Theoretical and experimental analysis of Rayleigh–Taylor instability and Marangoni convection in copper foil under laser irradiation
Abstract
This study investigates the physical phenomena occurring on the surface of copper foil under high-intensity pulsed irradiation of a Nd: YAG laser, (λ = 1064nm, τ = 28ps), with particular focus on plasma formation, Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, and the influence of Marangoni convection on crater morphology. The plasma temperature and electron density are determined using experimental methods through spectral emission lines. These parameters evaluate the pressure gradient in the plasma, temperature variations, and changes in surface tension. The RT instability is modeled based on density contrasts arising under strong pressure differentials, while Marangoni convection is described as a mechanism for surface flow formation driven by temperature gradients. The paper analyzes the interplay between these two instabilities, their role in material redistribution, and their influence on the final geometric shape of the laser-induced crater, supported by theoretical calculations and spectroscopic measurements. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex thermohydrodynamic processes involved in laser ablation.
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References
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Copyright (c) 2026 M.M. Akhmedov, J.O. Sadullayev, M.E. Vapayev, N.P. Babayazova, A.R. Matnazarov, I.Y. Davletov, M. Jumaniyazova, R.O. Ozodov, B. Ismatov, F.J. Matchanova
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