause of brain edema. J Neurosurg 83:1045-1050.
185. Yang S, Song S, Hua Y, Nakamura T, Keep RF and Xi G (2008) Effects of thrombin on neurogenesis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 39:2079-2084.
186. Antovic J, Bakic M, Zivkovic M, Ilic A and Blomback M (2002) Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic (intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage) stroke: does decreased plasmin inhibitor indicate increased fibrinolysis in subarachnoid haemorrhage compared to other types of stroke? Scand J Clin Lab Invest 62:195-199.
187. Leow MK, Loh KC, Kiat KT and Ng PY (2007) Catecholamine and metanephrine excess in intra¬cerebral haemorrhage: revisiting an obscure yet common «pseudophaeochromocytoma». J Clin Pathol 60:583-584.
188. Perretti M and Ahluwalia A (2000) The microcirculation and inflammation: site of action for glucocorticoids. Microcirculation 7:147-161.
189. Derex L, Giraud P, Hanss M, Riche H, Nighoghossian N and Trouillas P (1998) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage revealing Addison’s disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 8:240-243.
190. Lee ST, Chu K, Sinn DI, Jung KH, Kim EH, Kim SJ, Kim JM, Ko SY, Kim M and Roh JK (2006) Erythropoietin reduces perihematomal inflammation and cell death with eNOS and STAT3 activations in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurochem 96:1728-1739.
191. Cotena S, Piazza O and Tufano R (2008) The use of erythtropoietin in cerebral diseases. Panminerva Med 50:185-192.
192. Zaremba J and Losy J (2001) The levels of TNF-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid and serum do not correlate with the counts of the white blood cells in acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Folia Morphol (Warsz ) 60:91-97.
193. Pedersen ED, Waje-Andreassen U, Vedeler CA, Aamodt G and Mollnes TE (2004) Systemic complement activation following human acute ischaemic stroke. Clin Exp Immunol 137:117-122.
194. Suzuki S, Kelley RE, Dandapani BK, Reyes-Iglesias Y, Dietrich WD and Duncan RC (1995a) Acute leukocyte and temperature response in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 26:1020-1023.
195. Christensen H and Boysen G (2004b) C-reactive protein and white blood cell count increases in the first 24 hours after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 18:214-219.
196. Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen E, Johannesen HH and Bendtzen K (2002) Plasma cytokines in acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 11:72-79.
197. Christensen H and Boysen G (2004a) C-reactive protein and white blood cell count increases in the first 24 hours after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 18:214-219.
198. Saleh A, Schroeter M, Jonkmanns C, Hartung HP, Modder U and Jander S (2004) In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke. Brain 127:1670-1677.
199. Deogaonkar A, De GM, Bae C, bou-Chebl A and Andrefsky J (2005a) Fever is associated with third ve-ntri¬cular shift after intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiologic implications. Neurol India 53:202-206.
200. MacLellan CL and Colbourne F (2005) Mild to moderate hyperthermia does not worsen outcome after severe intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25:1020-1029.
201. Rabinstein AA and Sandhu K (2007) Non-infectious fever in the neurological intensive care unit: incidence, causes and predictors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:1278-1280.
202. Fang SB, Chang YT, Chuo YH, Tsai ST and Tseng CL (2008) Hyperthermia as an early sign of intracranial hemorrhage in full-term neonates. Pediatr neonatol 49:71-76.
203. Fingas M, Penner M, Silasi G and Colbourne F (2009) Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats with 12 h, 3 days and 6 days of selective brain hypothermia. Exp Neurol 219:156-162.
204. Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A and Schwab S (2000) Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 54:354-361.
205. Deogaonkar A, De GM, Bae C, bou-Chebl A and Andrefsky J (2005b) Fever is associated with third ve-ntricular shift after intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiologic implications. Neurol India 53:202-206.
206. Elfenbein DS, Murphy PA, Chesney PJ, Seto DS and Carver DH (1979) Assessment of the interferon-like activity in preparations of leukocyte pyrogen. J Gen Virol 42:185-187.
207. Atkins E and Bodel PT (1971) Role of leucocytes in fever. Ciba Found Symp81-100.
208. Blatteis CM and Smith KA (1979) Hypothalamic sensitivity to leukocytic pyrogen of adult and new-born guinea-pigs. J Physiol 296:177-192.
209. Fingas M, Clark DL and Colbourne F (2007) The effects of selective brain hypothermia on intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 208:277-284.
210. Saito T, Otsuka A, Kurashima A, Watanabe M, Aoki S and Harada A (2001) [Study of lymphocyte and NK cell activity during mild hypothermia therapy]. No Shinkei Geka 29:633-639.
211. Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, Singer DE and Greenberg SM (2003) Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke 34:1710-1716.
212. Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA, Singer DE and Greenberg SM (2004) The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 164:880-884.
213. Grillo P, Velly L and Bruder N (2006) [Intracerebral haemorrhage, what’s new?]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 25:868-873.
214. Zubkov AY, Mandrekar JN, Claassen DO, Manno EM, Wijdicks EF and Rabinstein AA (2008) Predictors of outcome in warfarin-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 65:1320-1325.
215. Silva Y, Leira R, Tejada J, Lainez JM, Castillo J and Davalos A (2005) Molecular signatures of vascular injury are associated with early growth of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 36:86-91.
216. Welsh P, Lowe GD, Chalmers J, Campbell DJ, Rumley A, Neal BC, MacMahon SW and Woodward M (2008) Associations of proinflammatory cytokines with the risk of recurrent stroke. Stroke 39:2226-2230.
217. Dziedzic T (2008) Clinical significance of acute phase reaction in stroke patients. Front Biosci 13:2922-2927.
218. Nakai K, Yamamoto T, Yasuda S and Matsumura A (2006) Brain abscess following intracerebral haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 13:1047-1051.
219. Qu CC, Yu R, Wang ZG, Xu SJ, Xu GM, Liu YG and Zhang QL (2008) [Diagnosis and treatment of chronic expanding intracerebral hematoma]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 88:746-748.
220. Marlicz M, Szecherew G and Bukowski J (1980) [Case of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma with subsequent development of post-hemorrhagic cyst]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 14:111-115.
221. Endo H, Fujimura M, Watanabe M and Tominaga T (2009) Neuro-endoscopic management of mesencephalic intraparenchymal cyst: a case report. Surg Neurol 71:107-110.
222. Marklund N, Peltonen M, Nilsson TK and Olsson T (2004) Low and high circulating cortisol levels predict mortality and cognitive dysfunction early after stroke. J Intern Med 256:15-21.
223. Gapon MV, Dranitsyna SM, Minkevich NI, Gruden’ MA, Babichenko II and Kostanyan IA (2006) Experimental model of hemorrhagic stroke: rabbit immunization with HL-60 promyelocytic cell differentiation factor. Bull Exp Biol Med 141:272-274.
224. Yoshimoto Y, Tanaka Y and Hoya K (2001b) Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 32:1989-1993.
225. Jordan J, Segura T, Brea D, Galindo MF and Castillo J (2008) Inflammation as therapeutic objective in stroke. Curr Pharm Des 14:3549-3564.
226. Komotar RJ, Kim GH, Otten ML, Hassid B, Mocco J, Sughrue ME, Starke RM, Mack WJ, Ducruet AF, Merkow MB, Garrett MC and Connolly ES (2008) The role of complement in stroke therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 632:23-33.
227. Gusev EI, Stonik VA, Martynov MI, Guseva MR, Shchukin IA, Diuizen IV, Koplik EV, Mishchenko NP, Agafonova IG, Kolesnikova TI and Fedoreev SA (2007) [Pathophysiological mechanisms of hemorrhagic stroke and the ways of differential therapy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova Suppl 21:10-15.
228. Feigin VL, Anderson N, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van GJ and Bennett DA (2005) Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst RevCD004583.
229. Wasserman JK and Schlichter LC (2007) Minocycline protects the blood-brain barrier and reduces edema following intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat. Exp Neurol 207:227-237.
230. Sinn DI, Lee ST, Chu K, Jung KH, Kim EH, Kim JM, Park DK, Song EC, Kim BS, Yoon SS, Kim M and Roh JK (2007) Proteasomal inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage: neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of bortezomib. Neurosci Res 58:12-18.
231. Nagatsuna T, Nomura S, Suehiro E, Fujisawa H, Koizumi H and Suzuki M (2005) Systemic administration of argatroban reduces secondary brain damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage: histopathological assessment. Cerebrovasc Dis 19:192-200.
232. Titova E, Ostrowski RP, Rowe J, Chen W, Zhang JH and Tang J (2008) Effects of superoxide dismutase and catalase derivates on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl 105:33-35.
Вісник Харківського національного університету імені В. Н. Каразіна, серія Медицина має такі умови авторського права:
1. Автори зберігають авторські права та надають журналу право на першу публікацію разом із роботою, яка одночасно ліцензується згідно з ліцензією Creative Commons Attribution License, яка дозволяє іншим ділитися роботою з визнанням авторства роботи та першої публікації в цьому журналі.
2. Автори можуть укладати окремі додаткові договірні угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження опублікованої журналом версії роботи з підтвердженням її початкової публікації в цьому журналі.
3. Авторам дозволяється та заохочується публікувати свої роботи в Інтернеті до та під час процесу подання, оскільки це може призвести до продуктивного обміну, а також до раннього та більшого цитування опублікованої роботи.