Трубопровід Dakota Access (DAPL): Суперечності політичної географії
Анотація
Трубопровід Dakota Access (DAPL), побудований у 2016-2017 роках, є лише одним з численних енергетичних трубопроводів у США. Вплив даного трубопроводу на навколишнє середовище, як і інших, є потужним, важливим та викликає занепокоєння. Однак протидія DAPL стала більш разючою, ніж протидія іншим трубопроводам, та навіть сягнула національного і міжнародного рівнів. Крім огляду суперечливих розмов та розповідей деяких акторів, що брали участь у DAPL дебатах, існують інші способи застосувати теорію та пояснити, чому саме DAPL стала гарячою політичною проблемою або ймовірно важливість даного питання скороминуща. Дана стаття надасть теоретичне тлумачення, хоча вона має різну генеалогію, деякі діаметрально протилежні одна одній, до того ж вони не були застосовані у реальній ситуації. Обачно використовуючи теорію до суперечок навколо DAPL, ця стаття прагне одночасно пояснити суперечки навколо DAPL та підкреслити деякі нюансні концепції, що складають теорію публікації.
Завантаження
Посилання
Energy Transfer Partners, L. P. (2017). Energy Transfer Announces the Bakken Pipeline is in Service Transporting Domestic Crude Oil from the Bakken/Three Forks Production Areas. 1 June, http://ir.energytransfer.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=106094&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2278014 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Business Wire (2014). Energy Transfer Announces Crude Oil Pipeline Project Connecting Bakken Supplies to Patoka, Illinois and to Gulf Coast Markets. 14 June, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140625006184/en/Energy-Transfer-Announces-Crude-Oil-Pipeline-Project (accessed 7 September 2021).
Nicholson, B. (2017). $3.8 billion Dakota Access oil pipeline begins service. Chicago Tribune 1 June, https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-dakota-access-oil-pipeline-20170601-story.html (accessed 7 Septem-ber 2021).
Hult, J. (2016). How did Dakota Access become the world’s largest pipeline protest? Argus Leader 19 November, https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2016/11/19/how-did-dakota-access-become-worlds-largest-pipeline-protest/94036392/ (accessed 7 September 2021).
Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari (1983). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London: Athlone.
Buchanan, I. (2021). Assemblage theory and method. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
DeLanda, M. (2006a). A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity. London: Continuum.
DeLanda, M. (2006b). Deleuzian social ontology and assemblage theory. In: Fuglsang M and Sorensen BM (eds) Deleuze and the social. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, pp. 250-265.
DeLanda, M. (2011). Philosophy and Simulation: The Emergence of Synthetic Reason. New York: Continuum.
Bennett, J. (2005). The agency of assemblages and the North American Blackout. Public Culture, 17(3): 445-465.
Anderson, B., Kearnes, M., McFarlane, C., et al. (2012). On assemblages and geography. Dialogues in Human Geogra-phy, 2(2): 171-189.
Kinkaid, E. (2019). Assemblage as ethos: Conceptual genealogies and political problems. Area 52(3): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12600
Briassoulis, H. (2017) Response assemblages and their socioecological fit. Dialogues in Human Geography, 7:2, 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820617720079
DeLanda, M. (2002). Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. London: Continuum.
Berman, A. (2015). Only 1% of the Bakken play breaks even at current oil prices. Forbes Magazine 3 November. https://www.forbes.com/sites/arthurberman/2015/11/03/only-1-of-the-bakken-play-breaks-even-at-current-oil-prices/#9d47ea069469 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Mandel, M. (2017). Average U.S. shale breakeven oil price has dropped 42 percent in four years. EnergyInDepth: A project of the Independent Petroleum Association of America. 30 October. https://www.energyindepth.org/average-u-s-shale-breakeven-oil-price-has-dropped-42-percent-in-four-years/ (accessed 7 September 2021).
Rapier, R. (2016). The break even cost for shale oil. Forbes Magazine 29 February. https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2016/02/29/the-break-even-cost-for-shale-oil/#6eef23a040d4 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Lynch, M. (2017). The next oil price collapse. Forbes Magazine 19 December. https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaellynch/2017/12/19/the-next-oil-price-collapse/#5559a9a46126 (accessed 7 Sep-tember 2021).
Reuters (2012). Update 1-Plains reaps benefits of low-priced Bakken crude. 9 February. https://www.reuters.com/article/plains-bakken-eastcoast/update-1-plains-reaps-benefit-of-low-priced-bakken-crude-idUSL2E8D9GKT20120209 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Petroski, W. & Pfannestiel, B. (2015). Which bills passed and died in 2015 Iowa Legislature. Des Moines Register 9 June, https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2015/06/08/dead-passed-bills-legislature/28671627/ (accessed 7 September 2021).
