XRD Study of Phase Evolution in Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers at Different CNT/β-Ga₂O₃ Ratios
Abstract
Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanofibrous mats containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and β-Ga₂O₃ nanoparticles were fabricated to investigate composition-dependent phase evolution in the PVDF matrix. Pristine PVDF and composite mats with CNT/β-Ga₂O₃ ratios of 1:1, 1.5:0.5, and 0.5:1.5 wt% were prepared under identical electrospinning conditions using a DMF/acetone solvent system. The crystalline structure and phase composition were studied by X-ray diffraction with Co Kα radiation. The pristine PVDF mat exhibited a multiphase structure composed of α, β, and γ phases. After the incorporation of CNTs and β-Ga₂O₃, clear composition-dependent changes in diffraction peak position and intensity were observed. The 1:1 composition reduced the α-phase contribution and enhanced the γ-phase reflections, while the β phase remained dominant. Increased CNT content favored β-phase development, whereas increased β-Ga₂O₃ content promoted γ-phase formation. The results indicate that CNTs mainly support β-phase stabilization, while β-Ga₂O₃ has a stronger effect on γ-phase evolution and structural rearrangement. These findings show that the crystalline phase balance of electrospun PVDF nanofibers can be effectively tailored by controlled CNT/β-Ga₂O₃ incorporation.
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Copyright (c) 2026 S.A. Ahmadova, G.B. Ibragimov, O.A. Samedov, M.A. Yuldoshev, N.A. Sattarov, K.M. Hasanov, Y.I. Aliyev, A.S. Abiyev
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