Polish ethnocultural landscape of Podillya: structure, use, protection of cultural heritage

Introduction . The study of the

Introduction. The study of the structure and features of the ethnocultural heritage functioning is an important scientific problem, which is especially important for the implementation of regional and national strategies for sustainable development and optimization of the quality of the country's environment. Based on this approach, ethnocultural landscape studies fall into the cohort of important applied geographical disciplines, which contributes to the expansion of the methodological apparatus, both geography in general, and regional landscape studies in particular. This research is devoted to the extremely important issue because it is aimed at solving regional problems of ethnocultural landscape heritage protection and is associated with the predominant direction of scientific researchconstructive geography and rational natural resource management. It is also important to solve the problem of traditional natural resource management of Podillya as a part of Eastern Europe, where a retrospective polyethnic development vector was formed, which has manifested in the formation of the Polish ethnocultural heritage.
Formulation of the problem. Scientific and applied support of activities in the field of ethnocultural heritage development and functioning, which determines the optimal interaction of society with the natural environment, is becoming extremely important. The importance of professional analysis of assessment and assessment of ethnocultural landscape resource potential is based on justification of its future effective use, particularly, in the design of a regional network of ethnocultural protected areas, which aligns with the concept of sustainable development of Ukraine.
This research is related to the "Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" [1], the European program "European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards" [1]; state budget theme "Anthropogenic landscape science: new directions of development" (2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022).
Analysis of recent research and publications. The concept of ethnocultural landscape is based on the humanitarian-ecological orientation and landscape approach. Ethnocultural landscapes are the landscapes where cultural and natural heritage are equal components, and ethnic groups function in the historical landscape environment. Eastern European geographers have been developing the concept of the ethnocultural landscape since the end of the XX century and the following directions have been formed: 1) ethnocultural landscape is analyzed as cultural landscape (G.I. Denysyk [11,12,22], U. Myga-Piątek [23]); 2) ethnocultural landscape in anthropogenic landscape studies (V.M. Volovyk [1,3,4], M.D. Grodzinsky, S.P. Romanchuk [1]); 3) protection of ethnocultural artifacts (V.M. Volovyk [1], Y.G. Tyutyunnyk); 4) as a part of humanistic geography (V.M. Pashchenko) [1].
In English language sources the concept of "ethnocultural landscape" is almost absent. The evaluation of the Polish ethnocultural landscapes of Podillia by modern European geographers is not carried out.
According to studies, the ethnocultural landscape as a spatial formation has a topical and choral structure. The vertical component uses a component approach, which allows distinguishing ethnocultural and natural layers, which are divided into relevant components. The scheme of the spatial organization of ethnocultural landscape uses a model of the polarized landscape, which is based on residential [5][6][7][8][9][10] and road frame landscapes [1].
The study of Polish ethnocultural landscapes of Podillya in the late XX -early XXI century is devoted to the study of estates and small towns in the articles of V.B. Atamanenko, I.O. Voronchuk, Yu.V. Ovshinsky, O.S. Petrenko, N.S. Sosnova [1]; the history of the formation of palace and park complexes in the Khmelnytsky region under the influence of Polish ethnoculture is covered by B.O. Pazhymsky [1]; special attention was paid to these structures by the study of V.M. Volovyk [2].
The study of the Polish ethnocultural heritage of the region's towns in the XX century is described in publications of R. Aftanazy "Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej", where the author gave a historical, architectural, cultural, and park assessment of estates and mentions. At the end of the XX century, I. Romanyuk, R. Aftanazy, O.M. Pazhymsky, and B.O. Pazhymsky studied the historical and culturological aspects of the functioning of garden and park complexes; the history of the formation of small towns under the influence of Polish ethnoculture -L.T. Olivinsky; I.D. Rodichkin described the estates of Tulchin and Nemirov; estate in Pyatnychany, palace in Murovany Kurylivtsi, parks in Obodov, Stepanivtsi, Stryzhavka, Kovalivka, Makiv, Serebrynka. V.M. Volovyk reviewed the specifics of the structure of Polish ethnocultural landscapes in small towns of Podillya [5][6][7][8][9][10] and highlighted the general patterns of formation of an estate, fortification, and industrial landscapes, their ethnocultural features, and management specifics [2].
However, despite the significant theoretical and methodological achievements in the field of heritage, there are very few theoretical and applied studies in modern geography at the regional level.
