An interpretation attempt of Hungarian small towns’ shrinking in a post-socialist transformation context
Abstract
The rapid shrinking of Hungarian small towns became such a general process after the turn of the Millennium, which does not simply reflect the overall effects of the second demographic transition, and could not even be interpreted with local and regional factors. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the shrinking of small towns among the framework of post-socialists urban trans-formation models and concepts. Many authors have dealt with such transformation issues, but rather focusing on the description of the development of larger cities and analysing the transformation of urban space and society. Despite the evident differences caused by the size of the researched settlements (small urban centres with a maximal population of 30,000 people), some general elements of these concepts give parts of the explanations we looked for. Others are rooted much deeper: our paper finally states that the present day crisis of small towns originates back to the later decades of planned economy, when the forced and somewhat over-dimensioned modernisation of small towns resulted a significant role in the urban network. This modernisation was centrally planned, led and financed, and with the exhaustion of these exogenous sources small towns seem to return to a less intensive development path.
Downloads
References
A Gergely, András; Kamarás, István; Varga, Csaba 1986: Egy kissváros. Budapest: Művelődéskutató Intézet.
Altvater, Elmar 1998: Theoretical deliberations on time and space in post-socialist transformation. In: Regional Studies, 32,7: 591-605.
Andrusz, Gregory; Harloe, Michael; Szelényi, Iván 2008: Cities after socialism: urban and regional change and conflict in post-socialist societies. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Bánlaky, Pál 1987: Előtanulmány és hipotézis. In: Tér és Társadalom, 1,1: 31-45.
Beluszky, Pál; Győri, Róbert 1999: A magyarországi városhálózat és az EU-csatlakozás. Tér és Társadalom, 13,1-2: 1-30.
Beluszky, Pál 1999a: The Hungarian urban network at the end of the second millennium. Discussion Papers, 27, 1-83.
Beluszky, Pál 1999b: Magyarország településföldrajza. Budapest - Pécs: Dialóg Campus.
Blaskó, Zsuzsa; Gödri, Irén 2014: Kivándorlás Magyarországról: szelekció és célország-választás az "új migránsok" körében. Demográfia, 57,4: 271-307.
Bontje, Marco 2005: Facing the challenge of shrinking cities in East Germany: the case of Leipzig. In: GeoJournal, 61,1: 13-21.
Boros, Lajos 2009: Szeged belső térfolyamatai az 1950-es évektől napjainkig. In: Földrajzi Közlemények, 133,4: 453-465.
Bradbury, Katharine L; Downs, Anthony; Small, Kenneth A. 1982: Urban decline and the future of American cities. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Brown, David L, et al. 2005: Post‐socialist restructuring and population redistribution in Hungary. In: Rural Sociology, 70,3: 336-59.
Bucher, Eszter; Pirisi, Gábor 2010: Nonprofit szektor a kisvárosokban. In: Tér és Társadalom, 24,4: 195-205.
Bujdosó, Zoltán; Dávid, Lóránt; Uakhitova, Gulmira 2014: The urbanisation in Hungary during the last decade. Management Research and Practice, 6,1: 1-21.
Burdack, Joachim 2013: Lokal basierte Kleinstadtentwicklung in östlichen Europa. Potenziale, Probleme und Praktikum - Eine Einführung. In Burdack, Joachim, Kriszán, Ágnes (eds.): Kleinstädte in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Pespektiven und Strategien Lokaler Entwicklung Forum IfL; Leipzig: Institut für Länderkunde, 5-12.
Burdack, Joachim; Knappe, Elke 2007: The development of small towns in Central Europe and the Baltic States. In: Geografiski Raksti, 13,1: 35-45.
Cavrić, Branko; Toplek, Silvija; Šiljeg, Ante 2008: Participatory measurements of sustainable urban development and quality of life in post-socialist Zadar, Croatia. In: Spatium, 17-18,1; 45-54.
Chenet, Laurent; et al. 1996: Changing Life Expectancy in Central Europe: Is There a Single Reason? In: Journal of Public Health, 18,3: 329-36.
