Foreign experience in forming state policy in the social sphere.

Abstract

Foreign experience in the formation of state policy in the social sphere has been further developed, in which it was determined that: the sphere of social policy of the EU is constantly lagging behind the economic, financial, political and technological dimensions against the background of the new reality. This requires an optimal solution to the dilemma of the requirements of the economy and the expectations of society, and not one, but many and very different. The peculiarity of state policy in the social sphere of the USA, in contrast to other states, is determined in that it is based on the principles of individualism and freedom of choice (the state is not the only provider of social services, and citizens have the opportunity to choose between different providers, including private companies and non-profit organizations). The Chinese model of the social state differs from the European and American ones both in terms of implementation mechanisms and in terms of forms and levels of stakeholder participation. It is noted that these presented systems do not fully reflect the palette of principles, mechanisms and forms of stakeholder participation in the implementation of state policy in the social sphere. The fact that stakeholder participation involves a consultative approach is noteworthy. In addition, the models are not flexible in relation to the requests of the recipients. In the new reality, all models of the welfare state require new flexible approaches to management, especially to the requests of stakeholders.
In the EU, there are several levels of stakeholder participation in the implementation of public policy in the social sphere: Consultation: at this level, stakeholders can express their opinions and suggestions on draft laws and regulations, but the final decision is made by the government. Dialogue: at this level, stakeholders can engage in dialogue with the government and other interested parties to discuss specific issues and find compromise solutions. Partnership: at this level, the government and stakeholders work together to achieve common goals. Stakeholders can participate in the development and implementation of programs and projects. Shared management: at this level, the government and stakeholders work together on equal terms to make decisions and manage social programs and projects. Each level of participation has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of a specific level depends on the specific situation and the goals to be achieved.
The project approach is widely used in the EU to implement state policy in the social sphere. It allows for a more effective and targeted achievement of the set goals and objectives, and also provides a more transparent and open decision-making process. Within the framework of the project approach, specific projects are created, financed from the EU budget or other sources, and implemented with the participation of various stakeholders. Projects can be aimed at solving specific problems in the social sphere, such as poverty, unemployment, social and economic exclusion, as well as the development of social infrastructure and services. The American Social Security Model (ASM). The American Social Security Model (ASM) is assessed by specialists and experts as successful. The ASM, which, unlike the ESM, is built on the “residual principle” of providing social guarantees in the liberal economy and politics of the USA and is incompatible with the level of social guarantees in Europe. As in any other country, US public policy in the social sphere is aimed at ensuring the well-being of citizens and improving their quality of life. One of the main areas is health care, which in the USA is provided through the health insurance system. In recent years, steps have been taken to expand access to medical services and reduce the cost of treatment.