Highlighting previously unsolved parts of the overall problem. These studies will make it possible to evaluate the degree of Polish ethnocultural heritage influence on tourism development in Eastern Europe. This will allow to development of practical recommendations for the preservation and use of ethnocultural heritage in modern socio-economic condi-tions, the implementation of targeted programs involving EU funds. The ethnocultural and natural diversity of Podillya provides it with real opportunities for socio-economic growth.
The following approaches are used: component, landscape, system and structural (ethnocultural artifacts as an integral part of Europe's cultural heritage). The research scheme uses the following principles: • consideration of ethnocultural and natural heritage as a complex formationethnocultural landscape; • analysis of ethnocultural and natural heritage as part of a complex of ecological, sociocultural, ethnological processes; • territorial approach to ethnocultural landscapes, with the protection of historical settlements (small towns) and ethnic quarters, gardens, and estate landscapes.
In ethnolandscape research, the following blocks have been improved: landscape, historical and ethnocultural. These information blocks are provided with information and materials on the subregions of the Podillya region, which is the study site. These blocks are functionally different: • landscape testifies to the evolution of landscapes in natural landscape strata and the formation of a favorable basis for the management of the Polish ethnic group in the region; • historical and ethnocultural, based on historical processes since the early Middle Ages, allows us to judge the number of strata of ethnochronotope, the location of places that are distinguished by ethnographical criteria.
Formulating the purpose of the paper. The study aims to study the problem field of individual components of regional ethnocultural landscape science, its theoretical and practical potential, and its use in solving problems of nature management, namely Polish ethnocultural landscapes and relevant cultural heritage.
Presentation of the main research material. The Polish ethnic group in Podillya dates back to the early Middle Ages. Researchers note the extremely strong influence of Polish culture on Ukrainian, which is expressed in the formation of ethnocultural landscapes of the region: small towns, castles, fortresses, churches, palaces, gardens and parks landscape. The dominant Polish ethnocultural landscapes of the region are rural and small town landscapes.
Polish rural ethnocultural landscapes. Rural ethnocultural landscapes are landscape complexes that include the core (rural settlements) and the peripheral resource zone (agricultural, forest, and water landscapes), which reflect the historically formed economic, landscape, aesthetic priorities of their indigenous ethnic groups. The beginning of the influence of Polish ethnoculture dates back to the XV-XVI centuries. In the XVIII century, Polish magnates Lubomyrski, Potocki, Jablonowski, Czartoryski, Sangushky and Branycki became the largest landowners in Right-Bank Ukraine. Near the villages, small towns and estates with palace and park complexes are formed (Fig. 1). The land in the estates was divided into peasant (Ukrainian, partly Polish) and manor and folwark (mostly Polish).
Landscape structure of estates. In Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus in the XIV-XIX centuries it is a diversified economy, based on the labor of peasants and focused on the production of grain for sale. In Ukraine, small towns first appeared in Galicia in the XV century. In most of the Ukrainian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the folwark management system has been introduced in the middle of the XVI century. Some small towns specialize in agricultural industries: potash, boarding, plowing. In the XIX century due to unprofitability began to decline. In Galicia, small towns were called lordly (noble) households and survived until 1917.
The estatespalace and park ensemblesare a unique ethnocultural phenomenon, they have significantly influenced the development of historical and cultural processes. The estates of the XVIII-XIX centuries were centers of Polish culture and intensive agriculture. Due to the predominance of subsistence farming, the functioning of the Polish small town in the early XIX century had very little difference from the countryside.
According to the inventory, the classic small town of the XVII century had two parts: the courtyard of the folwark (manor) and the folwark arable land. The yard, which was fenced with a fence, consisted of living quarters (1-3 houses), a complex of outbuildings: kitchens and bakeries, baths, cellars, malt houses, breweries, wineries, stables, barns. Large fish ponds, apiaries, and mills were located in the yard or nearby.
At the end of the XIX century, there were 250-350 mortuaries (150-200 ha) of arable land per farm. The farms of 960-1110 mortuaries (550-650 ha) were considered large. In Eastern Galicia, the number of folwarks grew, folwarks appeared in neighboring villages, which were united in the key, and individual folwarks and keysin the economy, which included 10-15 folwarks [13].