Coats, Vary T. 1977: The future of rural small towns: are they obsolete in post-industrial society? In: Habitat, 2,1: 247-258.
Cockerham, William C. 1997: The social determinants of the decline of life expectancy in Russia and Eastern Europe: a lifestyle explanation. In: Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38,2: 117-30.
Colomb, Claire 2013: Staging the New Berlin: place marketing and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989. London - New York: Routledge.
Crisostomo, Rosemarie 1983: The demographic dilemma of the Soviet Union. Washington: US Dept. of Com-merce, Bureau of the Census.
Czirfusz, Márton; Pósfai, Zsuzsanna 2015: Kritikus ponton? Önkormányzati lakásgazdálkodás a gazdasági világválság után. In: Területi Statisztika, 55,5; 484-504.
Csizmadia, Zoltán; Rechnitzer, János 2005: A magyar városhálózat innovációs potenciálja. In: Grósz András; Rechnitzer, János (eds.): Régiók és nagyvárosok innovációs potenciálja Magyarországon. MTA RKK, Pécs–Győr, 147-80.
Daróczi, Etelka 2007: ageing and health in the transition countries of Europe-the case of Hungary. Working Papers on Population, Family and Welfare. Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office.
Demeny, Paul 1968: Early fertility decline in Austria-Hungary: A lesson in demographic transition. In: Daedalus, 97,2: 502-22.
Dimitrovska Andrews, Kaliopa. 2005. Mastering the post-socialist city: impacts on planning the built environment. In: Hamilton, Ian; Dimitrovska Andrews, Kaliopa and Pichler-Milanovis, Natasa (eds.): Transformation of cities in Central and Eastern Europe: towards globalization. Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nation University Press, 153-86.
Enyedi, György 1996: Regionális folyamatok Magyarországon az átmenet időszakában. Budapest: Hilscher Rezső Szociálpolitikai Egyesület.
Enyedi, György 2012: Városi világ. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Fehér, Katalin; Virág, Tünde 2014: Élet egy kisváros peremén. In: Tér és Társadalom, 28,3: 50–65.
Filipović, Marko; Kokotović, Kanazir Vlasta; Drobnjaković, Marija 2016: Small Towns in Serbia–The “Bridge” Between the Urban and the Rural. In: European Countryside, 8,4,: 462-480.
Frantál, Bohumil; Vaishar, Antonín 2008: Zvláštnosti kvality života v malých městech. In: Geografia Slovaca, 25,1: 175-88.
Friedrichs, Jürgen. 1993: Theory of urban decline - Economy, demography and political elits. In: Urban Studies, 30,6: 907-17.
Gábos, András 2000: Családok helyzete és családtámogatások a kilencvenes években. In: Kolosi, Tamás; Tóth, István György; Vukovich, György (eds.): Társadalmi Riport 2000. Budapest: TÁRKI, 99-122.
Garb, Yaakov; Dybicz, Tomasz 2006: The Retail Revolution in Post-Socialist Central Europe and Its Lessons. In: Tsenkova, Sasha and Nedović-Budić, Zorica (eds.): The Urban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe. Heidelberg: Physica Verlag, 231-52.
Goeler, Daniel et al. 2012: Informal housing as routine? Multiple urban transitions in the Belgrade Metropolitan Area (with Kaluderica as an example). In: Mitteilungen Der Osterreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 154: 212-34.
Gregory, Paul R. 1982: Fertility and labor force participation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In: The Re-view of Economics and Statistics, 64,1: 18-31.
Grubbauer, Monika; Kusiak, Joanna (eds.) 2012: Chasing Warsaw: socio-material dynamics of urban change since 1990. Frankfurt / New York: Campus Verlag.
Haase, Annegret; Grossmann, Katrin; Rink, Dieter 2013: Shrinking cities in postsocialist Europe–what can we learn from their analysis for urban theory-making? RC21 Conference: Resourceful Cities.
Hablicsek, László 2004: A nemzetközi vándorlás hatása Magyarország népességének változására. In: Demográfia, 47,3: 300-20.