Petroski, W. (2016). Iowa farmers sue to block use of eminent domain for Bakken pipeline. Des Moines Register 20 May, https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2016/05/20/farmers-sue-to-block-use-of-eminent-domain/84676294/ (accessed 7 September 2021).
Hardy, K. (2017). Dakota Access pipeline had right to take Iowa land, judge rules. Des Moines Register 15 February, https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/2017/02/15/dakota-access-pipeline-had-right-take-iowa-land-judge-rules/97966662/ (accessed 7 September 2021).
Waddington, L. (2015). Eminent domain bill deserves fair hearing. The Gazette 18 May. https://www.thegazette.com/subject/opinion/blogs/lynda-waddington/eminent-domain-bill-deserves-fair-hearing-20150518 (accessed 7 September 2021).
Bravebull, A. L. (2016). Why the Founder of Standing Rock Sioux Camp Can’t Forget the Whitestone Massacre. Yes! Magazine 30 September. http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/why-the-founder-of-standing-rock-sioux-camp-cant-forget-the-whitestone-massacre-20160903 (accessed 12 September 2021).
The Action Network (2016). Nov15#NoDAPL Day of Action at Army Corps of Engineers. 10 November, https://actionnetwork.org/event_campaigns/nov-15-nodapl-day-of-action-at-army-corps-of-engineers (accessed 7 September 2021).
Herrara, A. (2016). Standing Rock activists: Don’t call us protesters. We’re protectors. PRI Public Radio International 31 October, https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-31/standing-rock-activists-dont-call-us-protesters-were-water-protectors (accessed 7 September 2021).
Estes, N. (2019). Our history is the future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of indigenous resistance. New York: Verso.
Hersher, R. (2017). America: Key moments in the Dakota Access Pipeline fight. National Public Radio (NPR) 22 Feb-ruary, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/22/514988040/key-moments-in-the-dakota-access-pipeline-fight (accessed 7 September 2021).
Parker, J. (2018). Case Name: Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. Dakota Access (EJ-DC-0001). Civil Rights Litigation Clearing House University of Michigan Law School 20 July. https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=16671 (accessed 7 September 2021).
White, G. W., & Millett, B. V. (2019). Oil transport and protecting clean water: The case of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13 (2): 115-128. https://doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2019-0029. http://www.pesd.ro/articole/nr.13/nr.2/10432%20-Volume13_issue_2%2008_paper.pdf
Funes, Y. (2016a). 27 arrested at DAPL worksite a day after a court loss for the Sioux: Actress Shailene Woodley was among those detained when military-style tactics were used against the water protectors. Colorlines 11 October, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/27-arrested-dapl-worksite-day-after-court-loss-sioux (accessed 8 September 2021).
Terry, J. (2016). Environmental Media Association awards to honor Shailene Woodley. Variety 22 September, https://variety.com/2016/film/news/shailene-woodley-environmental-media-awards-honor-1201868466/ (accessed 8 September 2021).
Ogweng, S. (2016). Shaleine Woodley to be honoured with ‘Futures Award’ by the Environmental Media Association. ET Canada 12 October, https://etcanada.com/news/173713/shailene-woodley-to-be-honoured-with-futures-award-by-the-environmental-media-association/ (accessed 8 September 2021).
Hill, L. (2016). Shailene Woodley arrested while peacefully protesting Dakota Access pipeline. Los Angeles Times 10 October. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-shailene-woodley-arrested-dapl-20161010-snap-htmlstory.html (accessed 8 September 2021).
Woodley, S. (2016). The riot police are arriving. Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/ShaileneWoodley/videos/624178791076838/ (accessed 22 January 2021)
Youtube (2016). Shailene Woodley’s speech at the 2016 Environmental Media Awards, 25 October, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U1C8oH-kWM (accessed 8 September 2021).
Blais-Billie, B. (2016). How Hollywood is supporting standing rock’s fight against the Dakota Access Pipeline. I-D 24 November, https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/7xbz7e/how-hollywood-is-supporting-standing-rocks-fight-against-the-dakota-access-pipeline (accessed 11 September 2021).
Miller, M. (2016). Jaden Smith to be honored by Environmental Media Association for his sustainable water bottle project, People Magazine 28 September, https://people.com/celebrity/jaden-smith-to-be-honored-by-environmental-media-association/ (accessed 12 September 2021).
Indian Country Today (2016). Dakota Access: Stars from Hollywood to Washington support water protectors. 27 Au-gust, https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/dakota-access-stars-from-hollywood-to-washington-support-water-protectors-IG7d-0Jlo0W7eSeF_PPHww/ (accessed 11 September 2021).
Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator for Vermont (2016). Sanders Opposes Dakota Access Pipeline. 25 August, https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-opposes-dakota-access-pipeline (accessed 9 January 2020).