Extensive grain farming predominated in the structure of the magnate's estate of Podillya Voivodeship in the 1930s and 1970s. In general, this method of production was accompanied by insufficient fertilization of arable soils, significant sowing volumes per unit area of spring and winter grain. In Podillya, rye and oat crops predominated, and buckwheat, barley, and wheat occupied a smaller area. Millet and peas were sown in small quantities. In Eastern Galicia, the distribution of crops took place as follows (in Palace and park landscapes. Floodplain terrace. Tracts: 1 -embankment surface (2-3 m) of the palace courtyard, covered with soil mixtures under pine, chestnut, and shrub plantations; 2 -a system of the building of Count Kholonevsky's palace on a horizontal bulk surface from soil mixes; 3 -a system of castle towers on a horizontal bulk surface of soil mixtures; 4 -sloping forest slope (5-7°), covered with soil mixtures under poplar and herbaceous associations; 5 -the horizontal surface of the first floodplain terrace under grassy associations and farm buildings; 6 -the horizontal surface of the first floodplain terrace, with dark gray soils under the park complex (pyramidal poplar, edible chestnut, hanging birch); 7 -the horizontal surface of the first floodplain terrace, with dark gray soils under weeds.
Sacred landscapes. Floodplain terrace. Tracts: 8 -horizontal embankment surface (1-2 m) of the churchyard under herbaceous associations; 9 -a system of the church building on a horizontal embankment surface made of soil mixtures.
Residential landscapes. Floodplain terrace. Tracts: 10 -a low-rise type of landscapes of the small towns of Ivaniv on the horizontal surface of the 1st floodplain terrace, with dark gray soils; 11 -a garden landscape on dark gray soils.
Agricultural landscapes. Tracts: 16 -field landscapes on the leveled section of the 1st floodplain terrace with dark gray weakly washed away forest soils; 17 -meadow landscapes on the leveled section of the 1st floodplain terrace, with dark gray slightly washed away soils.
In the XIX century, the core of the estate included a manor house or palace, garden landscapes, parks, greenhouses, vineyards, ponds. M.V. Symashkevych analyzes the English park in the village of Holodky of the landowner Sarnetsky; park of the village of Gushchyntsi of Count A.I. Kholonevsky; reveals the landscape features of the area "Marynka", which was part of the estate of Count A. Krasitsky in the village [20, p. 265].
In central Podillya, Polish manor houses were dominated by English landscape parks with a palace in the center. For example, in the village of Ilyashivka, where the owners of the estate were T. Dorozhynsky (XVIII century), S. Bukar (XIX century), I. Dorozhynsky (XIX century), the structure has a palace, landscape park, outbuilding, greenhouse and more. The palace is made of brick, in front of the facade there is a round lawn-ground floor; the park descends on a slope to ponds; on the south side of the palace was a large flower garden with ornamental shrubs. Now the park is abandoned, part of it is used for the estate of the head of the collective farm [18].
In the landscape structure of manor parks, a significant share is occupied by orchards. Their formation begins in the late XVIIIearly XIX centuries. The owners wrote out fruit trees, more than 500 varieties of pears and apples were acclimatized. Large arrays of garden landscapes were: Kamyanets'kyi district (village of Kalyna)landowner Humetsky; Novo-Ushytsky district (village Dashkivtsi)landowner Chernetsky, Minkivsky estate of Count Markhotsky; Proskuriv district (village of Mykhalkivtsi) landowner Gavronsky; Lityn district (village of Holodky)landowner Sarnetsky, Mohyliv district (village Verkhivka)landowner Mykhalsky; Vinnytsia County (the village of Gushchyntsi)the estate of Count Kholonevsky, (the village of Sidlishche)the landowners of Shcheniovsky Haisyn County (the village of Nyzhnia Kropyvna)the landowners of Lonchynsky [1]. The species composition of the garden was dominated by apple trees, pears, plums, cherries, apricots, grapes.
Another landscape complex characteristic of the estate is a pond where carp, pike, crucian carp, bream, tench, perch, and gossip were bred. Landlords, owners of mills, ponds, and rivers were faced with a choice: to lower the water and catch fish, or to keep the water running so that the mills would work and to fish without discharging the water.