Heineberg, Heinz 2014: Stadtgeographie. Padernborn, München, Wien, Zürich: Ferdinand Schöningh.
Herrschel, Tassilo. 2007: Global geographies of post-socialist transition: geographies, societies, policies. London, New York: Routledge.
Hirt, Sonia 2012: Iron curtains: Gates, suburbs and privatization of space in the post-socialist city. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Hirt, Sonia 2013: Whatever happened to the post socialist city? In: Cities, 32: 29-38.
Hirt, Sonia; Stanilov, Kiril 2007: The perils of post-socialist transformation: residential development in Sofia. In: Stanilov, Kiril (ed.): The Post-Socialist City. Berlin: Springer, 215-44.
Hoem, Jan M. et al. 2009: Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation. In: European Journal of Population / Revue Eu-ropeenne De Demographie, 25,3: 239-55.
Hollós, Marida; Bernardi, Laura. 2009: Gyermekvállalás bizonytalan időkben magyarországi fiatal párok beszámolója alapján. In: Demográfia, 52,1: 5-30.
Horeczki, Réka 2014: A kisvárosok ipari átalakulása a XX. században. In: Köztes-Európa, 14, 1: 135-142.
Hospers, Gert-Jan 2014: Policy responses to urban shrinkage: From growth thinking to civic engagement. In: European Planning Studies, 22,7: 1507-1523.
Izsák, Éva 2001: Suburbanisation and economic development in Budaörs, Hungary’s most successful town. In: Keune, Maarten; Nemes Nagy, József (eds.): Local development, institutions and conflicts in post-socialist Hun-gary. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
Ježek, Jiři 2011: Small towns attractiveness for living, working and doing business. Case study the Czech Republic. In: Ježek, Jiří; Kaňka, Lukáš (eds.): Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of the Small Towns and Rural Regions in Europe Plzen: University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Centre for Regional Development Research, 4-11.
Kabisch, Nadja; Haase, Dagmar; Haase, Annegret 2010: Evolving reurbanisation? Spatio-temporal dynamics as exemplified by the East German city of Leipzig. In: Urban Studies, 47,5: 967-90.
Kaczmarek, Urszula; Konecka-Szydłowska, Barbara 2013: Perspectives for development of small towns in Wielkopolska voivodeship. In: Burdack, Joachim; Kriszán Ágnes (eds.): Kleinstädte in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Perspektiven und Strategien lokaler Entwicklung Forum IfL; Leipzig: Institut für Länderkunde, 66-89.
Kapitány, Balázs; Rohr, Adél 2014: Kivándorlás Magyarországról – Egy új becslési eljárás eredményei. In: Spéder, Zsolt (ed): A család vonzásában: tanulmányok Pongrácz Tiborné tiszteletére. Budapest: KSH Népességtudományi Kutatóintézet, 67-85.
Klemme, Marion 2010: Wunsch und Wirklichkeiten in demographisch schrumpfenden Räumen: Handlungslogiken öffentlicher Akteure in der kommunalen Siedlungsflächenentwicklung. In: FuB-Flachenmanagement und Bodenordnung, 72,2: 62.
Kohler, Hans Peter; Kohler, Ilina 2002: Fertility decline in Russia in the early and mid 1990’s: The role of eco-nomic uncertainty and labour market crises. In: European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Dé-mographie, 18,3: 233-62.
Kok, Herman; Kovacs, Zoltan 1999: The process of suburbanization in the agglomeration of Budapest. In: Nether-lands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 14,2: 119-41.
Kolodko, Grzegorz W. 1999: Ten years of post-socialist transition lessons for policy reform. New York: World Bank Publications.
Konecka-Szydłowska, Barbara; Zuzańska-Żyśko, Elżbieta; Szmytkie, Robert 2010: Role of services in the economies of small towns of Silesia region and Wielkopolskie voivodehip. In: Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 14,1; 51-62.
Konecka-Szydłowska, Barbara 2017: Zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego nowych miast. Przykład Polski i Węgier. In: Studia Ekonomiczne, 327: 145-163.