Associated Press. 2016. Rev. Jesse Jackson, Al Gore support Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline. 25 October. https://www.kfyrtv.com/content/news/Rev-Jesse-Jackson-Al-Gore-support-Standing-Rock-Sioux-Tribes-opposition-to-Dakota-Access-Pipeline-398611721.html (accessed 11 September 2021).
Funes, Y. (2016b). Jesse Jackson in North Dakota to contest Dakota Access Pipeline. Colorlines 26 October, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/jesse-jackson-north-dakota-contest-dakota-access-pipeline (accessed 11 Sep-tember 2021).
Tolan, S. (2016). Even the Rev. Jesse Jackson on horseback can’t end pipeline showdown. Los Angeles Times 26 Octo-ber. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-north-dakota-pipeline-20161026-story.html# (accessed 11 September 2021).
Milman, O. (2016). Dakota Access pipeline company and Donald Trump have close financial ties. The Guardian 26 October, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/26/donald-trump-dakota-access-pipeline-investment-energy-transfer-partners (accessed 11 September 2021).
Norris, C. (2016). Army Corps delays Dakota Access pipeline, calls for further review. Public Broadcasting Systems (PBS) 15 November, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/army-corps-delays-dakota-access-pipeline-calls-review (accessed 11 September 2021).
Mele, C. (2016). Veterans to serve as ‘Human Shields’ for Dakota pipeline protestors. The New York Times 29 Novem-ber, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/us/veterans-to-serve-as-human-shields-for-pipeline-protesters.html?module=inline (accessed 11 September 2021).
Wong, J. C. (2016a). Standing Rock protest: hundreds clash with police over Dakota Access Pipeline. The Guardian 21 November, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/standing-rock-protest-hundreds-clash-with-police-over-dakota-access-pipeline (accessed 11 September 2021).
Lenoble, M. (2016), Standing at Standing Rock, November 20, 2016. Ravishly 23 November, https://ravishly.com/2016/11/23/standing-standing-rock-november-202016 (accessed 11 September 2021).
Hawkins, D. (2016). Police defend use of water cannons on Dakota Access protestors in freezing weather. The Wash-ington Post 21 November, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/21/police-citing-ongoing-riot-use-water-cannons-on-dakota-access-protesters-in-freezing-weather/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.67eba1db0bfc (accessed 11 September 2021).
Wong, J. C. (2016b). Dakota Access pipeline: 300 protesters injured after police use water cannons. The Guardian 21 November. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/dakota-access-pipeline-water-cannon-police-standing-rock-protest (accessed 11 September 2021).
Overland, M.A. (2016). Army Corps of Engineers tells pipeline protestors to leave camp by Dec. 5. National Public Radio (NPR) 25 November, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/25/503379401/army-corps-of-engineers-tells-pipeline-protesters-to-leave-camp-by-dec-5 (accessed 12 September 2021).
Farrington, D. (2016). N.D. governor issues evacuation order for pipeline protest area. National Public Radio (NPR) 28 November, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/28/503663673/north-dakota-governor-issues-evacuation-order-for-pipeline-protest-area (accessed 12 September 2021).
Rott, N. & Peralta, E. (2016). In victory for protestors, Army halts construction of Dakota pipeline. National Public Radio (NPR) 4 December, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/04/504354503/army-corps-denies-easement-for-dakota-access-pipeline-says-tribal-organization (accessed 12 September 2021).
Lawler, K. (2016). Shailene Woodley, more celebrities celebrate as work is halted on Dakota Access Pipeline. USA Today 5 December, https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/12/05/shailene-woodley-more-celebrities-celebrate-work-halted-dakota-access-pipeline/94985160/ (accessed 12 September 2021).
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (2017). Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline. 24 January, https://www.npr.org/assets/news/2017/01/DakotaAccessConstruction.pdf (accessed 12 September 2021).
Mufson, S. (2017). How the Army Corps of Engineers wound up in the middle of the fight over the Dakota Access Pipeline. The Washington Post 8 February, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/how-the-army-corps-of-engineers-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-the-fight-over-the-dakota-access-pipeline/2017/02/08/33eaedde-ed8a-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html?utm_term=.26450afd3db1 (accessed 12 September 2021).
Horowitz, L. S. (2017). Power, cooptation, and the multiplicity of response assemblages: An example from New Cale-donia. Dialogues in Human Geography, 7(2): 192-196.
Horowitz, L. S. (2016). Rhizomic resistance meets arborescent assemblage: UNESCO World Heritage and the disem-powerment of indigenous activism in New Caledonia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 106(1): 167-185.
EarthJustice. 2021. Updates & frequently as questions: The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s litigation on the Dakota Ac-cess Pipeline. https://earthjustice.org/features/faq-standing-rock-litigation (accessed 12 September 2021).
Авторське право (c) 2021 George W. White, Bruce V. Millett, Kimberly K. Johnson Maier
Цю роботу ліцензовано за Міжнародня ліцензія Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