In the peripheral resource zone of the folwark of the XIX century, European agricultural technologies and machines dominated. By 1862, Polish landowners in Podillya province owned 90% of all land, where 1194 estates were located [17, p. 68]. Polish landowners paid considerable attention to beekee-ping, and apiaries were located in farms. For example, in 1778 there were 915 hives in the apiaries of Starokostiantynivsky Klyuch. Agricultural processing enterprises were set up in the estates: wind and water mills, which ground grain, millet, buckwheat, rolled wool, and beat oil. In the estates, they smoked alcohol, wove cloth, made bricks, potash. In 1862, there were 251 distilleries in the Podillya province [11]. The mills were placed at the ponds, at the side of the dam, so that the mill would not destroy the dam by vibration and it would be easier to approach it. At the end of the XIX century in large estates, the development of the economy took place through the intensification of the economy, the introduction of scientific achievements.
One of the examples of Polish rural ethnocultural landscapes is the Dobrovolsky estate in the village of Fedorivka. The estate consists of a manor house, farm buildings, and a farm, separated from rural residential landscapes by roads (Fig. 2). The satisfactorily preserved manor house of the middle of the XIX century and the park with the preserved planning structure form a single whole with the adjacent landscapes. A Catholic children's recreation camp is organized in the estate.
The peculiarity of the landscape structure of the estate is the presence of a gentle slope with an arboretum and a steep one with a forest-park part, a cascade of ponds in the inter-strand saddle. A representative part of the estate is formed by an arboretum, where groups with exotics and decorative forms predominate (Canadian hemlock, prickly spruce, pedunculate oak). The coast is planted with groups of white poplar, ash, marsh oak. Fragments of alleys made of horse chestnut and small-leaved linden have been preserved. The estate has landscape and dendrological value is subject to restoration with elements of adaptation to modern needs. Individual specimens of exotics must be protected, architectural structures must be restored and modified.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of farmsteads decreased sharply, and after 1917, due to the change of ownership, the ethnocultural component had a minimal impact on the functioning of estates and farmsteads. The functional use of estates is changing, they usually have the management of collective farms, village councils, schools, and colleges. In the 1930s, the influence of Polish ethnoculture was observed only in villages with a numerical predominance of Poles. Ethnocultural landscapes of the estate. Slope type. Tracts: 1 -gentle forest slope (3-50), covered with gray forest podzolic soils under agricultural crops folwark; 2 -sloping forest slope (3-5°), covered with gray forest podzolic soils under the farmyard; 3 -sloping forest slope (5-7°), covered with gray podzolic weakly washed soils under the arboretum (Canadian hemlock, prickly spruce, pedunculate oak); 4 -gentle forest slope (5-7°), covered with gray forest podzolic slightly washed soils under the alley of horse chestnut and small-leaved linden; 5 -strongly sloping forest slope (15-20°), covered with gray forest podzolic moderately washed away soils under the forest park; 6 -steep forest slope (12-15°), covered with gray forest podzolic moderately washed soils under grassy vegetation; 7 -strongly sloping forest slope (12-15°), covered with gray forest podzolic moderately washed soils under young silvicultural landscapes; 8 -sloping forest slope (5-7°), covered with gray forest podzolic wet soils under Canadian poplar, ash, marsh oak.
Road landscapes. Slope type. Landscape technical complexes: 11 -asphalt road; 12 -paths and alleys of the estate. Residential landscapes. Slope type. Tracts: 13 -a low-rise type of rural landscape of the village of Fedorivka on a gentle forest slope.
Other marks. 16 -landscape and technical systems of the estate (1 -manor house, 2 -technical structures of the farmyard); 17 -the boundaries of the estate.

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-74 -of the feudal system at the regional and local levels: "The Polish-Jewish city, with its dilapidated life, a parody of trade and fishingin place of the former intense urban life of Russian timeswas one of the most characteristic gifts. Cultural mission of Poland to Russia" [10, p. 261]. Under the "small town" is understood a residential landscape, with quarterly buildings and a pronounced ethnocultural (mono-or poly-) core, which is the carrier of local culture.
Landscape structure of small towns. The landscape structure of the small towns of the XIV-XVI centuries was the result of their location in the relief relative to water and forest landscapes, as well as the result of previous economic development of the region. Rural features of small towns are not only a Ukrainian phenomenon. "Rural" cities predominate in Eastern Europe: in Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria. At the beginning of the XX century in the typical structure of the small town were: "Town hall, shopping malls, individual benches, entrances, houses, industrial buildings, and then, of coursecultchurches, synagogues, churches, chapels, and finally, sometimees a fortress to protect the whole town" [16, p. 193].