Kotus, Jacek 2006: Changes in the spatial structure of a large Polish city–the case of Poznań. In: Cities, 23,5: 364-81.
Kovács, Zoltán 1999: Cities from state-socialism to global capitalism: an introduction. In: GeoJournal, 49,1: 1-6.
Kovács, Zoltán 2002: Népesség- és településföldrajz. Budapest: Eötvös Kiadó.
Kovács, Zoltán 2004: Socio-economic transition and regional differentiation in Hungary. In: Földrajzi Értestő, 53,1-2: 33-49.
Kovács, Zoltán 2010: A szocialista és posztszocialista urbanizáció értelmezése. In: Barta, Györgyi et al. (eds.): A területi kutatások csomópontjai Pécs: MTA Regionális Kutatások Központja, 141-57.
Kovács, Zoltán 1998: Ghettoization or Gentrification? Post-socialist Scenarios for Budapest. In: Netherlands Jour-nal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13,1: 63-81.
Kovács, Zoltán 2009: Social and economic transformation of historical neighbourhoods in Budapest. In: Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 100,4: 399-416.
Kőszegfalvi, György 2004: Magyarország településrendszere. Pécs: Alexandra.
Kubeš, Jan 2013: European post-socialist cities and their near hinterland in intra-urban geography literature. In: Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 19,1: 19-43.
Kulcsár, J László; Brown, David L 2011: The political economy of urban reclassification in post-socialist Hungary. In: Regional Studies, 45,4: 479-490.
Kwiatek-Sołtys, Agnieszka 2011: Small towns in Poland-barriers and factors of growth. In: Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19,1: 363-370.
Kwiatek-Sołtys, Agnieszka 2015: Population changes as litmus paper of the socio-economic development level of small towns in Poland. In: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica, 8,1: 39-53.
Kwiatek-Sołtys, Agnieszka 2005: The role of small district towns in the urban agglomeration system in Poland. In: Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 4,1: 135-40.
Kwiatek-Sołtys, Agnieszka 2006: Migration attractiveness of small towns in the Małoposka Province. In: Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 5,1: 155-60.
Lados, Gábor; Hegedűs, Gábor 2016: Returning home: An evaluation of Hungarian return migration. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 65,3: 321-330.
Lesthaeghe, Ron; Van de Kaa, Dirk J. 1986: Twee demografische transities. In: Bevolking: Groei en Krimp, 9-24.
Lesthaeghe, Ron 2010: The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. In: Population and Development Review, 36,2: 211-51.
Light, Duncan; Young, Craig 2010: Reconfiguring socialist urban landscapes: The'left-over'spaces of state-socialism in Bucharest. In: Human Geographies, 4,1: 5-16.
Lintz, Gerd; Müller, Bernhard; Schmude, Karl 2007: The future of industrial cities and regions in central and eastern Europe. Geoforum, 38,3: 512-519.
Lux, Gábor 2009: Divergent patterns of adaptation among Central European old industrial regions. European Spatial Research and Policy, 16,1: 145-157.
Maes, Marieke; Loopmans, Maarten; Kesteloot, Christian 2012: urban shrinkage and everyday life in post-socialist cities: living with diversity in Hrušov, Ostrava, Czech Republic. In: Built Environment, 38,2: 229-43.
Marcinczak, Szymon; Sagan, Iwona 2011: The socio-spatial restructuring of Łodz, Poland. In: Urban Studies, 48,9: 1789-809.
Marcinczak, Szymon et al. 2014: Urban geographies of hesitant transition: tracing socioeconomic segregation in post-Ceauşescu Bucharest. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38,4: 1399-417.
Martinez-Fernandez et al. 2012: Shrinking Cities: Urban challenges of globalization. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36,2: 213-25.
Máté, Éva 2017: Perforált régiók? Izolálódó térségek a Dél-Dunántúlon. In: Földrajzi Közlemények, 141,2: 164-178.
Medgyesi, Konstantin 2005: A kertész, az orvos és a borkimérő. kisvárosi rendszerváltozás és a helyi hatalmi elit. In: Szociológiai Szemle, 15,1: 60-71.
