The effectiveness of artificial pollination in various representatives of the genus Pisum L.
Keywords:
Pisum sativum L., Pisum elatius, Pisum fulvum, hybridisation
Abstract
Wild relatives of cultivated pea (Pisum sativum L.) represent an important reservoir of alleles associated with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors; however, their use in breeding programs is constrained by limited knowledge of their diversity and by difficulties in obtaining hybrids under field conditions. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of interspecific hybridization among P. sativum, P. elatius and P. fulvum under field conditions, focusing on the effects of flower emasculation timing, parental genotype, and direction of the cross. Morphological characteristics of the parental accessions were used to facilitate hybrid identification based on seed-coat coloration in direct and reciprocal crosses. Two pollination approaches were compared: immediate pollination following flower emasculation and delayed pollination conducted 24 hours after emasculation.
Across combinations involving P. sativum, hybrid seed set (S/F index) was consistently higher when pollination was performed immediately after emasculation. Delayed pollination resulted in a marked reduction of hybrid seed production, likely reflecting both physiological constraints and high temperature stress during flowering. Reciprocal crosses revealed low and relatively uniform hybridization efficiency in combinations with P. fulvum, whereas crosses involving P. elatius produced substantially higher seed set, consistent with its close genetic affinity to P. sativum. The stability of hybridization efficiency across years (2020 – 2021) was confirmed for several cross combinations. Evaluation of the F₁ and F₂ seed lots demonstrated the successful production of true interspecific hybrids, with diagnostic segregation observed in combinations where the wild species served as the maternal parent.
These results confirm that viable hybrids among representatives of the genus Pisum can be reliably obtained under field conditions and highlight that immediate post- emasculation pollination is the most effective strategy for maximizing hybrid seed production. The findings support the broader use of wild Pisum germplasm in pre-breeding and genetic research and provide practical recommendations for improving interspecific hybridization success in breeding programs.
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References
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Chekrygin P. M., Bezugliy I. M., Ryabukha S. S., Vasylenko A. O. (2008). Method for increasing the efficiency of pea hybridization. Patent No. 33483, applicant and patent owner V. Ya. Yuryev Institute of Plant Production of the UAAS. No. u 200801875; filed on 13.02.08; published on 25.06.08, Bull. No. 12, 2008
Chen B., Shi Y., Sun Y., Lu L., Wang L., Liu Z., Cheng S. (2024). Innovations in functional genomics and molecular breeding of pea: exploring advances and opportunities. aBIOTECH, 5, 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-023-00129-1
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Ellis T.H.N., Smýkal P., Maxted N., Coyne C.J., Domoney C., Burstin J., Bouchenak-Khelladi Y., Chayut N. (2024). The Taxonomic Status of Genera within the Fabeae (Vicieae), with a Special Focus on Pisum. Diversity, 16(7), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070365
Fondevilla S, Torres A.M., Moreno M.T., Rubiales D. (2007). Identification of a new gene for resistance to powdery mildew in Pisum fulvum, a wild relative of pea. Breeding Science, 57(2), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.57.181
Genesys-PGR https://www.genesys-pgr.org. (Available 26.11.2025)
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Henry L., Wickham H. (2023). rlang: Functions for Base Types and Core R and 'Tidyverse' Features. R package version 1.1.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rlang
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Jha A., Tar’an B., Stonehouse R., Warkentin T. D. (2016). Identification of QTLs associated with improved resistance to ascochyta blight in an interspecific pea recombinant inbred line population. Crop Science, 56 (6), 2926–2939. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.01.0001
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Jiang Y., Lahlali R., Karunakaran C., Kumar S., Davis A.R., Bueckert R.A. (2015) Seed set, pollen morphology and pollen surface composition response to heat stress in field pea. Plant Cell Environ, 38, 2387–2397. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12589
Kilian A., Wenzl P., Huttner E., Carling J., Xia L., Blois H., Ciag V., Heller-Uszynska K., Jaccoud D., Hopper C., Aschenbrenner-Killian M., Evers M., Peng K., Cayla C., Hjk P., Uszynski G. (2012) Diversity Arrays Technology: a generic genome profiling technology on open platforms. Methods in Molecular Biology, 888, 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-870-2_5
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Leimu R., Mutikainen P., Koricheva J., Fischer M. (2006) How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation? Journal of Ecology, 94(5), 942–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x
Loenning W.E. Cross fertilization in peas under different ecological conditions. Pisum Newsletter. 1984;16: 38-40
Martin-Sanz A., De La Vega M., Caminero C. (2012). Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in a collection of pea germplasm under field and controlled conditions. Plant Pathology, 61(2), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02522.x
Naim-Feil E., Toren M., Aubert G., Rubinstein M., Rosen A., Eshed R., Sherman A., Ophir R., Saranga Y., Abbo S. (2017). Drought response and genetic diversity in pisum fulvum, a wild relative of domesticated pea. Crop Science. 57(3), 1145–1159. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0880
Ochatt S., Benabdelmouna A., Marget P. Aubert G., Moussy F., Pontécaille C., Jacas L.(2004) Overcoming hybridization barriers between pea and some of its wild relatives. Euphytica, 137, 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EUPH.0000040476.57938.81
Pedersen T. (2024). patchwork: The Composer of Plots. R package version 1.3.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=patchwork
Polowick P.L., Vandenberg A., Mahon J.D. (2002) Field assessment of outcrossing from transgenic pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Transgenic Research, 11(5), 515–519 https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020368322335
R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Saboor N., Sajjad A., Kamran S., Raham D., Bismillah S. (2016) Insect pollinators and their relative abundance on pea (Pisum sativum) at Peshawar. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(1), 112–117. https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/?year=2016&vol=4&issue=1&ArticleId=794
Sari H., Sari D., Eker T. Toker C. (2021). De novo super-early progeny in interspecific crosses Pisum sativum L. × P. fulvum Sibth. et Sm. Scientific Report, 11(1), 19706 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99284-y
Sari H., Eker T., Sari D., Aksoy M., Bakır M., Dogdu V., Toker C., Canci H. (2023). The Fastest and Most Reliable Identification of True Hybrids in the Genus Pisum L. Life (Basel), 13(11), 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112222
Saha S. (2021) A practical manual on Fundamentals of Plant Breeding. The Neotia University 64 р. tnu.in
Schauberger P., Walker A. (2022). openxlsx: Read, Write and Edit xlsx Files_. R package version 4.2.5.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=openxlsx
Sekiguchi Y., Ubi B.E., Ishii T. (2023). Chemical emasculation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and dicotyledonous model species using trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA). Plant Reproduction, 36, 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-023-00469-4
Slowikowski K. (2024). ggrepel: Automatically Position Non-Overlapping Text Labels with 'ggplot2'. R package version 0.9.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggrepel.
Smýkal P., Aubert G., Burstin J., Coyne C., Ellis N.T.H., Flavell A.J., Ford R., Hýbl M., Macas J., Neumann P., McPhee K.E., Redden R., Rubiales D., Weller J.L., Warkentin T.D. (2012) Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the Genomic Era. Agronomy, 2(2), 74-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy2020074
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Published
2026-05-31
Cited
How to Cite
Vasylenko, A., Vus, N., Shevchenko, L., Bezuhla, O., Hlyantsev, A., Skydan, V., & Zimohlyad, O. (2026). The effectiveness of artificial pollination in various representatives of the genus Pisum L. The Journal of V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series «Biology», 46, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2026-46-7
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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
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