The central element in the structure was a quadrangular market square, where fairs were held, with a large building of trade rows; in Eastern Galicia, the house of the magistrate was mandatory, which was built like a town hall in a shopping area: "Around the square, there is a tight square of houses with the main narrow sides facing the square" [16, p. 193]. Part of the town hall was built on the principle of arrival, with a wide passage through the whole building (Ozaryntsi), sometimes combined with trade rows (Zaslavl). However, the towns were not only agricultural but also agricultural and handicraft. Galicia is characterized by a dispersed structure of small towns when there are no clear Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian quarters. This is noticeable on the landscape map of Ternopil, although the general features remain little changed: the castle (1540)market squaremagistratesynagoguechurch, which form the historic center of the small town [24, p. 306]. The small towns of the region formed a residential network, which simultaneously performed a deliberative function.
In the small towns of Eastern Galicia from the XVI century, under the influence of Polish ethnoculture, manor landscapes also appeared, where simple landscape compositions prevailed, in which residential landscapes were organically combined with harmonious natural landscapes (hillsides, river valleys). Typical structure of the estate: a manor house with outbuildings, landscaped park (or garden landscapes), greenhouses, vineyards, orchards, ponds, pools (Fig. 3), which created landscape technical systems: waterfalls, water cascades. The estates, as a rule, had a pond or an exit to the river, where carp, pike, crucian carp, bream, tench, perch, and gossip were bred.
In the XIX century, the construction of mansions did not stop, but became more modest and at the same time acquired other features due to changes in architectural solutions. One of the most interesting is the Komar estate in Murovani Kurylivtsi in Vinnytsia region, which, in addition to the palace, included an outbuilding, stables, and a bridge located in a landscaped park, built-in 1805, had a three-story palace in the central part.
The structure of fortification landscapes. There are a large number of ethnocultural artifacts of Polish defense architecture in Podillya. The structure of deliberative landscapes is represented by a system of fortified castles, which included a system of walls with towers and living quarters for both the owner and his family and the garrison. The residential buildings on the castle grounds were mostly wooden.
Fortifications of the XVI-XVIII centuries were divided into castles and fortresses, city fortifications; monasteries-fortresses; temples with a defensive function. The main purpose of Podillya castles is the defense of local territories. Fortifications of Podillya were of two types: a) castles, in which defense was the main goal, and residencea secondary; b) castles that combined residential and defensive functions. Castles of the first type are typical for Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions, the secondfor Ternopil.
The government recognized a lot of sediment on the Podillya border as cities, taking into account the presence of a castle. The western part of the settlements included the territory of the modern Khmelnytsky region and the Middle Pobuzhya. The ancient siege of Riv (Bar) was like a castle in the early XV century, and the city of Bar appeared a century after the destruction of the town of Riv. The Polish lands of Western Podillya are also expanding: they are inhabited by poor gentry, who build and rebuild old fortresses and castles, inhabit wastelands, and establish churches. Based on Magdeburg law (1448-50), the towns of Chortkiv (1522), Berezhany (1530), Ternopil (1550), Husiatyn (1550) gained independence [20].
From the middle of the XVI century, the Medzybizh castle passed into the possession of the Polish Senyavsky family. The new owners turned it into one of the strongest private defensive castles in Podillya. The increase in the number of castles dates back to the 60s of the XVI century. In 1550 built fortifications in Ploskyriv, the structure of which was preserved until the middle of the XIX century.
In the XV-XVI centuries, Podillya small towns acquired the features of integral fortresses. The choice of location for deliberative landscapes meets clear requirements: only the highest place (high rock, plateau, upper part of the river valley slope) near the town was suitable for the castle. For example, in 1570 Palace and park landscapes. Sloping. Tracts: 1 -bulk surface (1-2 m) of the palace courtyard, covered with soil mixtures under the plantations of hornbeam, spruce, and shrubs; 2 -the palace building on the bulk surface of soil mixtures; 3 -slightly sloping forest slope (3-5°), with gray forest soils under the park complex (maple, hornbeam); 4 -slightly sloping surface of the forest slope (3-5°) with gray forest soils under weeds; 5 -stadium on a horizontal bulk surface at the bottom of the beam; 6 -soil paths of the park 1-1,5 m wide. Landscape technical systems: 7 -asphalted paths of the park up to 2 m wide; 8 -buildings (warehouses, garages); 9 -stone gate.
Sacred landscapes. Sloping. Tracts: 10 -the loose leveled surface of the churchyard under the grassy associations. Landscape technical systems: 11 -church building; 12 -stone fence with barns.