Molnár, Ernő 2015: Martfű: Egy cipőgyártó kisváros múltja és perspektívái. In: Földrajzi Közlemények, 139,2: 132-46.
Murray, Pearse; Szelenyi, Ivan 1984: The city in the transition to socialism. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 8,1: 90-107.
Musil, Jir̂í; Ryŝavá, Zdenêk 1983: Urban and regional processes under capitalism and socialism: A Case study from Czechoslovakia. In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 7,4: 495-527.
Mykhnenko, Vlad; Turok, Ivan 2008: East European cities—patterns of growth and decline, 1960–2005. In: International Planning Studies, 13,4: 311-342.
Nagy, Erika; Timár, Judit; Nagy, Gábor; Velkey, Gábor 2015: A társadalmi-térbeli marginalizáció folyamatai a leszakadó vidéki térségekben. In: Tér és Társadalom, 29,1: 35–52.
Nemes Nagy, József 1994: Regional disparities in Hungary during the period of transition to a market economy. In: GeoJournal, 32,4: 363-68.
Nemes Nagy, József 1995: Soprontól Nyíradonyig–városok a paicgazdasági átmenetben. In: Comitatus, 5,8-9: 15-22.
Niedermeyer, Martin 2000: Kleinstadtentwicklung. Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten, 93,1, 375.
Nolte, Ellen; McKee, Martin, Gilmore, Anna 2005: Morbidity and mortality in the transition countries of Europe. In: Macura, Miroslav; MacDonald, Alphonse L; Haug, Werner (eds.): The New Demographic Regime. Population Challenges and Policy Responses. New York / Geneva: United Nations, 153-76.
Oswalt, Philipp; Rieniets, Tim 2006: Atlas of shrinking cities. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.
Pál, Viktor; Boros, Lajos 2010: The Relationship between health policy and spatial justice-the case of Hungary. In: Megatrend Review, 7,1: 249-64.
Pavlínek, Petr 2004: Regional development implications of foreign direct investment in Central Europe. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, 11,1: 47-70.
Pénzes, János 2011: A jövedelmi szempontból elmaradott települések területi átrendeződése a rendszerváltozás után. In: Földrajzi Közlemények, 135,1: 59-69.
Pénzes, János 2014: Competitiveness of Hungarian towns after the change of regime. In: Central European Regional Policy and Human Geography, 4,1: 49-61.
Philipov, Dimiter; Kohler, Hans-Peter 2001: Tempo effects in the fertility decline in Eastern Europe: evidence from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Russia. In: European Journal of Population/Revue eu-ropéenne de Démographie, 17,1: 37-60.
Philipov, Dimiter; Dorbritz, Jürgen 2003: Demographic consequences of economic transition in countries of Cen-tral and Eastern Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Philipov, Dimiter; Spéder, Zsolt; Billari, Francesco C. 2006: Soon, Later, or Ever? The Impact of Anomie and Social Capital on Fertility Intentions in Bulgaria (2002) and Hungary (2001). In: Population Studies, 60,3: 289-308.
Pickvance, Chris 2002: State socialism, post-socialism and their urban patterns: Theorizing the Central and Eastern European experience. In: Eade, John and Mele, Cristopher (eds.): Understanding the City: Contemporary and Fu-ture Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 183-203.
Pirisi, Gábor 2009a: Kisvárosok differenciált átalakulása az ezredforduló Magyarországán. PhD-Thesis, Pécsi Tudományegyetem.
Pirisi, Gábor 2009b: Differenciálódó kisvárosaink. In: Földrajzi Közlemények, 133,3: 315-25.
Pirisi, Gábor 2009c: Város vagy nem város? Dilemmák a formális és a funkcionális városfogalom kettőssége kapcsán. In: Területi Statisztika, 12,2: 129-36.
Pirisi, Gábor; Máté, Éva 2014: Zsugorodó kisvárosok – kincstári optimizmus. A demográfiai hanyatlás kérdéskörének megjelenése hazai kisvárosok tervezési dokumentumaiban. In: Területfejlesztés és Innováció, 8,2: 28-39.
