LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND DIPLOMATIC PRACTICES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFLICT-PRONE NATURE OF THE VIENNA SYSTEM (1815–1914)

Abstract

Introduction. The relevance of this study is determined by the need for a deeper understanding of the historical origins of the modern system of international relations and international law, much of which traces back to the Vienna system of 1815–1914. The analysis of the legal principles and diplomatic practices of this period allows for identifying patterns in the functioning of mechanisms such as the balance of power, legitimacy, and collective diplomacy as a system for preventing global conflicts, which continue to be significant in the contemporary world. Summary of the main results of the study. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the diplomatic and international-legal aspects of the formation of the Vienna system of international relations, which emerged from the decisions of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), as well as the key contradictions and sources of conflict-proneness within the new international order. It examines the diplomatic mechanisms that ensured the system’s operation, its influence on the development of international law, and the practice of multilateral negotiations. The significance of the decisions of the Vienna Congress and other 19th–early 20th century international forums for the establishment of a stable international order in Europe and the development of the so-called “Concert of European Powers” is highlighted. The study emphasizes that while the Vienna system sought to maintain peace through the principles of collective security and diplomatic agreements, it could not fully neutralize the rise of nationalist and imperialist ambitions in individual states. International law and diplomacy of the time were limited in effectiveness due to the absence of a unified legal framework applicable to all participants. Considering the contemporary transformation of the global order, the historical experience of the Vienna system is crucial for understanding the nature of interstate conflicts. Conclusion. The study concludes that the Vienna system of international relations represented a significant stage in the development of diplomacy and international law, establishing mechanisms for collective conflict resolution and maintaining a balance of power among Europe’s leading states. At the same time, internal contradictions, disputes among major powers, the emergence of new actors, the formation of military-political blocs, and violations of the status quo contributed to the growth of conflict-proneness in the international environment and ultimately led to its crisis and the outbreak of the First World War.