Residential landscapes. Sloping. Tracts: 13 -a low-rise type of landscape on a slightly sloping surface of the slope with threaded and bulk terraces. Watersheds. Tracts: 14 -a low-rise type of landscape on the leveled surface of the watershed.
Road landscapes. Tracts: 15 -dirt roads up to 2 m wide with inclusions of stone paving. Landscape technical systems: 16 -road embankments covered with asphalt and stone pavement up to 3 m wide; 17 -wooden bridge on concrete supports.
Water and recreational landscapes. Floodplain-river. Tracts: 20 -the riverbed of the Southern Bug 20-30 m wide; 21 -granite thresholds up to 1 m high; 22 -floodplain with alluvial black earths with sedge-reed associations and thickets of willow and alder.
Floodplain terrace. Tracts: 23 -leveled slightly hilly surface of the terrace with alluvial black earths under herbaceous associations and tree thickets. Landscape technical systems: 24 -hydroelectric power plant building. Sloping. Tracts: 25 -beam with slightly sloping slopes with gray forest soils under tree-shrub thickets and a stream bed 0,5-1 m wide. Other marks. Other: 26 -direction of the Southern Bug river; 27 -the boundaries of the palace and park complex the castle in Ulanov was built "na kopcu sypanym" (on a mound) [21, p. 70]. Sometimes the ramparts of the old settlement were used as a basis for the creation of the castle; castles and fortresses were built taking into account water obstacles. Their typology can be traced on the map of Ukraine by Guillaume de Boplan. Most urban and deliberative landscapes are located at the confluence of two or more rivers, on islands in the riverbed, on the slope of the meander, next to a lake or a large pond. Ulaniv's lustration of 1615 mentions "…ponds that embrace the city and the castle on three sides…" [21, p. 71].
Almost 500 medieval fortifications of Polish origin have been preserved in eastern Galicia: fortresses, castles, defensive churches. Due to their size, castles and fortresses are still the ethnocultural cores of small towns in the region. In Polish estates, there were distilleries and breweries. At the end of the XVIII century, there were 52 kilns in Medzhibozhsky Klyuch, 20 of them in the town of Medzhibozhi (18 of them were leased to Jews); in Letychiv eldership -29 burial mounds, 17 of themin Letychiv [15]. In general, the concentration of industrial landscapes of Polish origin in the estates influenced the general structure of ethnocultural landscapes of the towns of Podillya.
Protection of Polish ethnocultural landscape heritage. Rural ethnocultural landscapes, in contrast to the ethnocultural landscapes of small towns, have a specific structure. And not all components characteristic of a classical landscape will dominate. In the first place are the components of perceptual nature: a) vegetationforests, fields, meadows, gardens, orchards; b) water bodiessprings, streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, canals, ditches; c) roadsstreets, intersections, field roads; d) residential objectsfarms, estates, palaces, castles; e) sacred and tafal (burial places) artifactstemples, monasteries, cemeteries, historical sites; f) landscape engineering systemsfortifications, dams, locks, water mills, windmills.
Polish ethnocultural landscapes of Podillya small towns are significantly transformed and subject to degradation. The spatial development of existing residential landscapes often leads to the destruction of historic settlement structures, especially the construction of ethnic neighborhoods, the deformation of the historical layout of small towns, and the loss of valuable landscape features.
To preserve the Polish ethnocultural landscapes of the region, it is necessary to introduce a change of ownership and method of nature use for recreational use. Then the spatial structure of historical and cultural monuments will be filled with new content, new cultural landscapes will appear, which will either change the existing small towns or at least improve those modern spatial and architecturally clumsy solutions that spoil the aesthetic appearance of towns (such as temporary buildings), small plots -"chessboards" etc.).
Meanwhile, the traditional construction of small towns is subject to destruction. Abandoned old houses, destroyed yards, outbuildings in farmsteads, objects of industrial agricultural (mills, sugar factories) processing, and local industry (brick factories, potash) are turned into ruins. Sometimes they get new owners who adapt them to new functions, but not always in the appropriate way.
Ethnoculture needs to play a strategic role in reviving Polish monuments in Podillya. The general program of the revival of separate small towns should be realized in the following aspects: before the beginning of researches to carry out the detailed analysis of local ethnocultural resources and to form the detailed report; on the map of each small town indicate the objects of landscape ethnocultural heritage; having received the results of the analysis of local cultural resources, it is necessary to start creating a strategy for preserving the Polish ethnocultural heritage of the small towns.