Pirisi, Gábor; Trócsányi, András 2009: The Transformation of villages into Towns – A qantitative way of Hungarian urbanisation. In: Geographia – Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, 54,1: 75-82.
Pirisi, Gábor; Trócsányi, András 2015a: Shrinking small towns in Hungary: the factors behind the urban decline in “small scale”. In: Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae, 58,2: 131-47.
Pirisi, Gábor; Trócsányi, András 2015b: Between shrinking and blooming: the crossroad of small towns urbanisation in Hungary. In: Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica, 8,1: 12-28.
Putnam, Robert D. 2001: Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster.
Rechnitzer, János; Csizmadia, Zoltán; Grosz, András 2011: A magyar városhálózat tudásalapú megújító képessége az ezredfordulón. In: Tér és Társadalom, 18,2: 117–56.
Rechnitzer, János; Páthy, Ádám; Berkes, Judit 2014: Stability and changes of the Hungarian city-network. In Somlyódyné Pfeil, Edit (ed.): Industrial districts and cities in Central Europe Győr: Universitas-Győr Nonprofit Ltd, 109-130.
Reimann, Bettina 1997: The Transition from people's property to private property: consequences of the restitution principle for urban development and urban renewal in East Berlin's inner-city residential areas. In: Applied Geog-raphy, 17,4: 301-13.
Rybczynski, Witold; Linneman, Peter D. 1999: How to save our shrinking cities. In: Public Interest, 135,1: 30-44.
Sailer-Fliege; Ulrike 1999: Characteristics of post-socialist urban transformation in East Central Europe. In: GeoJournal, 49,1: 7-16.
Siljanoska, Jasmina; Korobar, Vlatko P.; Stefanovska Jasna 2012: Causes, consequences and challenges of shrink-age: the case of small cities in a transition society. In: Built Environment, 38,2: 244-58.
Simon, William; Gagnon, John H 1967: The decline and fall of the small town. In: Society, 4,5: 42-51.
Slavík, Vladimir 2002: Small towns of the Slovak Republic within the transformation stage. In: Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Folia Geographica, 5,1: 146-54.
Smith, Adrian; Swain, Adam 2010: The global economic crisis, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union: mod-els of development and the contradictions of internationalization. In: Eurasian Geography and Economics, 51,1: 1-34.
Smith, Adrian; Rochovska, Alena 2007: Domesticating neo-liberalism: everyday lives and the geographies of post-socialist transformations. In: Geoforum, 38,6: 1163-78.
Smith, Adrian; Stenning, Alison; Rochovska, Alena; Swiatek, Dariusz 2008: The emergence of a working poor: labour markets, neoliberalisation and diverse economies in post-socialist cities. In: Antipode, 40,2: 283-311.
Sobotka, Tomáš. 2008: The diverse faces of the second demographic transition in Europe. In: Demographic Re-search, 19,8: 171-224.
Sobotka, Tomáš; Zeman, Kryštof; Kantorová, Vladimíra 2003: Demographic shifts in the Czech Republic after 1989: A second demographic transition view. In: European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Dé-mographie, 19,3: 249-77.
Stanilov, Kiril ed. 2007: The post-socialist city: Urban form and space transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after socialism. Berlin: Springer.
Steinführer, Annett; Küpper, Patrick; Tautz, Alexandra 2014: Adapt and cope: strategies for safeguarding the qual-ity of life in a shrinking ageing region. In: Comparative Population Studies, 39,2: 319-44.
Stenning, Alison; Hoerschelmann, Kathrin 2008: History, geography and difference in the post-socialist world: or, do we still need post-socialism? In: Antipode, 40,2: 312-35.
Sýkora, Luděk 1999: Processes of socio-spatial differentiation in post-communist Prague. In: Housing Studies, 14,5: 679-701.
Sýkora, Luděk; Bouzarovski, Stefan 2012: Multiple transformations conceptualising the post-communist urban transition. In: Urban Studies, 49,1: 43-60.
