Organization of Social Protection in the Provincial Cities of LeftBank Ukraine (Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries)

Abstract

The paper explores the development of the social welfare system in the provincial cities of Left-bank Ukraine from the late 18th to the early 20th century. The transformation of that system is considered both within the context of institutional changes in the Russian empire and that of modernization in Kharkiv, Poltava, and Chernihiv — the seats of the respective provincial governments. The prominent role of imperial authorities, local governments, and charitable entities in assisting vulnerable groups — orphans, the destitute, the elderly, and the disabled — is highlighted. The ways in which imperial policy shifts encouraged the establishment of welfare institutions — almshouses, shelters, workhouses, etc. — are described. The Office of the institutions of Empress Maria was the pivot of charitable activities fostered by the state and a model for philanthropy throughout the Russian empire. It is shown how urbanization and modernization advanced nongovernmental charities as well. Those charities tended to be multicultural and multidenominational. The contribution of municipal authorities at the turn of the 20th century is examined in detail with their support to existing welfare system and promotion of targeted assistance through parish and city guardianships taken as a focal point. The analysis of the dynamics of welfare in Kharkiv, Poltava, and Chernihiv allows the author to reveal regional differences in its availability and structure. The transition from basic relief efforts to collective social insurance through mutual aid societies, savings-and-loan associations, and pension funds is considered as well. The author concludes that the cooperation between public and nongovernmental entities played a crucial role in adapting the welfare system to the challenges of modernity.