It is necessary to define priorities in the will of different types of cultural heritage. The priority should include manor, sacred, burial places, deliberative artifacts of Polish origin. Therefore, the implementation of security measures will be effective in terms of international cooperation with the relevant Polish services and administrations.
Proper preservation of ethnocultural heritage can guarantee the adaptation of monuments to modern needs. For example, the most common way to preserve and use fortifications, manors, and sacred landscapes is their modification. But this method can be applied only to well-preserved ethnocultural landscapes, instead, most of them have come down to us in the form of ruins. Such monuments are practically not subject to reconstruction and therefore there is only one type of use for themjustification, which involves the preservation of the remains with their inclusion in tourist routes.
Landscape cadastre and monitoring of Polish ethnocultural monuments at the regional level require the formation of a database of relevant facilities. It is advisable to create registers, electronic databases. The authors have studied more than 250 existing Polish ethnocultural monuments of the region, which allowed to trace the patterns of their spatial location [14]. In most cases, we state the fact that information about ethnocultural monuments is fragmentary, databases are in the process of formation, their logical structuring needs to be completed, and maybe the subject of a separate study.
Conclusions. The research is of great practical importance for: 1) preservation of Polish cultural and historical artifacts of the region, and on the most effectivelandscape basis (integrated approach); 2) development of adaptive systems of land use and organic farming (taking into account ethnic traditions and approaches in nature management methods); 3) preservation and increase of ethnolandscape diversity; 4) optimization of the network of recreational nature management and development of the tourist industry of the region. All these aspects of the practical use of research results are urgent and relevant to the historical and socio-economic conditions of modern Ukraine and Poland.
The diversity of Polish rural landscapes is due to two ways of their development: 1) from the end of the XVIII century there was a reconstruction of complexes of defensive type and their transformation into a type of representative estate and, accordingly, the formation of the landscape; 2) from the first half of the XIX century the manor landscape was created as a new type of Polish rural ethnocultural landscapes. Polish estates consisted of three parts: residential, commercial (folwark), and landscape (park), where the framework was a natural landscape. For towns of the XVIearly XX centuries is the formation of a transitional subclass of residential landscapes, which can be called semi-urban, determined by the dominant influence of ethnoculture when the core had the characteristics of the urban subclass, and the peripheral partrural. Preservation of ethnocultural heritage will contribute to the development of tourism, as well as the preservation or enhancement of the natural benefits of the landscape.
The unification of Polish ethnocultural artifacts in the villages and small towns of the region contributes to the transformation of heritage into a tourist product, which leads to interest in the preservation of monuments, increases the number of visitors. The geographical features of justification, restoration, and bequest of the Polish ethnocultural heritage of Podillya are related to the location of ethnocultural artifacts (mainly in villages and towns), where a large number of objects are located in remote, inaccessible places and do not meet the conditions of excursion service. There is an opportunity to create new tourist routes that would cover most of the region's heritage sites, regardless of their location and state of preservation.
Given the number and spatial distribution of Polish heritage sites in the region, the creation of a landscape cadastre is one of the top priorities in addressing their protection and monitoring. Ethnocultural objects of Polish origin are usually the core of the planning structure of small towns or villages in the region.
For conservation and modification of the ethnocultural heritage of small towns of the region, it is expedient to form a network of regional landscape parks based on already existing systems; the protection of rural ethnocultural landscapes requires the creation of open-air museums. This will allow the development of the tourism industry in economically backward regions while preserving the heritage of ethnocultural heritage.
The results of the research can be used in the development and justification of plans, projects, and schemes for the protection of landscape ethnocultural heritage, district planning of Podillya; formation of modern tourist infrastructure of the regional level, optimization of socio-economic organization of the territory; making scientifically sound decisions on the rational management of the natural resources of the region. The created source base in the form of maps and the catalog of "ethnocultural landscapes" of the territory of Podillya will enable detailing of the available data at any stage, an opportunity to improve and control data accumulation; generalize and analyze the social, environmental, economic situation in the market, develop measures for the development of the market of tourist services; develop and implement a system of regional tourism monitoring, covering both the region as a whole and local subsystems of monitoring and management at the city or district level. Based on Polish-Ukrainian public associations, it is possible to create an organization that would deal with the revival of the rich and diverse Polish ethnocultural heritage within Podillya.