Temelova, Jana 2007: Flagship Developments and the physical upgrading of the post-socialist inner city: The Golden Angel project in Prague. In: Geografiska Annaler Series B-Human Geography, 89B,2: 169-81.
Tóth, József 1996: Településrendszer. In: Perczel, György ed.: Magyarország társadalmi-gazdasági földrajza Budapest: Eötvös Kiadó, 539-86.
Trócsányi, András 2011: The spatial implications of urban renewal carried out by the ECC programs in Pécs. In: Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 60,3: 261-84.
Troeger-Weiß, Gabi; Domhardt, Hans-Jörg 2009: Germany’s shrinkage on a small town scale. In Pallagst, Karin (ed.): The future of shrinking cities: problems, patterns and strategies of urban transformation in a global context. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, 161-68.
Tsenkova, Sasha 2007: Reinventing strategic planning in post-socialist cities: experiences from Sofia. In: European Planning Studies, 15,3: 295-317.
Tsenkova; Sasha 2006: Beyond transitions: Understanding urban change in post-socialist cities. In Tsenkova, Sasha ; Nedović-Budić, Zorica (eds.): The Urban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe Contributions to Economics: Physica-Verlag HD, 21-50.
Turok, Ivan; Mykhnenko, Vlad 2007: The trajectories of European cities, 1960–2005. In: Cities, 24,3: 165-82.
Utasi, Ágnes 1995. A kisvárosi elit eredete és vagyona. In: Tér és Társadalom, 9,3-4: 191–205.
Utasi, Ágnes; A Gergely, András; Becskeházi, Attila 1996: Kisvárosi elit. Budapest: MTA Politikai Tudományok Intézete.
Uzzoli, Annamária 2008: The mortality situation and its spatial dimension in Hungary. In: Czech Regional Studies, 2,2: 41-50.
Vaishar, Antonín 2004: Small towns: an important part of the Moravian settlement system. In: Dela, 21: 309-18.
Vaishar, Antonín et al. 2008: Geografie malých měst a jejich úloha v systému osídlení. Brno: Ústav geoniky AV ČR.
Van de Kaa, Dirk J. 1987: Europe's second demographic transition. In: Population Bulletin, 42,1: 1-59.
Van de Kaa, Dirk J. 2003: second demographic transition. Encyclopedia of Population, 2: 872-75.
Velkova, Angelika; Wolleswinkel-Van den Bosch, Judith H.; Mackenbach, Johan P. 1997: The east-west life expec-tancy gap: differences in mortality from conditions amenable to medical intervention. In: International Journal of Epidemiology, 26,1: 75-84.
Vigvári, András 2011: Szubszidiaritás nélküli decentralizáció. Néhány adalék az önkormányzati rendszer magyar modelljének korszerűsítéséhez. Tér és Társadalom, 22,1, 141–67.
Vujović, Sreten; Petrović, Mina 2007: Belgrade’s post-socialist urban evolution: reflections by the actors in the development Process In: Stanilov, Kiril (ed.): The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. Berlin: Springer, 361-83.
Weclawowicz, Grzegorz 2005: The Warsaw Metropolitan Area on the eve of Poland’s integration into the European Union. In: Hamilton Ian; Dimitrovska Andrews, Kaliopa; Pichler-Milanovic, Natasa (eds.): Transformation of Cit-ies in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards Globalization. United Nations University Press, 223-47.
Wiest, Karin 2012: Comparative debates in post-socialist urban studies. In: Urban Geography, 33,6: 829-49.
Zamfir, Daniela; Tălângă Cristian; Stoica, Ilinca Valentina 2009: Romanian small towns searching for their iden-tity. IN: Journal of Urban & Regional Analysis, 1,1: 41-53.
Zuzańska-Żyśko, Elżbieta 2005: Economic transformation of small silesian towns in the years 1990–1999. In: Geographica Polonica, 78,1: 137-50.
Copyright (c) 2018 Trócsányi A., Pirisi G., Máté E.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
